著者

多喜 弘文

出版者

法政大学社会学部学会

雑誌

社会志林 = Hosei journal of sociology and social sciences (ISSN:13445952)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.69, no.4, pp.97-118, 2023-03

著者

鈴木 智之

出版者

法政大学社会学部学会

雑誌

社会志林 = Hosei journal of sociology and social sciences (ISSN:13445952)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.47, no.1, pp.1-31, 2000-09

著者

宮永 孝

出版者

法政大学社会学部学会

雑誌

社会志林 = Hosei journal of sociology and social sciences (ISSN:13445952)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.67, no.4, pp.1-73, 2021-03

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Japan closed the doors to the world for many centuries during which the Japanese were not allowed to leave the country. If they sailed for other countries, they would have been punished with death. However, when the Tokugawa goverment lost its power in its closing days, Choshu and Satsuma clans sent students by stealth to England to learn Western culture. 14 the Satsuma youths with superiors at the Kagoshima Kaiseijo (i.e. school for Western learning) left Hashima (羽島) harbour for HongKong on board the ship owned by Glover, the Scottish merchant in Nagasaki, on 17 April 1865.The students arrived in London on 21 June 1865 after leaving Hashima about two months before. The went into "South Kensington Hotel" located at Queen's Gate Terrace 19 at a pound (i.e. about 3 ryo) per person per day. The next day the party moved to an apartment house on Bayswater Road to take special training in English by hiring 3 teachers. The names of the English teachers are not known well, but one was named Barugh?, a Scot, and the others were proved to be Thomas Graham (1805~65), a retired Prof. of Chemistry at London, University College and a former Prof. of Political Economy, Jacob Waley, at the same college. They rented the entire sixth floor for about three months hiring a live-in teacher (i.e. Barugh) and a maid.The Satsuma students got up before 7 and had breakfast at 9. The English lessons (i.e. reading and conversation) were from 10 to 5. During recess, they saw the sights of London. But due to financial straits and in preparation for matriculation in the University College, the students were relocated, by pairs, to the private homes of professors of the University College. Mori and Takami were placed with a retired Prof. Thomas Graham of University College, residing at 4 Gordon Square, Bloomsbury, London.At the coming of the Michaelmas term, 14 the Satsuma students were admitted, under false names, to the faculty of Arts and Laws at University College. They were in reality irregular students. In regard to the lectures they attended, they took Analytical Chemistry by Prof. A. W. Williamson. The Students paid for the schooling £15. 15 per person, which amounted to some 300 ryo in Japanese currency, nowadays 30 million yen. They seemed to prefer chemical experiments to taking lectures due to the lack of English knowledge. The other possible subjects they took were unknown because many of the records of the University College were destroyed by air strikes during World War II.The booklet 'Mori Arinori' written by Kaimon Sanjin (i.e. 海門山人著『森 有礼』) which was published by Minyusha, in June in the 30th year of Meiji (i.e. 1897) tells about the subjects the Satsuma students studied in London. It says they studied history, chemistry, physics, and mathematics. Especially. Kinnojo (i.e. Mori) made remarkable progress in mathematics, covering simple arithmetic to spherical trigometry in two years. The author admires Mori's great ability though, we are unable to trace quotations to their original sources.On 23, August, "George and Emily" finally arrived at Kronstadt after leaving Tynemouth 16 days before. Mori and Takami watched the forts and the floating batteries with gneat curiosity and later visited the town. On the following day the Satsuma students proceeded to St. Petersburg accompanied by skipper Sample and checked into the "Hôtel de France", where they met a rich English merchant named Morgan. After that they visited the museum of Mining Academy by the side of the Neva.At about 7 P.M, they found out the lodgings of the Bakufu students meeting 6 of them. After exchanging good wishes, they were introduced to Kōsai Tachibana (1820~85, alias 'Yamatofu'), a former villain and fugitive from Japan, who worked as a translator in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs with a yearly salary of 500 roubles. This was a man with a past. He never disclosed his real name but seemed kindly-looking.On 25, August, Mori and Takami were invited to dinner by the Bakufu students and were entertained with 'Sobakiri' (i.e. buckwheat noodles). The next day they were invited to the villa of Sir Andrew Buchanan (1807~82, British ambassador-extraordinary to Russia) and were accorded a warm welcome. On 27, August, they were given a warm reception at Fosif A. Goshkevitchs, the former Hakodate Consul and his son, both of whom had good knowledge of Japanese. The next day they visited the American "Turret Ship", 'the most powerful warship in the world'.On 29, August, Mori and Takami visited the Imperial Winter Palace accompanied by Yamatofu. The following day they visited Peterhof under the guidance of Yamatofu viewing "Marly", a small two-storied house built in 1714 by Peter the Great, "Hermitage", a small house built by the same Emperor, and the "Palace of Peterhof" as well. In the forenoon of 31, August, Yamatofu introduced Mori and Takami to the Chief of Asean Affairs, Peter Stremohof, exchanging portraits and in the afternoon of the same day, they visited the villa of Mr.Morgan, where they met Admiral and Mme. Putiatin.On 1st, September, they visited the "Summer Garden", which was laid out in 1712 in the Franco-Dutch style and forms a long rectanguler about 37 acres in area and later trying to view the Small Palace of Peter the Great (i.e. a two-storied building erected in 1711 as a 'Summer Palace') in vain because the keeper was taking a nap.The next day Mori and Takami invited the Bakufu students and Goshkevitch and his son to dinner for gratitude, when Mori and Sakuzaemon Yamanouchi (1836~86, late in life, the owner of a pharmacy) exchanged a farewell poem of their own writing. On 3, September, the Satsuma students left Kronstadt for Kingston upon Hull on board a regular liner. The name of the ship remains unknown though, probably it was the most popular Hull boat named 'Emperor' (i.e. paddle-steamer) plying between Hull and Kronstadt in the 1800's.After voyaging 7 days, they arrived in Hull at about 3 P.M. on 10, September. Directly after landing they headed for London, arriving at King's Cross Station at about 10:30 P.M. with the feeling of having come home to their own country.Mori's observations on Kronstadt and St. Petersburg.Arrving at Kronstadt, Mori noticed in and around Kotlin island there were many merchant ships, naval vessels, forts (i.e. '墩' ton), and floating batteries (i.e. '礟門' houmon). Kotlin seemed to him 'a natural stronghold'. Actually the island worked as an outpost for the Capital, Russia. It is located some 20 kilometers west of St. Petersburg. The Russian Capital was not easy to apporoach by big ships because of the shallows in the Gulf of Finland. Small ships had to use fixed sea routes. People on the Kotlin and in the Capital used the saltless water in the Gulf, so cholera epidemic prevailed. The population of Kotlin was 37000 (some 25000 were on garrison duty).What Mori and Takami viewed in the town of Kotlin were : the Admiralty, Observatory, the bust of the Peter the Great, Summer Garden, lookout platform, messhall, and resting place for the Royal Family etc. In winter the island is frozen over, the ships navigate 3 searoutes breaking the ice. When summer comes, the island recovers consciousness becoming active.The most useful informant for Mori respecting the things in St. Petersburg was Kōsai Tachibana, alias Yamatofu, from whom Mori obtained valuable information on the whole condition of the country (i.e. history, geography, manners and customs, trade, the national character, and the states of armaments etc). Mori knew well that Russia was not a strong nation but a weak one albeit had most land in the world. He knew also that it was an absolute monarchy with territorial ambitions.Since its expansionism was known to all, Mori abstained from fishing any information on it for fear of spies. He was amazed at seeing a great number of soldiers in the Capital. The number of soldiers in Russia was the reason for being disliked by other nations. In Mori's view, Russians were devote believer in religion, however, he was informed that two social evils were thriving in Russia : one was claiming a fortune and the other was illicit intercourses with women. People were tainted by immoral deeds.He discovered that this country was behind the other advanced nations in terms of military affairs, medicine, and sciences. But he thought that by ruling wisely, the reforms of Czar Alexander II would reclaim the country from savagery. Mori noticed also that Russians were honest, gentle, and unpolished on the whole. Despite his great interest in politics in Russia, he refrained from gaining information on it. Because the laws and politics in this country were so harsh that he followed kind advice before leaving England.

著者

宮永 孝

出版者

法政大学社会学部学会

雑誌

社会志林 (ISSN:13445952)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.59, no.1, pp.226-141, 2012-07

著者

宮永 孝

出版者

法政大学社会学部学会

雑誌

社会志林 (ISSN:13445952)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.60, no.3, pp.146-99, 2013-12

著者

鈴木 智之

出版者

法政大学社会学部学会

雑誌

社会志林 (ISSN:13445952)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.63, no.2, pp.45-78, 2016-09

著者

鈴木 智之

出版者

法政大学社会学部学会

雑誌

社会志林 = Hosei journal of sociology and social sciences (ISSN:13445952)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.67, no.3, pp.125-153, 2020-12

著者

菊澤 佐江子

出版者

法政大学社会学部学会

雑誌

社会志林 (ISSN:13445952)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.63, no.2, pp.91-100, 2016-09

著者

宮永 孝

出版者

法政大学

雑誌

社会志林 (ISSN:13445952)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.47, no.1, pp.170-230, 2000-09

著者

宮永 孝

出版者

法政大学

雑誌

社会志林 (ISSN:13445952)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.50, no.1, pp.81-140, 2003-07

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The history of artistic anatomy has a long tradition, which dates back to the 15th century in Italy. After the Meiji Restoration our government adapted the Western arts and sciences to modernize Japan. So we engaged the service of experts from abroad in various fields. As regards the field of the fine arts, we invited guite a few specialists from Italy in the early days of the Meiji period.In this essay I deal with Kinkichiro Honda (1850~1921), who first taught art anatomy to the pupils at "Shōgido", a private art school in Tokyo. Kinkichiro Honda was originally a samurai warrior of the Hiroshima clan. In March in the 4th year of the Meiji Era ( i.e.1871 ), he came up to Tokyo to study English at Keiōgijuku, a school founded in 1868 at Mita by Yukichi Fukuzawa, where he stayed for about a year.In the following year he became a probationer surveyor at the Kōbusho. While there he studied general subjects of learning, English and painting from English teachers and so on. Later on he suffered from beriberi and was compelled to resign his post, returning to Hiroshima, his home country. In the 7th year of the Meiji Era (i.e.1874), he went up to Tokyo again.Honda had a long-cherished desire to study Western-style painting, when he heard that Shinkuro Kunisawa (1847~1877) was advertising for pupils for his newly established private art school "Shōgido" located at Hayabusacho Kōjimachi ward, Tokyo. Kunisawa returned to Japan after studying English and painting in England for 4 years as a student of the Tosa Clan.Kunisawa was not strongly built and was suffering from tuberculosis while he was still in Great Britain. In March of the 10th year of the Meiji Era (i.e.1877), he died of this chronic disease. He asked Honda to look after "Shogido" after his death.Kunisawa brought home lots of books on art from England. Since Honda had a good knowledge of English, he enjoyed reading them after work everyday. Honda taught not only drawing pictures but geometry, perspective representation, human proportion and human anatomy to his pupils by translating these books.The 13th year of the Meiji Era (i.e.1880) is remarkable for the beginning of teaching art anatomy in Japan. Honda started lecturing on art anatomy to his pupils once a week. The lecturer Yohei Tamakoshi at the school of medicine, Tokyo university started teaching the same subject at Kōbubijutsu gakko in January in the 14th year of the Meiji Era (i.e.1881).Honda's lecture was exclusively based on Artistic Anatomy of the human figure by Henry Warren (1794~1879) contained in the Winsor and Newton's series of Hand-Books on Art, with numerous illustrations, vol.Ⅱ. Winsor & Newton, London, 1856. Though what Goto taught to his pupils was nothing more than a repetition of Henry Warren's words, it was enlightening and instructive in the early art education in Japan.

著者

宮永 孝

出版者

法政大学社会学部学会

雑誌

社会志林 (ISSN:13445952)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.63, no.1, pp.100-72, 2016-07

著者

宮永 孝

出版者

法政大学社会学部学会

雑誌

社会志林 (ISSN:13445952)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.60, no.1, pp.98-69, 2013-07

著者

濱中 春

出版者

法政大学社会学部学会

雑誌

社会志林 (ISSN:13445952)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.68, no.1, pp.99-119, 2021-07

著者

佐藤 成基

出版者

法政大学社会学部学会

雑誌

社会志林 = Hosei journal of sociology and social sciences (ISSN:13445952)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.64, no.1, pp.21-48, 2017-07

著者

宮永 孝

出版者

法政大学社会学部学会

雑誌

社会志林 = Hosei journal of sociology and social sciences (ISSN:13445952)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.66, no.3, pp.1-68, 2019-12

著者

宮永 孝 Miyanaga Takashi

出版者

法政大学社会学部学会

雑誌

社会志林 (ISSN:13445952)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.61, no.3, pp.304-156, 2014-12

著者

鈴木 智之

出版者

法政大学

雑誌

社会志林 (ISSN:13445952)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.52, no.2, pp.19-47, 2005-09

著者

宮永 孝

出版者

法政大学

雑誌

社会志林 (ISSN:13445952)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.52, no.2, pp.148-48, 2005-09

著者

宮永 孝

出版者

法政大学

雑誌

社会志林 (ISSN:13445952)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.51, no.3, pp.142-118, 2004-12

著者

島田 昭仁

出版者

法政大学社会学部学会

雑誌

社会志林 (ISSN:13445952)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.63, no.4, pp.213-233, 2017-03