著者

YUKIMOTO Seiji KAWAI Hideaki KOSHIRO Tsuyoshi OSHIMA Naga YOSHIDA Kohei URAKAWA Shogo TSUJINO Hiroyuki DEUSHI Makoto TANAKA Taichu HOSAKA Masahiro YABU Shokichi YOSHIMURA Hiromasa SHINDO Eiki MIZUTA Ryo OBATA Atsushi ADACHI Yukimasa ISHII Masayoshi

出版者

Meteorological Society of Japan

雑誌

気象集誌. 第2輯 (ISSN:00261165)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.2019-051, (Released:2019-06-18)

被引用文献数

441

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The new Meteorological Research Institute Earth System Model version 2.0 (MRI-ESM2.0) has been developed based on previous models, MRI-CGCM3 and MRI-ESM1, which participated in the fifth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). These models underwent numerous improvements meant for highly accurate climate reproducibility. This paper describes model formulation updates and evaluates basic performance of its physical components. The new model has nominal horizontal resolutions of 100 km for atmosphere and ocean components, similar to the previous models. The atmospheric vertical resolution is 80 layers which is enhanced from 48 layers of its predecessor. Accumulation of various improvements concerning clouds, such as a new stratocumulus cloud scheme, led to remarkable reduction in errors in shortwave, longwave, and net radiation at the top of the atmosphere. The resulting errors are sufficiently small compared with those in the CMIP5 models. The improved radiation distribution brings the accurate meridional heat transport required for the ocean and contributes to a reduced surface air temperature (SAT) bias. MRI-ESM2.0 displays realistic reproduction of both mean climate and interannual variability. For instance, the stratospheric quasi-biennial oscillation can now be realistically expressed through the enhanced vertical resolution and introduction of non-orographic gravity wave drag parameterization. For the historical experiment, MRI-ESM2.0 reasonably reproduces global SAT change for recent decades; however, cooling in the 1950s through the 1960s and warming afterward are overestimated compared with observations. MRI-ESM2.0 has been improved in many aspects over the previous models, MRI-CGCM3/MRI-ESM1, and is expected to demonstrate superior performance in many experiments planned for CMIP6.

著者

YUMIMOTO Keiya TANAKA Taichu Y. YOSHIDA Mayumi KIKUCHI Maki NAGAO Takashi M. MURAKAMI Hiroshi MAKI Takashi

出版者

Meteorological Society of Japan

雑誌

気象集誌. 第2輯 (ISSN:00261165)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.2018-035, (Released:2018-04-08)

被引用文献数

21

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The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) launched a next-generation geostationary meteorological satellite (GMS), Himawari-8, on October 7, 2014 and began its operation on July 7, 2015. The Advanced Himawari Imager (AHI) onboard Himawari-8 has 16 observational bands that enable the retrieval of full-disk maps of aerosol optical properties (AOPs), including aerosol optical thickness (AOT) and the Ångström exponent (AE) with unprecedented spatial and temporal resolution. In this study, we combined an aerosol transport model with the Himawari-8 AOT using the data assimilation method, and performed aerosol assimilation and forecasting experiments on smoke from an intensive wildfire that occurred over Siberia between May 15 and 18, 2016. To effectively utilize the high observational frequency of Himawari-8, we assimilated 1-h merged AOTs generated through the combination of six AOT snapshots taken over 10-min intervals, three times per day. The heavy smoke originating from the wildfire was transported eastward behind a low-pressure trough, and covered northern Japan from May 19 to 20. The southern part of the smoke plume then traveled westward, in a clockwise flow associated with high pressure. The forecast without assimilation reproduced the transport of the smoke to northern Japan; however, it underestimated AOT and the extinction coefficient compared with observed values, mainly due to errors in the emission inventory. Data assimilation with the Himawari-8 AOT compensated for the underestimation and successfully forecasted the unique C-shaped distribution of the smoke. In particular, the assimilation of the Himawari-8 AOT during May 18 greatly improved the forecast of the southern part of the smoke flow. Our results indicate that the inheritance of assimilation cycles and the assimilation of more recent observations led to better forecasting in this case of a continental smoke outflow.

著者

ISHIJIMA Kentaro TSUBOI Kazuhiro MATSUEDA Hidekazu TANAKA Taichu Yasumichi MAKI Takashi NAKAMURA Takashi NIWA Yosuke HIRAO Shigekazu

出版者

Meteorological Society of Japan

雑誌

気象集誌. 第2輯 (ISSN:00261165)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.2022-017, (Released:2021-12-10)

被引用文献数

2

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Temporal variations of atmospheric radon-222 (222Rn) observed at four Japan Meteorological Agency stations in Japan by the Meteorological Research Institute were analyzed using an on-line Global Spectral Atmosphere Model–Transport Model (GSAM-TM). Monthly and diurnal variations, and a series of synoptic high-222Rn events were extracted from 5-12 years of 222Rn observations during 2007-2019. Observed seasonal patterns of winter maxima and summer minima, driven mainly by monsoons, were well reproduced by the GSAM-TM based on existing 222Rn emission inventories, but their absolute values were generally underestimated, indicating that our understanding of 222Rn emission processes in East Asia is lacking. The high-resolution model (∼ 60 km mesh) demonstrated that observed consecutive high-222Rn peaks at several-hour timescales were caused by two 222Rn streams from different regions and were not well resolved by the low-resolution model (∼ 200 km mesh). GSAM-TM simulations indicate that such cold-front-driven events are sometimes accompanied by complicated three-dimensional atmospheric structures such as stratospheric intrusion over the front, significantly affecting distributions of atmospheric components. A new calculation approach using hourly 222Rn values normalized to daily means was used to analyze the diurnal 222Rn cycle, allowing diurnal cycles in winter to be extracted from 222Rn data that are highly variable due to sporadic continental 222Rn outflows, which tend to obscure the diurnal variations. Normalized diurnal cycles of 222Rn in winter are consistent between observations and model simulations, and seem to be driven mainly by diurnal variations of planetary-boundary-layer height (PBLH). These results indicate that 222Rn in the near-surface atmosphere, transported from remote source regions, could vary diurnally by up to 10 % of the daily mean owing mainly to local PBLH variations, even without significant local 222Rn emissions.

著者

OKAMOTO Kozo ISHIBASHI Toshiyuki ISHII Shoken BARON Philippe GAMO Kyoka TANAKA Taichu Y. YAMASHITA Koji KUBOTA Takuji

出版者

Meteorological Society of Japan

雑誌

気象集誌. 第2輯 (ISSN:00261165)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.2018-024, (Released:2018-02-05)

被引用文献数

8

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This study evaluated the impact of a future space-borne Doppler wind lidar (DWL) on a super-low-altitude orbit using an observing system simulation experiment (OSSE) based on a sensitivity observing system experiment (SOSE) approach. Realistic atmospheric data, including wind and temperature, was provided as “pseudo-truth” (PT) to simulate DWL observations. Hourly aerosols and clouds that are consistent with PT winds were also created for the simulation. A full-scale lidar simulator, which is described in detail in the companion paper, simulated realistic line-of-sight wind measurements and observation quality information, such as signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) and measurement error. Quality control (QC) procedures in the data assimilation system were developed to select high-quality DWL observations based on the averaged SNR from strong backscattering in the presence of aerosols or clouds. Also, DWL observation errors used in the assimilation were calculated using the measurement error estimated by the lidar simulator. The forecast impacts of DWL onboard polar- and tropical-orbiting satellites were assessed using the operational global data assimilation system. Data assimilation experiments were conducted in January and August in 2010 to assess overall impact and seasonal dependence. It is found that DWL on either polar- or tropical-orbiting satellites is overall beneficial for wind and temperature forecasts, with greater impacts for the January experiments. The relative forecast error reduction reaches almost 2 % in the tropics. An exception is a degradation in the southern hemisphere in August, suggesting a need to further refine observation error assignment and QC. A decisive conclusion cannot be drawn of the superiority of polar- or tropical-orbiting satellites due to their mixed impacts. This is probably related to the characteristics of error growth in the tropics. The limitations and possible underestimation of the DWL impacts, for example due to a simple observation error inflation setting, in the SOSE-OSSE are also discussed.

著者

KAJINO Mizuo DEUSHI Makoto SEKIYAMA Tsuyoshi Thomas OSHIMA Naga YUMIMOTO Keiya TANAKA Taichu Yasumichi CHING Joseph HASHIMOTO Akihiro YAMAMOTO Tetsuya IKEGAMI Masaaki KAMADA Akane MIYASHITA Makoto INOMATA Yayoi SHIMA Shin-ichiro TAKAMI Akinori SHIMIZU Atsushi HATAKEYAMA Shiro SADANAGA Yasuhiro IRIE Hitoshi ADACHI Kouji ZAIZEN Yuji IGARASHI Yasuhito UEDA Hiromasa MAKI Takashi MIKAMI Masao

出版者

Meteorological Society of Japan

雑誌

気象集誌. 第2輯 (ISSN:00261165)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.2019-020, (Released:2018-12-09)

被引用文献数

36

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Model performance of a regional-scale meteorology – chemistry model (NHM-Chem) has been evaluated for the consistent predictions of the chemical, physical, and optical properties of aerosols. These properties are essentially important for the accurate assessment of air quality and health hazards, contamination of land and ocean ecosystems, and regional climate changes due to aerosol-cloud-radiation interaction processes. Currently, three optional methods are available: the 5-category non-equilibrium, 3-category non-equilibrium, and bulk equilibrium methods. These three methods are suitable for the predictions of regional climate, air quality, and operational forecasts, respectively. In this paper, the simulated aerosol chemical, physical, and optical properties and their consistency were evaluated by using various observation data in East Asia. The simulated mass, size, and deposition of SO42- and NH4+ agreed well with the observations, whereas those of NO3-, sea-salt, and dust needed improvement. The simulated surface mass concentration (PM10 and PM2.5) and spherical extinction coefficient agreed well with the observations. The simulated aerosol optical thickness and dust extinction coefficient were significantly underestimated.

著者

KOSAKA Yuki KOBAYASHI Shinya HARADA Yayoi KOBAYASHI Chiaki NAOE Hiroaki YOSHIMOTO Koichi HARADA Masashi GOTO Naochika CHIBA Jotaro MIYAOKA Kengo SEKIGUCHI Ryohei DEUSHI Makoto KAMAHORI Hirotaka NAKAEGAWA Tosiyuki TANAKA Taichu Y. TOKUHIRO Takayuki SATO Yoshiaki MATSUSHITA Yasuhiro ONOGI Kazutoshi

出版者

公益社団法人 日本気象学会

雑誌

気象集誌. 第2輯 (ISSN:00261165)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.2024-004, (Released:2023-11-02)

被引用文献数

4

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The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) has developed the third Japanese global atmospheric reanalysis, the Japanese Reanalysis for Three Quarters of a Century (JRA-3Q). The objective of JRA-3Q is to improve quality in terms of issues identified in the previous Japanese 55-year Reanalysis (JRA-55) and to extend the reanalysis period further into the past. JRA-3Q is based on the TL479 version of the JMA global Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) system as of December 2018 and uses results of developments in the operational NWP system, boundary conditions, and forcing fields achieved at JMA since JRA-55. It covers the period from September 1947, when Typhoon Kathleen brought severe flood damage to Japan, and uses rescued historical observations to extend its analyses backwards in time about 10 years earlier than JRA-55. This paper describes the data assimilation system, forecast model, observations, boundary conditions, and forcing fields used to produce JRA-3Q as well as the basic characteristics of the JRA-3Q product. The initial quality evaluation revealed major improvements from JRA-55 in the global energy budget and representation of tropical cyclones (TCs). One of the major problems in JRA-55—global energy imbalance with excess upward net energy flux at the top of the atmosphere and at the surface—has been significantly reduced in JRA-3Q. Another problem—a trend of artificial weakening of TCs—has been resolved through the use of a method that generates TC bogus based on the JMA operational system. There remain several problems such that volcanic-induced stratospheric warming is smaller than expected. This paper discusses the causes of such problems and possible solutions in future reanalyses.