著者
真田 康弘
出版者
一般社団法人 環境情報科学センター
雑誌
環境情報科学論文集 Vol.20(第20回環境研究発表会)
巻号頁・発行日
pp.283-288, 2006 (Released:2008-12-02)

商業捕鯨のモラトリアムが初めて提案されたのは、1972年の国連人間環境会議及び国際捕鯨委員会年次会合のことであった。本稿は設立から70年代初めまでのIWCにおける捕鯨規制措置を簡単に振り返りつつ、モラトリアム提案を推進した米国のイニシアティヴと、日本、英国等のIWC主要参加国の対応を検討して、国際監視員制度の実施失敗を直接的契機としてモラトリアム提案を米国政府が提案するに至ったこと、各国政府高官や環境担当官僚に対する極めて積極的な働きかけを通じて提案に対する支持を広げていったこと、同提案に関する交渉の結果捕獲規制の大幅強化と新管理方式が採用されるに至ったこと等を明らかとするものである。
著者
大久保 綾子 真田 康弘 石井 敦
出版者
JAPAN ASSOCIATION OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
雑誌
国際政治 (ISSN:04542215)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.2011, no.166, pp.166_57-70, 2011

This paper aims at revising the analytical framework of institutional interaction established by Sebastian Oberthür and Thomas Gehring, and applies the revised framework to the international regimes related to cetacean management in order to demonstrate the usefulness of our proposed revision and to systematically describe the regime complex of cetacean management.<br>After reviewing the relevant literature and explaining the institutional interaction framework, we evaluate the framework and describe our revisions.<br>Based on the evaluation we propose to revise the framework by incorporating the utilitarian causal pathway of institutional interaction.<br>The revised framework is applied to the following regimes: International Whaling Commission (IWC); United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS); Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR); North Atlantic Marine Mammal Commission (NAMMCO); Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES); Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species ofWild Animals (CMS); Agreement on the Conservation of Cetaceans of the Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea and Contiguous Atlantic Area (ACCOBAMS); Agreement on the Conservation of Small Cetaceans of the Baltic and North Seas (ASCOBANS); Commission for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna (CCSBT).<br>International organizations such as FAO and UNEP were excluded from the study.<br>The case study revealed that, first, the institutional interactions involved in the cetacean management regime complex have synergistic effects when it comes to cognitive interaction.<br>Because this result is consistent with other studies, this feature can be generalized to a significant extent.<br>Second, some effects caused by institutional interaction other than cognitive interaction cannot be determined because it will depend on the actors'perspectives; and, such undetermined effects are caused only by unintentional interaction.<br>Third, the IWC is mostly the source of institutional interaction and there are only two cases that the IWC is the target of interaction.<br>Fourth, there were some cases of forum shopping in the samples, and the driving force of such forum shopping was the difference in the membership which largely determines the expected success to pursue the forum shopper's interest.<br>Fifth, the regime complex of cetacean management has the IWC as a hub regime and the other regimes function largely as mutually complementary to the IWC.<br>For example, the NAMMCO provides international oversight to the whaling operation, and ASCOBANS, ACCOBAMS, and CMS provide governance means for managing small cetaceans.<br>These functions cannot be provided by the IWC because of its dispute over its basic objectives.<br>Sixth, there are actually cases that exhibit long-term cumulative effects resulting from institutional interaction.<br>We conclude that the proposed revision of the framework proved fruitful, and suggest some policy implications to the IWC and further work necessary to analyze institutional interaction.
著者
真田 康弘
出版者
一般社団法人 環境情報科学センター
雑誌
環境情報科学論文集 Vol.22(第22回環境情報科学学術研究論文発表会)
巻号頁・発行日
pp.363-368, 2008 (Released:2011-01-07)

現在日本が南極海及び北太平洋で行なっている捕鯨操業は,国際捕鯨取締条約第8条に規定される科学調査目的の捕獲許可発給に基づくものである。本小論ではこの条項の起源を探るとともに,商業捕鯨モラトリアム以前の各国の同条項に基づく捕獲許可発給運用の歴史を振り返り,国際捕鯨取締条約の有効性を減ずるものがなかった否かを検討するものとする。加えて,現在の日本の調査捕鯨のヒントとされている1977年より行われた捕獲許可発給に関して,これがどのような背景・理由から行なわれたのかを探るものとする。