10 0 0 0 OA ヒューリスティック研究の歴史に見る合理性:認知と環境の相互作用から人の知性を探る
- 著者
- 白砂 大 本田 秀仁 松香 敏彦 植田 一博
- 出版者
- 日本認知科学会
- 雑誌
- 認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- vol.29, no.3, pp.404-414, 2022-09-01 (Released:2022-09-15)
- 参考文献数
- 74
In cognitive science, ir/rationality about human intelligence has been discussed for a long time. In this paper, we focused on simple heuristics that humans use and reviewed the historical background of the rationality of heuristics in order to understand several perspectives on rationality. Historically, the rationality of heuristics has been discussed mainly based on satisficing (Simon’s bounded rationality), deviations from logical principals (Tversky and Kahneman’s heuristic and bias program), matching between heuristics and environmental structures (Gigerenzer’s ecological rationality), and optimal allocations of cognitive resources (Lieder and Griffiths’s resource rationality). Finally, we discuss possible directions for future research on the rationality of heuristics.
2 0 0 0 OA なじみ深さのマッチング: 認知プロセスと生態学的合理性の実験的検討
- 著者
- 白砂 大 松香 敏彦 本田 秀仁 植田 一博
- 出版者
- 日本認知科学会
- 雑誌
- 認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- vol.24, no.3, pp.328-343, 2017-09-01 (Released:2018-03-01)
- 参考文献数
- 22
Previous studies show that, in a binary choice task, people often choose one object between two objects using a simple heuristic (e.g., recognition, familiarity, or fluency heuristic), and that such a simple strategy is ecologically rational. These studies almost exclusively pay attention to subjective knowledge (i.e., familiarity) about two alternatives. However, we pointed out that familiarity of an object presented in a question sentence might affect people’s inferences. Specifically, we hypothesized that, in a binary choice task, when an object in a question sentence was familiar (unfamiliar) to a decision maker, he or she would choose a more familiar (unfamiliar) object from the two alternatives. We call this heuristic “familiarity-matching.” We examined whether people actually employed familiarity-matching and whether familiarity-matching was an ecologically rational strategy. The results of three experiments generally confirmed usage and ecological rationality of familiarity-matching. Experiment 1 showed that if an object in a question sentence was familiar (unfamiliar) to participants, then they were likely to choose a more familiar (unfamiliar) object from the two alternatives;that is, participants indeed employed familiarity-matching. Experiment 2 showed that when participants felt difficult to make a decision, they were more likely to employ familiarity-matching. Experiment 3 showed that familiarity-matching could be applied in an ecologically rational manner in real-world situations. The results of present study collectively shed light on important cognitive mechanisms involved in inference tasks. We believe that the present findings make a substantial contribution to reveal unsolved human cognitive processes.
