著者

佐原 みどり

出版者

名古屋大学大学院国際開発研究科

雑誌

国際開発研究フォ-ラム (ISSN:13413732)

巻号頁・発行日

no.28, pp.165-179, 2005-03

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Talking about death by way of metaphor is something inevitable in all societies for its incomprehensible nature. But in some cultures, the theme of death is emphasized more than others. Mexican popular culture of death doubtlessly belongs to this category, and has enormous variations of metaphors, phrases, and proverbs related to death. Mexican language of death has been developed through the 20th century, which experienced the Mexican revolution and the rise of nationalism in which the indigenous culture obtained new values. Through the rapid social changes in the 20th century, the metaphors of death have been newly produced and their implications in those words have changed depending on the social situation. In this article I will focus on the Mexican expressions of "to die" and by categorizing them I will try to see the connections between Mexican national identity, social problems, historical consciousness and the way they perceive death. Other than language aspect, I will also discuss self-other relationship in the way they celebrate "the days of dead", Mexican national festival in Mexico City.

著者

レザーイ アリレザー

出版者

名古屋大学

雑誌

国際開発研究フォーラム (ISSN:13413732)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.43, pp.175-196, 2013-03

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Language is born out of actual societal relationships. As swear words are a part of language, it goes without saying that these can be used as one portal to investigating the non-material culture of a community. This article examines how the concept of 'phallus' can be used as an indicator of concepts of 'masculinity' in a culture, and how ideas of both of these appear in sexual swear words. This article will focus on why Japanese language does not possess the same sexual swear words that hint violating a man or the women in his family, as appears in many languages in the Middle East(e. g. Arabic, Persian, Turkish) and Mediterranean regions(e. g. Italian, Spanish, French).

著者

東村 岳史

出版者

名古屋大学

雑誌

国際開発研究フォーラム (ISSN:13413732)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.39, pp.19-39, 2010-03

著者

東村 岳史 Higashimura Takeshi

出版者

Graduate School of International Development, Nagoya University

雑誌

Forum of International Development Studies (ISSN:13413732)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.34, pp.87-101, 2007-03-20 (Released:2007-03-26)

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This essay attempts to analyze the relations between the Ainu and the Japanese by tracing the changing names given to the Ainu by the Japanese. The framework utilized here is the dynamic interaction between the naming side and the named. The Japanese named the Ainu Kyu-dojin, meaning former native, at the beginning of the Meiji Era. The Ainu hated to be identified as Kyu-dojin because of the term's other meanings, savage and uncivilized. Furthermore, the negative connotations associated with Kyu-dojin affected the word Ainu as well. The words Utari, originally an Ainu word meaning comrade, and Ainu-kei, meaning Japanese of Ainu lineage, were later used in order to avoid direct identification of the Ainu people. A typical example was the change of the Ainu peoples association's name from Ainu Kyokai to Utari Kyokai. A reawakening in pride for the original meaning of the word Ainu, human, has led some in the community to call themselves Ainu again. The name of the majority Japanese, i.e., Nihonjin, Wajin, or Shamo, who are usually insensitive to their own and the minority's names, should be questioned as well, in order to be conscious of their identity building in relation with others.

著者

張 玉玲 Zhang Yuling

出版者

Graduate School of International Development. Nagoya University

雑誌

Forum of International Development Studies (ISSN:13413732)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.23, pp.223-242, 2003-03 (Released:2006-03-28)

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This paper discusses the creation of Chinese culture in Japan through the historical development of“lion dance”among the Chinese community in Yokohama. The lion dance we see today, which is regarded as one of the traditional Chinese entertainments, was started by Cantonese immigrants as a dance dedicated to the Guandi god. However, Chinese culture including the lion dance was suppressed in Japan during the WW II. Through a renaissance, the younger generation has molded their national identity while transcending the boundaries of their local culture. Since the 1960s, two graduate associations of local Chinese schools have taken major roles in the succession of the lion dance among the community, until it eventually became a cultural symbol of Chinese tradition in the 1980s. Through cultural exchange with overseas Chinese, especially in Southeast Asia since the 1990s, they identified themselves as local Chinese in Yokohama as well as a part of the global Chinese community. At the same time, the tensions between Chinese and Taiwanese in Yokohama have decreased. Chinese in Yokohama are currently creating their own culture, which has been referred to by Japanese as Chinese culture, and is named by themselves“Huaqiao wenhua”(overseas-Chinese culture). Thus the meaning of being Chinese in Japan itself is changing today. The historical transformation of cultural activities like the lion dance performed by Chinese in Yokohama represents its unique and dynamic nature.

著者

水谷 元海 MIZUTANI Motomi

出版者

名古屋大学大学院国際開発研究科

雑誌

国際開発研究フォーラム (ISSN:13413732)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.47, no.13, pp.1-17, 2017-03

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The United Nations Security Council (SC) uses two kinds of economic sanctions, "mandatory economic sanctions" and "voluntary economic sanctions". This paper focuses on the latter which are based on non-binding recommendations of the SC. The United Nations Charter does not provide clearly for "voluntary economic sanctions" because its drafters did not intend that the SC would recommend economic sanctions without binding force. However, the SC has recommended economic sanctions when it could not make binding decisions. Rules applying to "voluntary economic sanctions" have been developed through SC practice. This paper aims to make clear the legal basis, limitations, and legal effects of the SC's recommendations calling for economic sanctions through analysis of the practice of the SC and member states. In conclusion, this paper shows that the SC can recommend only arms embargoes under Chapter VI when it does not determine the existence of any threat to the peace. Even if the determination is made by the SC under Chapter VII, it may not delegate its power to the member states to decide what economic sanctions shall be taken. When the member states implement the recommended economic sanctions, they must comply with their obligation under international law.

著者

島田 弦

出版者

名古屋大学大学院国際開発研究科

雑誌

国際開発研究フォ-ラム (ISSN:13413732)

巻号頁・発行日

no.38, pp.55-69, 2009-03

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Adat law (customary law) studies in the Dutch East Indie (Indonesia) under the colonial rule were not only academic research, but these had strong influence to the formation of Indonesian state, on the other hand, adat law study can be seen as a transplant of Dutch jurisprudence to Indonesian legal system. From this point, this article focuses on the relation between Dutch legal theory in 19th century and van Vollenhoven, Dutch scholar, who established adat law study. At first, the relation between colonial management and its legal policy is considered, and then, the influence of the Historical School in the 19th century Netherlands to van Vollenhoven is discussed. In the first half of the 19th century, Dutch government maintained traditional authority based on adat law in the colony in order to implement kultur-stelsel (literally, cultivation system, or forced and monopolistic agriculture system) that had brought vast benefit to the Netherlands. Then, however, as private enterprises grew and kultur-stelsel declined, the pressure for free economy and abolishment of adat law that blocked modern transactions increased. In contrast, humanitarian group advocating the welfare of indigenous people (inlanders) requested the extension of European law to inlanders in the kultur-stelsel period. However later humanitarian group changed their standpoint, and claimed to protect adat law in order to prevent capitalistic exploitation. Van Vollenhoven's adat law study could be included to humanitarian thought at this period. Dutch legal study had been under the Frenchman influence because of French rule from the end of 18th century. Since middle of 19th century, however, German Historical School became influential. Vollenhoven highly evaluated Dutch historical law works by, for example, Thorbecke and Oppenheim. So Vollenhoven rejected the introduction of foreign law to indigenous society, and advocated the protection of adat law. But the concept of the people's law in colony where the ruling Europeans and the ruled non-Europeans coexist would lead weak legal protection for inlanders and discriminative legal system between European and non-European.

著者

大島 デイヴィッド 義和

出版者

名古屋大学大学院国際開発研究科

雑誌

国際開発研究フォーラム (ISSN:13413732)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.43, pp.47-63, 2013-03

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It has been acknowledged in the literature that the interpretation of discourse particles (sentencefinal particles) in Japanese is largely affected by intonation. There is much room for investigation, however, as to how exactly the discourse particles and intonation interact. In this work, I demonstrate that four types of contours ― insisting rise, question rise, flat, and rise-fall ― have to be distinguished for the purpose of analyzing the functions of discourse particles, and examine the functions of the two paradigmatic discourse particles yo and ne as accompanied by different contours. Yo can be accompanied by the question-rise, flat, or rise-fall contour. Yo with the question-rise contour has two distinct functions, and yo with the flat contour has four. Yo with the rise-fall contour has similar functions as yo with the flat contour, but additionally conveys an emotive and childish tone. Ne can be accompanied by any of the four contours. Ne with the insisting-rise contour has three distinct functions, and ne with the questionrise contour has two. Ne with the flat or rise-fall contour has similar functions as ne accompanied by the insisting-rise contour, but additionally conveys an emotive (but not necessarily childish) tone.

著者

植田 晃次 Ueda Kozi

出版者

Graduate School of International Development. Nagoya University

雑誌

Forum of International Development Studies (ISSN:13413732)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.26, pp.163-178, 2004-03

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The D.P.R. of Korea abolished the use of Chinese characters in their orthography in 1949. After that, they have been using only Korean characters in their writing system. Chinese characters had not been taught in its educational system for a while. However Chinese character education started again in the 1950s. Two leaders of the nation emphasize the necessity of reading the materials published in the Republic of Korea and cultural heritage of their ancestors. But true purpose is not to learn Chinese characters themselves but to acquire more Korean words. In this paper, we deal with a textbook of “Hanmun(Chinese characters)” and the articles published in the 1990s, and analyze the actual conditions of Chinese character education in the D.P.R.K. It is considered that the whole curriculum functions as political and ideological education in the D.P.R.K.“Hanmun”can not be treated as an exception, too. But, the textbook and the materials show that the authors exert all possible efforts to make students learn Chinese characters in the limited curriculum, and teachers also do their best in daily classes. While the first purpose for them is to enrich Korean vocabulary of their students, they pay attention to various aspects of Chinese characters.

著者

前田 尚子 Maeda Naoko

出版者

Graduate School of International Development. Nagoya University

雑誌

Forum of International Development Studies (ISSN:13413732)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.26, pp.47-64, 2004-03

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It is frequently said that the Japanese people have not been able to establish positive relationships with other ethnic peoples while accepting the many differences that exist among peoples of different social and cultural backgrounds. On the basis of this view, a number of researchers have criticized Japan’s assimilative policy and the Japanese way of communicating, and have produced a brand of discourse that encourages individuals to know and respect the diversity between Japanese and other cultures.The intent of this paper is to critically examine, using the concept of Constructionism, the views of discourse dealing with heterogeneity. For that purpose, I examine how the concept of “the self”is argued within the discourse on heterogeneity, and how individuals’selves (realities) are constructed through the acceptance of this particular discussion. I will show that the current discourse on heterogeneity advises people to have such selfimages as to be themselves and to be conscious of their own characters, as well as to be relativistic and to respect others equally. These points of views on heterogeneity appear to be rationalized on the grounds that they attempt to harmonize these two specific types of self-image. In addition, I will point out the limitations of the current discourse on heterogeneity. The discussion itself cannot avoid the systemic way of thinking that allows individuals to pursue self-image to be themselves and conscious of their own characters while harmonizing the efforts to be relativistic and respectful of others equally,even though there is an assumption that people can attain the first of these self-images by themselves. The discussions concerning heterogeneity are in error since they include the assumption that individuals’complementary roles in their systems are a result of self-determination. Finally, I will describe the occurrence of two paradoxes that arise as a direct consequence of the inaccuracy of these assumptions. The more eagerly individuals pursue their authenticities by themselves, the more tightly they are bound to one of the complementary roles within their systems. Furthermore, the more strongly they emphasize the differences or boundaries between themselves and others, the more they fail to recognize that they themselves are the parties concerned in the construction of mutual selves(realities). As a final result, individuals develop an attitude called “the denial of coevalness”.

著者

佐原 みどり

出版者

名古屋大学大学院国際開発研究科

雑誌

国際開発研究フォーラム (ISSN:13413732)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, pp.165-179, 2005-03-11

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Talking about death by way of metaphor is something inevitable in all societies for its incomprehensible nature. But in some cultures, the theme of death is emphasized more than others. Mexican popular culture of death doubtlessly belongs to this category, and has enormous variations of metaphors, phrases, and proverbs related to death. Mexican language of death has been developed through the 20th century, which experienced the Mexican revolution and the rise of nationalism in which the indigenous culture obtained new values. Through the rapid social changes in the 20th century, the metaphors of death have been newly produced and their implications in those words have changed depending on the social situation. In this article I will focus on the Mexican expressions of “to die” and by categorizing them I will try to see the connections between Mexican national identity, social problems, historical consciousness and the way they perceive death. Other than language aspect, I will also discuss self-other relationship in the way they celebrate “the days of dead”, Mexican national festival in Mexico City.

著者

島田 弦 SHIMADA Yuzuru

出版者

名古屋大学大学院国際開発研究科

雑誌

国際開発研究フォーラム (ISSN:13413732)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.38, pp.55-69, 2009-03-24

---

Adat law (customary law) studies in the Dutch East Indie (Indonesia) under the colonial rule were not only academic research, but these had strong influence to the formation of Indonesian state, on the other hand, adat law study can be seen as a transplant of Dutch jurisprudence to Indonesian legal system. From this point, this article focuses on the relation between Dutch legal theory in 19th century and van Vollenhoven, Dutch scholar, who established adat law study. At first, the relation between colonial management and its legal policy is considered, and then, the influence of the Historical School in the 19th century Netherlands to van Vollenhoven is discussed. In the first half of the 19th century, Dutch government maintained traditional authority based on adat law in the colony in order to implement kultur-stelsel (literally, cultivation system, or forced and monopolistic agriculture system) that had brought vast benefit to the Netherlands. Then, however, as private enterprises grew and kultur-stelsel declined, the pressure for free economy and abolishment of adat law that blocked modern transactions increased. In contrast, humanitarian group advocating the welfare of indigenous people (inlanders) requested the extension of European law to inlanders in the kultur-stelsel period. However later humanitarian group changed their standpoint, and claimed to protect adat law in order to prevent capitalistic exploitation. Van Vollenhoven’s adat law study could be included to humanitarian thought at this period. Dutch legal study had been under the Frenchman influence because of French rule from the end of 18th century. Since middle of 19th century, however, German Historical School became influential. Vollenhoven highly evaluated Dutch historical law works by, for example, Thorbecke and Oppenheim. So Vollenhoven rejected the introduction of foreign law to indigenous society, and advocated the protection of adat law. But the concept of the people’s law in colony where the ruling Europeans and the ruled non-Europeans coexist would lead weak legal protection for inlanders and discriminative legal system between European and non-European.

著者

東村 岳史 Higashimura Takeshi

出版者

Graduate School of International Development, Nagoya University

雑誌

Forum of International Development Studies (ISSN:13413732)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.34, pp.87-101, 2007-03-20

---

This essay attempts to analyze the relations between the Ainu and the Japanese by tracing the changing names given to the Ainu by the Japanese. The framework utilized here is the dynamic interaction between the naming side and the named. The Japanese named the Ainu Kyu-dojin, meaning former native, at the beginning of the Meiji Era. The Ainu hated to be identified as Kyu-dojin because of the term's other meanings, savage and uncivilized. Furthermore, the negative connotations associated with Kyu-dojin affected the word Ainu as well. The words Utari, originally an Ainu word meaning comrade, and Ainu-kei, meaning Japanese of Ainu lineage, were later used in order to avoid direct identification of the Ainu people. A typical example was the change of the Ainu peoples association's name from Ainu Kyokai to Utari Kyokai. A reawakening in pride for the original meaning of the word Ainu, human, has led some in the community to call themselves Ainu again. The name of the majority Japanese, i.e., Nihonjin, Wajin, or Shamo, who are usually insensitive to their own and the minority's names, should be questioned as well, in order to be conscious of their identity building in relation with others.

著者

田中 孝宜 TANAKA Takanobu

出版者

名古屋大学大学院国際開発研究科

雑誌

国際開発研究フォーラム (ISSN:13413732)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.38, pp.137-156, 2009-03-24

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This paper examines the issue of international cooperation in the field of disaster preparedness/reduction by looking into Japan’s assistance to the disaster struck countries after the Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami in 2004. The objectives of this research are to put in order the theoretical frameworks of international assistance in disaster risk management and by applying the framework to evaluate the effectiveness of Japan’s assistance. Disaster risk management is a continuous process of relief, rehabilitation, reconstruction, disaster reduction and preparedness. However it is usually the relief efforts that catch people’s attention with global media coverage and it is emergency response that international assistance mainly focuses on. As time passes and memories of disaster fade away, international assistance also fades away. Japan with its knowledge and experience of disaster risk management started its term assistance to countries around the Indian Ocean with the overall goal on building better prepared societies to reduce damage and the number of victims in case of future disasters. By examining the activities of JICA, Japan International Cooperation Agency, this paper argues the importance of such cooperation. International cooperation for disaster preparedness/reduction has only a short history with little past academic investigation. Therefore this paper also seeks to clarify the issues and challenges of such assistance.

著者

東江 日出郎

出版者

名古屋大学

雑誌

国際開発研究フォーラム (ISSN:13413732)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.35, pp.51-69, 2007-08

著者

張 玉玲

出版者

名古屋大学

雑誌

国際開発研究フォーラム (ISSN:13413732)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.23, pp.223-242, 2003-03

著者

東村 岳史

出版者

名古屋大学

雑誌

国際開発研究フォーラム (ISSN:13413732)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.43, pp.1-16, 2013-03

著者

小池 理恵

出版者

名古屋大学

雑誌

国際開発研究フォーラム (ISSN:13413732)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, pp.29-45, 2005-03

著者

瀧 則子

出版者

名古屋大学

雑誌

国際開発研究フォーラム (ISSN:13413732)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, pp.167-182, 2005-09

著者

大杉 千恵子 Osugi Chieko

出版者

Graduate School of International Development. Nagoya University

雑誌

Forum of International Development Studies (ISSN:13413732)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.23, pp.177-200, 2003-03 (Released:2006-03-28)

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JOCV(Japan Overseas Cooperation Volunteers)are Japanese skilled young people who work abroad for assisting the people of the recipient countries. Dispatching the JOCV is one of the responsibilities of JICA(Japan International Cooperation Agency)that is the main organization implementing Japan’s ODA(Official Development Assistance). The recent growth and development of Japanese language education in Hungary have been remarkable. At this time it is worthwhile to examine the history of Japanese language education in Hungary and consider its present situation. In my observation, the historical development of the Japanese language education can be divided into three phases : I. Introduction, II. Early development, and III. Maturity. The period of introduction is from the 1920s to the late 1980s that is slightly before the termination of the Soviet influence. Interests in‘exotic’Japan was one of th e critical triggers for Japanese language learning in this period. During this time some of the people who later developed Japanese language education in Hungary appeared on the scene. After the compulsory study of Russian ended, Japanese language became popular among other foreign languages. During this period of early development(late 1980s-2000), many JOCV Japanese teachers came and the number of Japanese learners increased a great deal. Not only the numbers, but also the area of Japanese language education expanded to local cities. Japan’s ODA played a very important role in this large growth. Since the year 2001, the Japanese language education in Hungary entered a new mature phase. The establishment of the Hungarian Association of Japanese Teachers symbolizes the beginning of this new era. The number of Japanese language learners seems to have stabilized, and the Association is working on improvement of education quality. The JOCV Japanese teachers played an epoch-making role to develop the foundation of the Japanese education in Hungary. Hopefully the Japanese language education will contribute to multilingualism that is the key to harmonious co-existence of peoples.