著者

須藤 春佳 Haruka SUDO

雑誌

神戸女学院大学論集 = KOBE COLLEGE STUDIES

巻号頁・発行日

vol.58, no.2, pp.87-102, 2011-12-20

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In this thesis, we discuss two aspects of close friendship. First, the positive aspects- in other words, the light of friendship. Second, we focus on the problems and difficulties of friendship- that is, the shadow of friendship- and discuss the reason why such problems occur. It seems that problems with friendship are more complicated for girls than for boys, so we discuss friendships among girls in a later part of the theses. At the same time, we examine gender differences in friendship. Sullivan(1953) pointed out the positive aspects of close friendships. According to him, around the time of pre-adolescence, close friendships develop between two children of the same sex and age; Sullivan called this "chum-ship." He explained that such close friendships heal any distortion within the child's former development and promote the child's psychological development. Many researchers suggest that an individual's experience of chum-ship is associated with subsequent positive aspects of psychological adjustment. There are a number of reasons why close friendships become important at this time. First, they play a role of psychological protection during a time of transition, Second, a close friend can act as a model or mirror for the child- someone the child can identify with. Finally , a close friends can act as a mediator between the child's internal and external words. To ciscuss the shadow aspects of close friendship, we focused on a number of phenomena, namely bullying school refusal, and the occurrence of traunatic encounters between two girls. We discuss how bullying occurs according to peer pressure, which demands sameness within peer groups. Next, we introduce cases in which girls have refused to go to school because of trouble among friends, and we examine the background problems in these cases. Finally, we discuss traumatic encounters between two girls who were previously friends, in referece to the mirror stage theory(Lacan,1949). In such cases, the function of mirroring in the friendship is considered to have worked negatively.

著者

須藤 春佳 Haruka SUDO 京都文教大学臨床心理学部臨床心理学科 Kyoto Bunkyo University Department of Clinical Psychology Faculty of Clinical Psychology

出版者

京都文教大学

雑誌

臨床心理学部研究報告 = Reports from the Faculty of Clinical Psychology, Kyoto Bunkyo University (ISSN:18843751)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1, pp.99-108, 2009-03-31

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The purpose of this paper is to discuss close friendship from social, cultural, and psychological viewpoints. The definition of friend is made by Brain R (1976) as follows: person who is connected by means of affection or dearness, not by blood relation or Eros. In order to consider the meaning of close friendship, we referred to the research of comparative anthropology of Brain. Through his study, we could see how close friendship worked in some culture and society, especially in some tribes in Africa where friendship played very important role. Historically, friendship was formed as a social system in the Middle Ages in Europe. Moreover, trust and affection between friends are emphasized in almost all culture. Thus, friendship is regarded as a fundamental aspect of human nature. Friendship is a relationship which has equality and complement nature, and it has played the role of exchange in some social systems. Also, some societies regard friendship as important as kinship, because it proceeds economical and social negotiation outside the kinship system. Several examples are shown in this paper. In order to see friendship from a psychological point of view, the image of twins was proposed in connection with close friendship. In some society, a close friend is recognized as a substitute for twin, which represents half of one's soul. The image of twin-ship represents "a pair of souls", or "the other self." Brain says that the fundamental aspect of friendship is equality, the form of a pair in soul, and "the other self." So he thinks the image of twins is connected with friendship. Finally, we discussed gender difference in close friendship, and close friendship between the sexes. Men and women can form close friendship with each other. Equality, or the basic nature of friendship, enables men and women to communicate with each other apart from their sexual drives.

著者

須藤 春佳 Haruka SUDO 京都文教大学臨床心理学部臨床心理学科 Kyoto Bunkyo University Department of Clinical Psychology Faculty of Clinical Psychology

雑誌

臨床心理学部研究報告 = Reports from the Faculty of Clinical Psychology, Kyoto Bunkyo University (ISSN:18843751)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1, pp.99-108, 2009-03-31

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The purpose of this paper is to discuss close friendship from social, cultural, and psychological viewpoints. The definition of friend is made by Brain R (1976) as follows: person who is connected by means of affection or dearness, not by blood relation or Eros. In order to consider the meaning of close friendship, we referred to the research of comparative anthropology of Brain. Through his study, we could see how close friendship worked in some culture and society, especially in some tribes in Africa where friendship played very important role. Historically, friendship was formed as a social system in the Middle Ages in Europe. Moreover, trust and affection between friends are emphasized in almost all culture. Thus, friendship is regarded as a fundamental aspect of human nature. Friendship is a relationship which has equality and complement nature, and it has played the role of exchange in some social systems. Also, some societies regard friendship as important as kinship, because it proceeds economical and social negotiation outside the kinship system. Several examples are shown in this paper. In order to see friendship from a psychological point of view, the image of twins was proposed in connection with close friendship. In some society, a close friend is recognized as a substitute for twin, which represents half of one’s soul. The image of twin-ship represents “a pair of souls”, or “the other self.” Brain says that the fundamental aspect of friendship is equality, the form of a pair in soul, and “the other self.” So he thinks the image of twins is connected with friendship. Finally, we discussed gender difference in close friendship, and close friendship between the sexes. Men and women can form close friendship with each other. Equality, or the basic nature of friendship, enables men and women to communicate with each other apart from their sexual drives.

著者

須藤 春佳

出版者

神戸女学院大学

雑誌

神戸女学院大学論集 (ISSN:03891658)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.61, no.1, pp.113-126, 2014-06

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思春期から青年期にかけての友人関係を考える際、一対一の友人関係だけではなく、友人グループの存在が関わってくる。本稿では、この年代の友人関係における、友人グループの果たす役割や発達的な意義について、サリヴァン(Sulivan,1953)の前青春期論における「ギャング・グループ」(若年不正規集団)の発達や、保坂、岡村(1986)らの友人関係の発達論(①gang-group、②chum-group、③peer-groupへと変化)を手ががりに検討した。一方、友人グループをめぐる中学高校時の難しさについて、須藤(2012)の調査結果等を紹介した。さらには近年の友人グループの傾向について、岩宮(2012)の「ボッチ恐怖」と「イツメン希求」や、土井(2004)の「優しい関係」に展開される見解、また、最近注目されている「教室内(スクール)カースト」(鈴木,2012)をとりあげた。スクールカーストとは、学級内で、子どもたちがグループ化され、教室内の生徒の「人気」の高低によって、同時に序列化されている状態を指す。須藤(2013)の大学生女子を対象とした調査においても、スクールカーストを経験したものは少なからずおり、それについての意見は肯定的なもの、否定的なもののあれば、一長一短であるとして仕方ないと捉えているものもあった。これらの知見を受け、最後に、従来サリヴァンによって示された思春期の友人グループのあり方と現代のそれは異なってきているのではないかという点について検討した。Sulivanに示されるグループ関係では「協力」関係が中心であったのが、現代は「同調」関係が中心であるとみることもでき、現代の子どもたちが、グループに居場所を求め、狭い範囲の人間関係に気を遣い、自らを所属グループに固定化させるのは、自身の核が乏しく、不安定な自身の自己確保を行っているためではないかと考えられた。また、chum-groupの肥大化、peer-groupの蔓延化(保坂,2000)に指摘されるように、仲間関係の発達が蔓延化しているとすれば、同時に思春期から青年期の自己形成はより後に延長されていると考えられた。Thinking about adolescent friendship, not only personal friendship between two people but also informal groups of more than three members play an important role. In this thesis, the role of informal groups of adolescents is discussed, referring to the theory of some researchers. Furst, the theory of preadolescence by Sullivan (1953) and the theory of developing phases of friendship by Hosaka et al. (1986) are introduced. Sullivan says that "gang-group" develops during preadolescence, in which the group members are engaged with collaboration. Hosaka et al. suggests a theory of the developing phases of friendship from chilhood to adolescence; ① gang-group, ② chum-group ③ peer-group. On the other hand, the results of Sudo (2012) suggests the difficulty of the relationship of informal groups, especially during junior high school and high school. Furthermore, some researchers say that the tendency of recent adolescent friendship has been changing. Those are shown in "a terror of 'Being Isolated' (Bocchi)" and "a Desire for 'Belonging to a Regular Group' (Itsumen)" by Iwamiya (2012), "gentle relationship" by Doi (2004), and "school caste" by Suzuki (2012). School caste means the state of the class; pupils in the classroom are divided into some groups, and at the same time,ranked according to popularity. According to Sudo (2013), many university students answered that they had experienced school caste in their adolescence. Their thoughts about school caste varied, some were positive, some were negative, and the others were both positive and negarive.Finally, it was discussed that the style of informal groups today has changed from that of Sullivan's era. The relationship of Sullivan's informal group consisted of "collaboration", but the relationship of informal groups of recent adolescents consists of "sympathizing." Recently adolescents want to belong to one informal group, stick to the group, and care a lot about the relationship with their small group members. Why do they do so? It is discussed that their core self is vulnerable, so they ask for the acceptonce of others (thier group members). Also, as Hosaka (2000) suggests, the periods of "chum-group" and "peer group" tend to be extended and adolescents' self-making processes may also be extended and delayed longer than ever.

著者

須藤 春佳

出版者

京都大学大学院教育学研究科

雑誌

京都大学大学院教育学研究科紀要 (ISSN:13452142)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.54, pp.626-638, 2008-03-31

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It is said that same sex friendship is important for psychological development during preadolescence. Sullivan (1953) called this "chumship" and suggested its both developmental and psychotherapeutic significance. What nature of this relationship is developmentally supportive and psychotherapeutic? In this thesis, some aspects of chumship that are considered to be developmentally supportive and psychotherapeutic were discussed. First, developmentally supportive points were as follows; 1. Chumship plays protective role during transitional period. 2.Chumship gives the sense of security and modeling function. 3. Chum becomes the medium between internal and external world. Second, some aspects considered to be psychotherapeutic were as follows; 1. Sharing experience between the two promotes "consensual validation". 2. Chumship makes humane and empathetic environment. 3.Chumship provides an isomorphic experience between the two, and enable one to meet the inner self through the relationship with the other, and 4. Chumship can provide corrective emotional experience. On the other hand, it is suggested that the psychodynamics of identification contain an emotionally an1bivalent nature, so one can feel attachment and hostility to the same person. Some psychopathological phenomenon concerning chumship, for example, "hysterie a deux" in adolescence, were discussed. Thus, the nature of churnship was discussed from various aspects in this thesis.