著者

Ryugo S. HAYANO Masaharu TSUBOKURA Makoto MIYAZAKI Hideo SATOU Katsumi SATO Shin MASAKI Yu SAKUMA

出版者

日本学士院

雑誌

Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series B (ISSN:03862208)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.90, no.6, pp.211-213, 2014-06-11 (Released:2014-06-11)

参考文献数

9

被引用文献数

3 5

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Comprehensive whole-body counter surveys covering over 93% of the school children between the ages of 6 and 15 in Miharu town, Fukushima Prefecture, have been conducted for three consecutive years, in 2011, 2012 and 2013. Although the results of a questionnaire indicate that approximately 60% of the children have been regularly eating local or home-grown rice, in 2012 and 2013 no child was found to exceed the 137Cs detection limit of 300 Bq/body.

著者

Hiromi NAKANISHI Atsushi MORI Kouki TAKEDA Houdo TANAKA Natsuko KOBAYASHI Keitaro TANOI Takashi YAMAKAWA Satoshi MORI

出版者

日本学士院

雑誌

Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series B (ISSN:03862208)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.91, no.4, pp.160-174, 2015-04-10 (Released:2015-04-10)

参考文献数

34

被引用文献数

3 14

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Six months after the explosion of TEPCO’s Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power plant, radioactive silver (110mAg), was detected in concentrations of 3754 Bq/kg in Nephila clavata (the orb-web spider; Joro-gumo in Japanese) collected at Nimaibashi, Iitate village in Fukushima Prefecture, whereas 110mAg in the soil was 43.1 Bq/kg. A survey of 35 faunal species in the terrestrial environment during the 3.5 years after the accident showed that most of Anthropoda had two orders higher 110mAg in their tissues than soils, although silver is not an essential element for their life. However, tracing of the activity of 110mAg detected in spider Atypus karschi collected regularly at a fixed location showed that it declined much faster than the physical half-life. These results suggest that 110mAg was at once biologically concentrated by faunal species, especially Arthropoda, through food chain. The factors affecting the subsequent rapid decline of 110mAg concentration in faunal species are discussed.

著者

岩井 克人

出版者

日本学士院

雑誌

日本學士院紀要 (ISSN:03880036)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.76, no.1, pp.103-114, 2021 (Released:2021-11-20)

著者

塩野 宏

出版者

日本学士院

雑誌

日本學士院紀要 (ISSN:03880036)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.68, no.2, pp.113-137, 2014-02

著者

辻村 公一

出版者

日本学士院

雑誌

日本學士院紀要 (ISSN:03880036)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.62, no.2, pp.141-171, 2007

著者

太田 晶二郎

出版者

日本学士院

雑誌

日本學士院紀要 (ISSN:03880036)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.7, no.3, pp.199-207, 1949 (Released:2007-05-30)

著者

水田 洋

出版者

日本学士院

雑誌

日本學士院紀要 (ISSN:03880036)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.64, no.2, pp.89-107, 2010 (Released:2017-04-05)

著者

佐藤 幸治

出版者

日本学士院

雑誌

日本學士院紀要 (ISSN:03880036)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.76, no.2, pp.185-202, 2022 (Released:2022-02-15)

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The concept of human rights (natural rights), which stepped into the limelight of human history in the latter half of the eighteenth century, rapidly disappeared from the limelight in the nineteenth century and was replaced by the legal positivist concept of rights (in Japan, it was strongly advocated at the beginning of the Meiji Restoration in the latter half of the nineteenth century but rapidly faded away). After World War I, human rights came to be strongly advocated in the realm of international law, especially in the face of the tyranny of totalitarian regimes, and the United Nations Charter adopted at the San Francisco Conference in June 1945 proclaimed human dignity and respect for human rights. The Potsdam Declaration of July of the same year (accepted by the Japanese government in August) strongly called for “the establishment of respect for human rights.” Initially, the Japanese government and people did not take the meaning of this seriously but in February 1946, the General Headquarters strongly demanded that the Constitution stipulate the guarantee of human rights. The Constitution of Japan, which was enacted in the form of an amendment to the Meiji Constitution, sets forth that “the people shall not be prevented from enjoying any of the fundamental human rights” (Article 11) and calls for “the supreme consideration” for “their right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness” (Article 13).(View PDF for the rest of the abstract.)

著者

藤田 宙靖

出版者

日本学士院

雑誌

日本學士院紀要 (ISSN:03880036)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.70, no.1, pp.71-90, 2015

著者

深沢 克己

出版者

日本学士院

雑誌

日本學士院紀要 (ISSN:03880036)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.75, no.1, pp.1-25, 2020 (Released:2020-11-13)

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I. Introduction: the Japan Academy and Freemasonry Freemasonry, though not well known to Japanese people, is an initiatic society which has played an important part in the formation of modern Occidental civilization since the eighteenth century. So that historical connections are not absent between this fraternal association and the Japan Academy. Firstly, two of the founding members of the Academy, Amane Nishi and Mamichi Tsuda, had been initiated into Freemasonry at Leiden as early as 1864. Secondly, its equivalent in the United Kingdom being the Royal Society of London, the Japan Academy developed exchange, notably after the Second World War, with this British institution whose close relations with Freemasonry were known since its foundation in 1660, starting with Elias Ashmole and Sir Robert Moray. Lastly, just as the Japan Academy maintains intimate relations with the Imperial House, so British Freemasonry has been placed under the protection of the royal family since the early nineteenth century. All this justifies the subject of the present paper.(View PDF for the rest of the abstract.)

著者

Yoshiyuki TATSUMI Keiko SUZUKI-KAMATA

出版者

日本学士院

雑誌

Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series B (ISSN:03862208)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.90, no.9, pp.347-352, 2014-11-11 (Released:2014-11-11)

参考文献数

21

被引用文献数

1 15

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The Japanese Archipelago is characterized by active volcanism with variable eruption styles. The magnitude (M)-frequency relationships of catastrophic caldera-forming eruptions (M ≥ 7) are statistically different from those of smaller eruptions (M ≤ 5.7), suggesting that different mechanisms control these eruptions. We also find that volcanoes prone to catastrophic eruptions are located in regions of low crustal strain rate (<0.5 × 108/y) and propose, as one possible mechanism, that the viscous silicic melts that cause such eruptions can be readily segregated from the partially molten lower crust and form a large magma reservoir in such a tectonic regime. Finally we show that there is a ∼1% probability of a catastrophic eruption in the next 100 years based on the eruption records for the last 120 ky. More than 110 million people live in an area at risk of being covered by tephra >20 cm thick, which would severely disrupt every day life, from such an eruption on Kyushu Island, SW Japan.

著者

樋口 陽一

出版者

日本学士院

雑誌

日本學士院紀要 (ISSN:03880036)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.75, no.2, pp.103-120, 2021 (Released:2021-02-20)

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Propos introductif KIYOMIYA (1898-1989) et MIYAZAWA (1899-1976), les deux disciples représentatifs de MINOBE Tatsukichi (1873-1948), fondateur de la doctrine de constitutionnalisme au Japon I. Dans le année 1920-30 : théories critiques chez Kiyomiya et Miyazawa inspirées, l'un et l'autre, par la théorie pure du droit de Hans Kelsen 1. Ce que signifie la théorie pure du droit : «Reine Rechtslehre ist keine Rechtslehre» ? S'agit-il d'une «rechtsleere Rechtslehre» ? 2. Analyse d'interrogation par Kiyomiya ainsi que par Miyazawa à l'encontre des doctrines qui leur précédaient : les deux articles, parus dans les Mélanges offerts en l'honneur de Minobe (1934), l'un par Kiyomiya sur la possibilité logique de «lex posterior non derogat priori» et l'autre par Miyazawa sur le caractère fictif et idéologique de la notion de «représentation nationale». 3. Suite et développement : die «Grundnorm» non plus comme «vorausgesetzte », mais en tant que droit positif pour Kiyomiya, et le cours inaugural de Miyazawa comme successeur de la chaire de Minobe où il s'identifie, en invoquant Auguste Comte, à la troisième et dernière phase du développement du savoir. 4. Affaire de la doctrine de l'Empreur organe de l'Etat et prise de position de Miyazawa pour la défense de la liberté académique, tout en distinguant la doctrine préscriptive d'avec la théorie descriptive.(View PDF for the rest of the abstract.)

著者

樋口 陽一

出版者

日本学士院

雑誌

日本學士院紀要 (ISSN:03880036)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.69, no.3, pp.105-128, 2015

著者

揖斐 高

出版者

日本学士院

雑誌

日本學士院紀要 (ISSN:03880036)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.77, no.3, pp.179-219, 2023 (Released:2023-05-12)

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The policy changes of the Edo shogunate known as the Kansei Reforms began in 1787 with the appointment of Matsudaira Sadanobu as chief councilor following the fall of his predecessor Tanuma Okitsugu. In 1790, as part of the reforms, the Kansei Edict prohibiting teachings other than the Neo-Confucianism of Zhu Xi was issued to the head of the Hayashi family, Rector Hayashi Nobutaka, and announced to his disciples the following day. Previously, in the year 1788, Sadanobu had invited the Neo-Confucian Shibano Ritsuzan from Kyoto to serve in Edo as an official scholar of the shogunate. Shibano Ritsuzan and his associates Nishiyama Sessai, Rai Shunsai and other Neo-Confucians from the western regions had been advocating a prohibition of heterodox schools. While this advocacy was indeed one influence leading to the Kansei Edict, for Sadanobu the Kansei Reforms were primarily a first step towards reformation of the education system itself and their true purpose was to correct systemic corruption and install new talent in the struggling Hayashi academy. Under pressure to reform the academy in response to the edict, Hayashi Nobutaka seventh generation head of the Hayashi family, fell ill and died without an heir in 1792 at the age of twenty-six. In response, Sadanobu sought to install someone sympathetic to the cause of education reform and capable of managing a transformation of the academy. In 1793, the then 26-year-old Hayashi Jussai, son of Matsudaira Norimori of the Iwamura Domain was chosen as eighth generation successor to the Hayashi family. Jussai, who had studied under the Hayashi trained scholar Shibui Taishitsu, was well known as a kanshi poet and a member of the daimyo elite literary salon Fūgetsusha. (View PDF for the rest of the abstract.)

著者

Naoki KANEKO Rie YAMAMOTO Taka-Aki SATO Koichi TANAKA

出版者

日本学士院

雑誌

Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series B (ISSN:03862208)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.90, no.3, pp.104-117, 2014-03-11 (Released:2014-03-11)

参考文献数

41

被引用文献数

10 51 1

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Proteolytic processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) by β-secretase and γ-secretase leads to the generation and deposition of amyloid β (Aβ) in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). N-terminally or C-terminally truncated Aβ variants have been found in human cerebrospinal fluid and cultured cell media using immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry. Unfortunately, the profile of plasma Aβ variants has not been revealed due to the difficulty of isolating Aβ from plasma. We present here for the first time studies of Aβ and related peptides in human plasma. Twenty-two Aβ-related peptides including novel peptides truncated before the β-secretase site were detected in human plasma and 20 of the peptides were identified by tandem mass spectrometry. Using an internal standard, we developed a quantitative assay for the Aβ-related peptides and demonstrated plasma dilution linearity and the precision required for their quantitation. The present method should enhance the understanding of APP processing and clearance in AD progression.

著者

斎藤 修

出版者

日本学士院

雑誌

日本學士院紀要 (ISSN:03880036)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.72, no.Special_Issue, pp.233-250, 2018-04-11 (Released:2018-05-23)

著者

伊藤 誠

出版者

日本学士院

雑誌

日本學士院紀要 (ISSN:03880036)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.65, no.2, pp.109-135, 2011 (Released:2017-04-05)

著者

Naoki KANEKO Akinori NAKAMURA Yukihiko WASHIMI Takashi KATO Takashi SAKURAI Yutaka ARAHATA Masahiko BUNDO Akinori TAKEDA Shumpei NIIDA Kengo ITO Kenji TOBA Koichi TANAKA Katsuhiko YANAGISAWA

出版者

日本学士院

雑誌

Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series B (ISSN:03862208)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.90, no.9, pp.353-364, 2014-11-11 (Released:2014-11-11)

参考文献数

37

被引用文献数

8 103

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Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common and devastating dementia. Simple and practical biomarkers for AD are urgently required for accurate diagnosis and to facilitate the development of disease-modifying interventions. The subjects for the study were selected on the basis of PiB amyloid imaging by PET. Forty PiB-positive (PiB+) individuals, including cognitively healthy controls (HC), and mild cognitive impairment and AD individuals, and 22 PiB-negative (PiB−) HC participated. Employing our novel highly sensitive immunoprecipitation-mass spectrometry, we measured plasma amyloid β-proteins (Aβs; Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42) and Aβ-approximate peptides (AβAPs), which were cleaved from amyloid precursor protein (APP). Among the AβAPs, APP669-711 appeared to be a good reference for deciphering pathological change of Aβ1-42. We evaluated the performance of the ratio of APP669-711 to Aβ1-42 (APP669-711/Aβ1-42) as a biomarker. APP669-711/Aβ1-42 significantly increased in the PiB+ groups. The sensitivity and specificity to discriminate PiB+ individuals from PiB− individuals were 0.925 and 0.955, respectively. Our plasma biomarker precisely surrogates cerebral amyloid deposition.

著者

服部 四郎

出版者

日本学士院

雑誌

日本學士院紀要 (ISSN:03880036)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.34, no.1, pp.1-16, 1976 (Released:2007-05-30)

被引用文献数

1

著者

久保田 淳

出版者

日本学士院

雑誌

日本學士院紀要 (ISSN:03880036)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.78, no.1, pp.21-38, 2023 (Released:2023-11-22)

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In his work An Introduction to the History of Japanese Literature, Kato Shuichi observes that Saigyo's waka poetry communicates his emotions and experiences in a simple and direct language, which differs from the technical style of Fujiwara no Teika, an important poet in the Shinkokin Wakashu. At the same time, Kato argues that several of Saigyo's poems address the topic of kachofugetsu (“the beauty of nature”), which is the central theme of the aristocratic culture, similar to the poems written by court intellectuals in the Heian era; according to Kato, Saigyo submitted to this elite culture. In this essay, the author first questions this criticism of Saigyo, emphasizing the unique consideration of natural phenomena and ordinary lives in his poems and discussing the diversity of his writing by citing his works on natural phenomena, such as lunar eclipses and rainbows, and his poems about thieves—topics that did not interest poets before him. The essay notes that Saigyo enjoyed writing haikai verses, which were regarded as somewhat inferior “miscellany” poems in the Kokin Wakashu, and renga, which poets had composed as a hobby since the late Heian period, and considers the nature of the humor in these poems to emphasize Saigyo's critique of society. (View PDF for the rest of the abstract.)