著者

鏡味 完二

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

地理学評論 (ISSN:00167444)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.25, no.1, pp.1-14, 1952-01-01 (Released:2008-12-24)

参考文献数

23

---

There are many different nominations of mountains in Japan. The author picked up here only the last syllables of the mountain-name. He count, ed More than seventy sorts all in Japan. Among them, “-yama”, “-také”, “-mori”, “-miné”, these four sorts of calling are definitely more frequent than the others. Hence he took in this paper the distribution and meaning oof these four suffixes. This study consists of two parts, the one is title significance and history of these four sorts, and the other is the historical geography of their distribution and meanings. . They are described as follows. “Yama” is the name that has existed from the ancient time throughout the history of the Yamato race. It distributes widely all over the country and are attached to the highest Mountains as Fujino-yama as well as to the lowest hills as are seen everywher. “-Miné” has long a history as “-yama”, since the earliest time of the Yamato race. Many of these names are found in the famous poetical works, such as Mannyo-shyû. But now “-mine” has become less common because it changed its conceptionn into the meaning of mountain-ridge or tower-shaped peak. It does not distribute so widely as “yama” in the whole country, but is found rather densely is the districts that indicate the past Yamato race's domain and decreases in the marginal areas. “Také” is later in its history of development than “-mine”, but its distribution covers the whole country. It may be remarked that “-také” has a linguistic influence from continent. This development of “-také” was taken in the period of Nara dynasty. Having no distribution within the district of “-miné” and “-sen” (“-sen was existed from ancient times as “-miné”), “-také” has a blank area in the district of “-mine” and “-sen”. (Fig. 4) This district coincides with the area of the earlier period of Yamato dynasty. (Fig. 10) And “-také” is found on the rocky mountain. “-Mori” has its origin in Ainu and Korean languages, perhaps the former influence was more definite. These names are almost found on the round topped peaks, and its distribution, according to the Law of Baxter, is made up from three districts as no distribution area in the centre, “-mori-yama” region in the intermediary, and “-mori” region in the outer part of Japan.

著者

鏡味 完二 松原 義継

出版者

人文地理学会

雑誌

人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.7, no.5, pp.375-386,418, 1955

---

The settlement of "Nomugi" lies on a compound talus at the hight of 1320m above sea level. (Fig. II) This talus was constructed on the northern side of "River Mashita", at the western foot of "Nomugi Pass" 1672 meters high). "Nomugi" was the most important pass in the "Northern Japanese Alps" in the days about 50 years ago, through which a highway was constructed in the feudal times from Takayama to Matsumoto (Fig. I). Every day about 70-80 "da" (one "da" is the cargo of one cattle) was conveyed through this pass.In the settlement of "Nomugi" there are 29 houses now, but about 50 years ago were neary 50 houses. Among these houses, there were three inns, four doss houses and other shops such as bar, grocers, etc. But all these shops transformed their occupations to agricultural, pastral, or forestry. As the result of this change of trade, the prosperity of this village was declined. The reason of this decline was the construction of Chuo Line Railway from Nagoya to Tokyo, and then the opening of Hokuriku L.R.W. along the coast of Japan Sea and finally Takayama L.R.W. from Gifu to Toyama. All the communication through "Nomugi pass" was pillaged by these rail road traffic, and the number of "Nomugi" decreased gradually from about 50 to 30 since 50 years ago. Thus this settlement has turnd into a lonely mountain village and "Nomugi Pass" was almost closed to passengers. This village is a rare example in Japan which has no medical man and no electric lamp.But this place would revive if a plan of construction of tourist bus road on the ridge line from "Nomugi Pass" to the top of Norikura Volcano only be realized in these years.The meaning of the place name of "Nomugi" may be explained an old Japanese words, namely "no"=field, "mugi"=apparent place from every direction. This means the topographical feature of the talus on which this settlement stands.The annual mean temperature of this place is 6.7°C.. This value coincides with that of the inner land type climate in the central part of Hokkaido. With the summer maximum temperature 28°C, and comparatively stronger sunshine with longer shining hour, these owe to the nature landform of talus on which this village stands, farmers can plant summer crops suitable to the low temperature such as buckwheat, barnyardgrass, soyabean, millet, corn etc.. Thus the production of crops. amounts to 90% of the whole agricultural products. But rice culture finds no place on account of the low temperature. As the result of the shorter period free from the frost (199 days), these crops frequently experienced the frost damage and diminished the yield.Thus the length of self sustaining of food in this village is only 4…5 months in a year. (Average number of cultivated field per one house is one ha..) We can find a definite relationship between the distance from farm house and the species of crop; namely vegetable field near the house, fields of buckwheat, millet etc. apart from it. Because the former requires much more labour than the latter. Mulberry trees are planted on foot-path or on the escarpments of river terraces and their tall trees need a ladder to pick the leaves.This village has 47 head of plough cattle by 27 farm houses. They breed them in the way of transhumance; grazing in summer, pen feeding in winter. Summer grazing is taken in the sloping pasture on the mountain side of Norikura Volcano (Its area is abont 800ha..). Mowing fields are found near the farm houses and so they lie on the place lower than the pasture. Its area is about 300ha.. From this mowing field farmers collect their hay, and by the labour efficiency of this colection the number of cattle can be bred in one farm house is defined. In this village the highest number is only 3.

著者

鏡味 完二

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

地理学評論 (ISSN:00167444)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.18, no.11, pp.886-902, 1942-11-01 (Released:2008-12-24)

参考文献数

9

著者

鏡味 完二

出版者

日本地理教育学会

雑誌

新地理 (ISSN:05598362)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2, no.4, pp.39-48, 1954

---

&ldquo;Hinokuni&rdquo; is the old name of Japan. &ldquo;Hi&rdquo; meaning the sun and &ldquo;kuni&rdquo; means country. &ldquo;Japan&rdquo; is the name that the foreigners &ldquo;Nippon&rdquo;: Nip=HI=Sun, pon=origin, and so Nippon denoets &ldquo;the sun rising country&rdquo;. Therefore Hinokuni, Nippon, and Japan have the same meaming.<br>Settlement of Japan begun from Izumo and northern kyushu in the ancient times by rice culture peoples, after which Yamato became civilized.<br>The author discoveved a series of these place-names in these ancient civilized district Namely they are as follows.<br>Taale I<br>The most conspicuous fact is that the place-name of Yamato can be found in all the civilized regions of ancient Japan listed above. But &ldquo;Yamato&rdquo; was interpreted untill now a smeaning &ldquo;the placewhich mountains lie&rdquo; because it seemed to be so only by the linguistic analogy; Yama=mountain, to=place. The author has found ita reasonable explanaton through the Malay word Yamtuan=King, Sovereign.

著者

鏡味 完二

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

地理学評論 (ISSN:00167444)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.5, pp.237-248, 1955-05-01 (Released:2008-12-24)

参考文献数

32

---

Bis heute ist der Wortsinn des Berges “Fuzi”, Fudschi-jama auf Deutsch, von vielen Gelehrten erklirt worden durch ein Aino Wort “Huchi” (=die Grossmutter, die Göttin des Feuers). Aber Dr. K. Kindaiti bewies, dass die Auslegung ein Missverständnis war. Doch es gibt hieriiber noch keinen treffenden Aufschluss in der N issenschaftlichen Welt. Hierauf land der: Verfasser überzeugende Beweise, dass das Wort “Fuzi”, ein altes echt japanisehes Wort ist, das die Schönheit der langen Abdachung des Berges bedeutet. (1) Auf Japanischen Inseln gibt es den Dialekt “Fuzi” welehes die lange Abdachung des Berges bedeutet. Auch der Regenbogen und die Glyzinie, die sehön in der Luft hängen, werden noch jetzt im Dialekt als “Fuzi” bezeichhnet. (2) Die vielen Ortsnamen “-fuzi”, deren Ursprünge die wie obenstehende Bogengestalten sind, verbreiten sick auf den Japanischen Inseln. (Siehe Abb. I). (3) Der Verbreitungstypus der Ortsnamen von “fuzi” hat eine Struktur der konzentrischen Kreise, deren Zentrum sick in Yamato befindet. Es g_??_bt keine Beziehung zwischen dem Gebiete der, Verbreitung und Hokkaido als Heimat der Aino. Der Verfasser ermittelte auch, dass die Ortsnamen “-fuzi” nicht so alt sind, wie bis heute von vielen Gelebrten angenommen wilyde; nämlich die Namen der Berge “-fuzi” kamen in der Zeit vom 3. _??_7. Jahrhundert vor, und die der vielen Siedlungen “-fuzi” (Siehe Abb. 1) im 9. J. H.. Die Verbreitung des Namens “Fuzi-san” (-san=-yama=Gebirge) mit dem Namen “Asalma- yama” (“Asama” stammt von “Azama” =Name des Seevolkes in alter Zeit) entsprechen der Entw icklungsregion der Berg-religion von “Fuzi-sengen” (“-sengen” ist die Japanische Farallele des chineschischen Zeichens “Asama”). Der Zasanlmenhang zwischen dem beiden Verbreitungen von Berg und Religion bedeutet, dass diese Bergreligion sich im Gesichtsfeld von “Fuzi-san” entwickelt hat. Das Gesichtsfeld von “Fuzi-san” ist ebenso ausdehnbar, wie die Kreisflache mit dem Halbmesser von 223 KM. (Siehe Abb. 3). Auch die Name “Fuzimi” (Von aus kann man den “Fuzi-san” sehen) verbreiten sich in diesem Kreise (Siehe Abb. 4). Abb. 1: Verbreitung der Namen “Fuzi”, die die lange Abdachung des Berges bedeuten. Abb. 2: Verbreitung der Namen “Azumi”, “Azuma” and “Asama”. Diese N amen sind für Berge and Siedlungen. “Azwni” ist der älteste. “Azuma” and “Asama” folgen nach “Azumi. Diese stammers von Seevolksnamen. Abb. 3: “Fuzi” and “Asama” -Bergnamen Zeichen des Hiihnerauges ist “Fuzi-san”. Kleine Kreise sind Namen des Berges “Fuzi”, schwarze Punkte sind Namen des Berges “Asalma-yama”. Abb. 4: Verbreitung des Namens “Fuzimi” “Fuzimi”. bedeutet, dass von -aus man den “Fuzi-san” sehen kann.