著者

阿部 慶賀 有元 典文 安西 祐一郎 今井 むつみ 入來 篤史 植田 一博 内海 彰 大西 仁 大森 隆司 岡田 猛 岡田 浩之 長田 尚子 小田切 史士 小野 哲雄 亀田 達也 川合 伸幸 清河 幸子 久保(川合)南海子 栗山 直子 佐伯 胖 嶋田 総太郎 白水 始 鈴木 聡 諏訪 正樹 高木 光太郎 舘野 泰一 寺尾 敦 伝 康晴 中島 秀之 中村 國則 橋田 浩一 服部 雅史 原田 悦子 針生 悦子 開 一夫 福田 健 堀 浩一 本田 秀仁 松香 敏彦 宮﨑 美智子 三輪 和久 村山 功 横澤 一彦 横山 拓

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, no.4, pp.407-433, 2023-12-01 (Released:2023-12-15)

参考文献数

3

著者

植田 一博 鷲田 祐一 有田 曉生 清水 剛

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.17, no.3, pp.611-634, 2010 (Released:2011-03-08)

参考文献数

22

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Previous studies suggest, contrary to our naive understanding that ideas for innovation are generated by supply-side such as product developers, that the ideas can be actually generated by consumers, especially the users called “early adopters” who keep some distance from product developers in product adoption and knowledge. This research tested, through two experiments for idea generation, which was more important to idea generation for innovation; information, i.e. preceding ideas about new usage of a product, or individual cognitive feature, i.e. innovator or early adopter. One experiment was conducted with general consumers, taking as an example idea generation for new products and services related to information technology, and the other was done with R&D members in a real company. The results suggest that information, i.e. preceding ideas about new usage of a product, was important to generation of creative ideas for innovation and, at the same time, that it was early adopters rather than innovators who could make effective use of the information in the idea generation: This is considered to call for a rethink of “sticky information hypothesis” by von Hippel (1994), which claims the dominant role of information in innovation. This research also suggests, through an additional experiment for information retrieval, that tendencies of innovators to avoid communication with people other than innovators and to think much of function and spec that a product has may degrade their performance in creative idea generation.

著者

植田 一博 丹羽 清

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.3, no.4, pp.4_102-4_118, 1996-11-30 (Released:2008-10-03)

参考文献数

24

被引用文献数

9

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As the proverb “two heads are better than one” says, people often expect that collaborative activities bring about emergence of knowledge or ideas. In order to confirm whether there is actually the possibility of emergence through collaboration, the authors investigated actual collaborative activities in research & development processes based on the hierarchical interview method. First, a case study of developing a new impactful detergent was made in detail. As a result, three kinds of collaboration (interdepartmental collaboration, interdisciplinary one between two teams, and interdisciplinary one between two individual members) were observed. Especially, an interdepartmental collaboration was clarified to be significant in the case. Second, some cases of collaboration which were brought about in a relatively short time span were analyzed and, as a result, collaborative interactions in organizational knowledge creation were classified into three types. This study indicates that new ideas or knowledge can be emerged through collaboration in actual research & development processes.

著者

白砂 大 本田 秀仁 松香 敏彦 植田 一博

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.3, pp.404-414, 2022-09-01 (Released:2022-09-15)

参考文献数

74

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In cognitive science, ir/rationality about human intelligence has been discussed for a long time. In this paper, we focused on simple heuristics that humans use and reviewed the historical background of the rationality of heuristics in order to understand several perspectives on rationality. Historically, the rationality of heuristics has been discussed mainly based on satisficing (Simon’s bounded rationality), deviations from logical principals (Tversky and Kahneman’s heuristic and bias program), matching between heuristics and environmental structures (Gigerenzer’s ecological rationality), and optimal allocations of cognitive resources (Lieder and Griffiths’s resource rationality). Finally, we discuss possible directions for future research on the rationality of heuristics.

著者

植田 一博

出版者

一般社団法人 日本ロボット学会

雑誌

日本ロボット学会誌 (ISSN:02891824)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.31, no.9, pp.833-835, 2013 (Released:2013-12-15)

参考文献数

16

被引用文献数

6

著者

岡田 猛 横地 早和子 難波 久美子 石橋 健太郎 植田 一博

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, no.3, pp.303-321, 2007 (Released:2009-04-24)

参考文献数

46

被引用文献数

14

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The goal of this case study was to describe creation processes of contemporary artists from the perspective of Cognitive Science. We focused on the interaction among activities that affect long term processes of expertise and those that affect shorter term processes as the artist creates a series of work. We conducted retrospective interviews with two contemporary artists in their 40's using the portfolios of their past works so that they could recall their creation processes in detail. We found that the artists used an analogical modification process to produce a new series of artwork. Analogical modification is a cognitive process similar to analogical mapping, but modifies major features of the source structure while mapping it to the target. Artistic vision, which is formed through many years of creative activities and consists of main themes and goals for creation, plays an important role in guiding the usage of analogical modification. Analogical modification correspondingly appeared to deepen artistic vision.

著者

福田 玄明 植田 一博

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.18, no.1, pp.64-78, 2011 (Released:2011-09-07)

参考文献数

41

被引用文献数

1

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It is thought that we can discriminate between animate and inanimate things. This ability is called animacy perception. Our discrimination between animate and inanimate things is considered to be an important ability for our social cognition, because animacy perception is assumed to serve as a foundation for considering objects as others that have their own goals, intentions and⁄or emotions. We investigated neural mechanism underlying animacy perception using a real animate thing (turtle) and an inanimate thing (robot) in this study. As far as we know, brain activity related to animacy perception in the course of approaching a real animate thing has not been investigated. In experiment 1, we compared Event-Related Potentials (ERPs) when participants performed reaching actions for the animate thing (animate condition) with those when they performed reaching actions for the inanimate thing (inanimate condition). We found that the amplitude of ERPs in left infero-frontal region, which is said to correspond to mirror system, was significantly higher in the animate condition than in the inanimate condition. Moreover, we found more significant mu suppression in the animate condition than in the inanimate condition, which is said to be an evidence of the activation of mirror system. These results suggest that mirror system is related to animacy perception. In Experiment 2, participants were asked to observe an object, either of the animate thing or the inanimate thing, which was covered in a box so that they could not judge by appearance what it was and to answer whether they felt it as animate or inanimate. We compared ERPs when they performed reaching actions for the objects that they felt as animate with those when they performed reaching actions for the objects that they felt as inanimate. As well as in Experiment 1, we found that the amplitude of ERPs in left infero-frontal region was significantly higher in the former condition than in the latter one. In conjunction with the results in Experiment 1, this result suggests that the activation of mirror system takes a role in subjective attribution of animacy to objects.

著者

岡田 猛 横地 早和子 難波 久美子 石橋 健太郎 植田 一博

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, no.3, pp.303-321, 2007

---

The goal of this case study was to describe creation processes of contemporary artists from the perspective of Cognitive Science. We focused on the interaction among activities that affect long term processes of expertise and those that affect shorter term processes as the artist creates a series of work. We conducted retrospective interviews with two contemporary artists in their 40's using the portfolios of their past works so that they could recall their creation processes in detail. We found that the artists used an analogical modification process to produce a new series of artwork. Analogical modification is a cognitive process similar to analogical mapping, but modifies major features of the source structure while mapping it to the target. Artistic vision, which is formed through many years of creative activities and consists of main themes and goals for creation, plays an important role in guiding the usage of analogical modification. Analogical modification correspondingly appeared to deepen artistic vision.

著者

藤田 幸久 鷲田 祐一 鳥海 不二夫 植田 一博 石井 健一郎

雑誌

情報処理学会論文誌数理モデル化と応用(TOM) (ISSN:18827780)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.3, no.1, pp.49-61, 2010-01-26

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昨今,情報通信技術の発達により,一般生活者が日常的に入手しうる情報の量と種類が飛躍的に増加している.意思決定や価値判断において,情報の有無は重要であり,情報量の増加は個人の行動に影響をもたらしている.多くの既存研究では,保持している情報の量と種類が多ければ,影響力や意思決定力が強くなるものとしている.しかし,その真偽を再考する研究も現れており,情報量の飛躍的増加という未曾有の現象の本質を理解することが望まれる.本論文では,情報の多様化を考慮した情報伝播モデルを提案し,情報の多様化が情報伝播に及ぼす影響をシミュレーションにより分析する.特に,既存研究において強い影響力を持つとされるイノベータに着目した.シミュレーションの結果,情報の多様化によりイノベータの影響力が低下し,イノベータ以外の層がコミュニティ全体に対して影響力を持つことが確認された.また,イノベータの影響力低下は,情報の価値が均一になる「フラット化」によってもたらされることを明らかにした.

著者

塚村 祐希 若井 大成 下條 朝也 植田 一博

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.3, pp.494-508, 2022-09-01 (Released:2022-09-15)

参考文献数

30

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Latent scope bias is a bias that arises when humans estimate how probable a causal explanation is. This bias is a tendency to underestimate the probability of explanations with latent scope, the set of unobserved events that may or may not be occurring. Previous studies proposed the “inferred evidence” account, in which the bias occurs because we underestimate the probability that the unobserved event is occurring and reason based on this probability using the Bayesian rule. However, no studies have examined whether humans estimate the probability of explanations based on the Bayesian rule. Therefore, the present study examined how humans estimate the probability of explanations under uncertainty using Bayesian cognitive modeling. Specifically, participants read two explanations with different latent scopes and responded to one of them with a probability of 0% to 100%. The results obtained indicate the following two points: First, humans estimate the probability of explanations based on the Bayesian rule, which supports the inferred evidence account. Second, there are individual differences in the occurrence of latent scope bias.

著者

本田 秀仁 松香 敏彦 植田 一博

出版者

日本認知心理学会

雑誌

日本認知心理学会発表論文集 日本認知心理学会第13回大会

巻号頁・発行日

pp.20, 2015 (Released:2015-10-21)

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日本語には、漢字・カタカナという異なる表記法が存在しており、見た目・使用法、それぞれ大きく異なる。本研究では、表記が思考に与える影響について検討を行った。具体的には、3都市名を漢字(例:岡山・広島・長崎)またはカタカナ(例:オカヤマ・ヒロシマ・ナガサキ)で呈示して、同じグループであると思う2都市の選択、ならびに選択理由の回答が求められる都市カテゴライズ課題を実施し、表記の違いがカテゴリー化に与える影響ついて検討を行った。結果として、漢字で都市名を呈示した場合は地理的近接性に基づいたカテゴリー化(岡山・広島を“中国地方だから”という理由で選択する)が行われやすく、一方でカタカナ呈示時は文脈的類似性(ヒロシマ・ナガサキを“原爆が投下されたから”という理由で選択する)に基づいたカテゴリー化が行われやすかった。以上、表記の違いによって異なる思考プロセスが生み出されることが明らかになった。

著者

清河 幸子 伊澤 太郎 植田 一博

出版者

日本教育心理学会

雑誌

教育心理学研究 (ISSN:00215015)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.55, no.2, pp.255-265, 2007-06-30

被引用文献数

7

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本研究では,他者との協同の中で頻繁に生じると考えられる,自分自身での課題への取り組み(試行)と他者の取り組みの観察(他者観察)の交替が,洞察問題解決に及ぼす影響を実験的に検討した。具体的には,Tパズルを使用し,(1)1人で課題に取り組む条件(個人条件),(2)20秒ごとに試行と他者観察の交替を行いながら2人で課題に取り組む条件(試行・他者観察ペア条件),(3)1人で課題に取り組むが,20秒ごとに試行と自らの直前の試行の観察を交互に行う条件(試行・自己観察条件)の3条件を設定し,遂行成績を比較した。また,制約の動的緩和理論(開・鈴木,1998)に基づいて,解決プロセスへの影響も検討した。その結果,試行と他者の取り組みの観察を交互に行うことによって,言語的なやりとりがなくても,解決を阻害する不適切な制約の緩和が促進され,結果として,洞察問題解決が促進されることが示された。その一方で,試行と観察の交替という手続きは同一であっても,観察対象が自分の直前の試行である場合には,制約の緩和を促進せず,ひいては洞察問題解決を促進することにはならないことが明らかとなった。

著者

和嶋 雄一郎 鷲田 祐一 植田 一博

出版者

一般社団法人電子情報通信学会

雑誌

電子情報通信学会技術研究報告 = IEICE technical report : 信学技報 (ISSN:09135685)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.114, no.68, pp.277-282, 2014-05-29

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文系と理系という区別は,学業上の人工的な区別でしかなく,人間行動にとって特に重要な意味はないと考えられがちである.事実,日本以外の国々,特に欧米諸国では,広く受け入れられている概念とは言いにくい.しかしながら先行研究では,文系と理系の違いが社会行動に影響を及ぼす可能性がアンケート調査によって示唆されている.そこで本研究では学部4年生と大学院生を対象として,文系と理系の違いが「情報技術やサービスに関するアイデア生成」という創造的思考に影響しているのかどうかを実験的に調査した.その結果,理系からのアイデアを受けた文系がより創造的なアイデアを出すなど,文系・理系の違いと創造性との関係が示唆された.

著者

本田 秀仁 岩谷 舟真 大瀧 友里奈 植田 一博

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.3, pp.390-403, 2022-09-01 (Released:2022-09-15)

参考文献数

70

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In this article, we discuss two types of intervention for making judgments and decisions more rationally; nudge and boost. In particular, we discuss characteristics, theoretical background, and problems in the nudge and boost. We argue the importance of multiple perspectives, such as individual, group, and psychological conflict, for making judgments and decisions more rationally.

著者

鈴木 宏昭 植田 一博 堤 江美子

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.5, no.1, pp.1_14-1_25, 1998-03-01 (Released:2008-10-03)

参考文献数

12

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A series of experiments was conducted to explore sources of difficulties in manipulating daily electronic appliances. In realizing users' goals, these appliances require users to decompose their goals to a set of subtasks in a specific way. We hypothesize that users who have extreme difficulties do not decompose the task or that their decompositions are different from the one that designers assume. To test this hypothesis, we compared the performance of those who had been taught the general idea of task decompsition with that of the control group, using a copy machine. The results of the two experiments showed that the trained group achieved the tasks faster with fewer errors than the control group. The experiment 3 examined this task decomposition hypothesis, using a refined copier that visualized the idea of task decompostion. The results showed that the refined copier reduced errors at the early stages of learning. These results strongly support the idea that users' difficulties lie mainly in the task decomposition.

著者

岩﨑 雄斗 和泉 潔 伊藤 祐輔 植田 一博

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.22, no.3, pp.389-408, 2015-09-01 (Released:2016-03-01)

参考文献数

36

被引用文献数

2

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The purpose of this research is to experimentally clarify the influence both of mar-ket factors related to market conditions and of investors’ individual factors related tocognitive tendency on their investment behavior; for this purpose, we conducted an ex-periment using an experimental market in which participants were asked to buy and sellstocks whose prices were controlled. Specifically, we analyzed generalized linear mod-els where each of three behavioral indicators related to investment (the ratio of trendfollowing trading, the extent to which a participant took risks, and disposition effect)was a response variable and both market factors (market trend and volatility) and in-vestors’ individual factors (risk attitude and degree of proficiency) were explanatoryvariables, so that we could identify whether or not the explanatory variables explainedeach response variable. Five professional traders and 11 personal investors participatedin this experiment. As a result, the following three things were clarified: First, it wasaffected not by market factors but by their risk attitude whether they followed markettrends or not; second, the extent to which they took risks was affected both by marketfactors and by their degrees of proficiency; finally, disposition effect was affected onlyby degree of proficiency, which meant that professional traders could avoid dispositioneffect.

著者

小寺 礼香 清河 幸子 足利 純 植田 一博

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.18, no.1, pp.114-126, 2011 (Released:2011-09-07)

参考文献数

24

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A previous study showed that observing others' trials had a positive effect on performance in insight problem solving, whereas observing one's own past trials had a negative effect. We can assume that these effects are caused by the following two factors: one is that the amount and variety of information may increase by observing others' trials, which in turn enhances the possibility of adopting a new perspective or gaining an insight. The second factor is that, regardless of the type of information that a person gains through observation, the fact that this information is obtained from himself⁄herself may disrupt constraint relaxation and consequently, insight problem solving. In this study, we tested whether or not a person's attribution of the observed actions to self disrupts his⁄her performance on the task. For this purpose, we compared the participants' performances across the following four conditions: (1) the solo condition, in which participants were asked to solve a T-puzzle alone; (2) the self-observation condition, in which each participant was asked to alternate between solving the puzzle and observing each of his⁄her own past trials for 30 seconds; (3) the fake other-observation condition, in which each participant was asked to follow the same procedure as in the self-observation condition, but was instructed that the trials he⁄she observed were those undertaken by another person; and (4) the other-observation condition, in which each participant was asked to alternate between solving the puzzle and observing each of another person's past trials for 30 seconds. The results revealed that the participants' performances in the self-observation condition were inferior to those in the other three conditions. The results indicate that observation may disrupt insight problem solving if one attributes the observed actions to oneself, but not if one attributes them to another person.

著者

三輪 宏太郎 植田 一博

出版者

行動経済学会

雑誌

行動経済学 (ISSN:21853568)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.3, pp.114-118, 2010 (Released:2011-04-26)

参考文献数

7

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個別銘柄レベルにおいて,出来高の上昇は株式リターンの持続を予測すると言われている.この出来高と株価変動の持続性(株価モメンタム)の関係は,株価の新規情報の折り込みの遅れが要因とされてきた.本研究では,この関係が投資家の株価トレンド追随行為によっても引き起こされる可能性が高いことを実データ検証,モデルシミュレーションの両面から示す.

著者

植田 一博

出版者

人工知能学会

雑誌

2020年度 人工知能学会全国大会(第34回)

巻号頁・発行日

2020-04-01

著者

山田 歩 福田 玄明 鮫島 和行 清河 幸子 南條 貴紀 植田 一博 野場 重都 鰐川 彰

出版者

行動経済学会

雑誌

行動経済学 (ISSN:21853568)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.4, pp.129-132, 2011 (Released:2012-03-29)

参考文献数

6

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本研究では,テイスティングの際に,好き嫌いの理由を意識的に分析することが,サンプルへの選好に与える影響を検討した.参加者は,好きな理由を分析するか,嫌いな理由を分析するか,もしくは分析せずにPepsiとCokeを試飲し,それらの好みを判断した.その結果,分析をしなかった参加者はPepsiよりCokeを好む傾向があったが,好きな理由を分析した参加者はPepsiへの選好を強めることが確認された.嫌いな理由を分析した参加者は,PepsiとCokeに示す好みに違いがなくなった.また,好きな理由についてはPepsiはCokeより記述しやすいと判断されたが,嫌いな理由については両者に違いがなかった.これらの結果は,意識的に味の好き嫌いを分析するテイスティング場面では,直感的な評価と異なる結果をもたらすこと,また,サンプルの理由の記述しやすさがそうした評価の変動を増減させていることを示唆する.