著者

入戸野 宏

出版者

広島大学大学院総合科学研究科

雑誌

人間科学研究 = Studies in human sciences (ISSN:18817688)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.4, pp.19-35, 2009

---

"Kawaii," which is often translated into English as cute, is regarded as a key concept characterizing modern Japanese culture. Many books and articles are published on this subject; however, these discussions are mostly based in humanities or social sciences. This paper provides the basic data and a framework for research on the concept of "kawaii" from a behavioral science perspective. First, I describe the dictionary meaning and history of "kawaii." Second, I investigate its frequency and familiarity in the Japanese language corpus: "kawaii" is used less often than "utsukushii" or "kirei" (both of which mean beautiful) in the written language, but is rated as being the most familiar among the three. Third, a total of 685 Japanese university students between 18 and 22 years of age answered three questionnaires, the results of which suggest the following: (1) the word "kawaii" has connotations of helpless, weak, small, loose, slow, lightweight, approachable, and familiar; (2) female students tend to apply "kawaii" to a wider range of objects (including adults and artifacts) more often than male students; (3) almost all female students find human babies "kawaii," whereas about 20% of male students do not; (4) about 90% of male and female students fi nd animals "kawaii;" (5) both male and female students are fond of and are interested in "kawaii" objects and believe that "kawaii" objects make them feel good and comforted; and, despite the above, (6) "kawaii" is rarely used as a standard of value for judging things. On the basis of these findings and in the light of past research, I propose a two-layer model of "kawaii" as a starting point for future empirical research. This model postulates that the base of "kawaii" is a positive emotion related to social motivation for protecting and nurturing others, which originally stems from affection toward babies and infants. In addition, it assumes that this cultureindependent, biological nature has been amplified and expanded by the characteristics of Japanese culture, suc

著者

桑島 秀樹

出版者

広島大学大学院総合科学研究科

雑誌

人間科学研究 (ISSN:18817688)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.10, pp.59-69, 2015

---

本稿は, 18世紀イギリスの主要な美的カテゴリーたる「崇高(サブライム)」・「優美(グレイス)」・「絵様美(ピクチャレスク)」を, 「安芸ノ宮島」風景の美学的・芸術学的特性の分析に応用したものである。別言すれば, 宮島風景のもつ「聖性」と「美」の関係を比較美学ないしは応用芸術学の観点から論じた視覚感性文化論の試みといえる。なお, 分析に当たっては, 上記の美的カテゴリー論の採用にくわえ, 19世紀末から20世紀初頭にかけて活躍した, ユダヤ系ドイツ人哲学者G・ジンメルの「山岳美学(アルペン=エステティーク)」に見られた景観分析手法をも援用している。ジンメルによれば, 「山」の風景とは, 「山麓の草木」・「山腹の岩塊」・「山頂の氷雪」といった3つの異なるフェイズから成る。彼はこのような空間配置の差異に基づき, それぞれのトポス(場=景観)に働いている空間力学を考慮しながら、その美的特性のモードを分析・弁別していった。さて, 本稿でもジンメルに倣い, 宮島風景を, ①まずは「山頂部」の弥山を中心とする山林部(景観上層:垂直方向), ②次に, 「海と陸の境界部(インターフェイス)」にある厳島神社本殿と附属社殿群(景観中層:水平方向), ③最後に, 大鳥居を焦点に, 山・社・海が織りなす絵葉書的な全体景観(景観低層:垂直方向+水平方向/全方位的スペクタクル)に分け, これら3種のトポスに分割して考察を試みる。そして結論として, 各トポスの景観それぞれに働く視覚的・宗教的な感性力学の有様が描き出されることになろう。以下, 簡単に本稿各節のポイントを日本語で概括しておこう。第1節 「崇高(サブライム)」:弥山主霊峰・弥山は, 仏教上の「須弥山」に由来する。海面から屹立する峰々は「自然曼荼羅」である。宮島はまた, 人間を寄せつけない「神の島(斎島)」でもあった。アニミスティックな古神道的な世界観からすれば, 原生林上部に位置する弥山の巨岩山塊部は, 神々の降臨する「磐座(いわくら)」だ。ここに偉大な神々の顕現を想うとき, そこに《崇高》が現出する。第2節 「優美(グレイス)」:厳島神社山から神が降り海から人が来て, インタラクティヴな交流・交感が起こる場所。そこに厳島神社の社殿はある。「聖」と「俗」(「山」と「海」/「天」と「地」/「彼岸」と「此岸」)が融けあうインターフェイス(境界/界面)に, 水鳥が羽を広げたように, 平安・寝殿造の《優美》な姿が浮遊する(じっさい社殿のもつ建築学的「浮板」構造は, 暴風対策以上の感性的含意をもつものなのだ)。この構造は, しなやかに謡い舞う平安貴族の女性的美の象徴を具現しているといってもよかろう。第3節 「絵様美(ピクチャレスク)」:大鳥居と山・社・海の統一対岸から宮島に向かうと, 朱の大鳥居を焦点(ないしフレーム)として, 美しい弧の曲線を描く「白沙青松」の入江が奥まったところに《優美》な厳島神社が見える。社殿から右後方へと原生林が迫りあがる。その先には霊峰の《崇高》な雄姿。ここにダイナミックに展開する全方位的なスペクタクル, すなわち「海」・「社」・「山」の景観が綜合的に紡ぐ「多様性の統一」こそ, まさに《絵様美(ピクチャレスク)》となる。こんなわけで, 「日本三景」に数えられる宮島の「美」とは, 多様な絵画的パースペクティヴが混淆した精華だと考えることができよう。以上を踏まえたうえで, 対岸から「生も死もなき聖島」宮島を訪問する者の眼を借り, もういちど具体的な宮島風景に即して確認すれば, こうなろうか。屹立する弥山山頂の巨石群は, 天上世界の領域に属し, 神々の降臨する磐座だ。これは《崇高(サブライム)》出来を予期させるトポスとなっている。山からは神々, 海からは人々が来て交流・交歓・交易が起こる。まさに「彼岸」と「此岸」が触れあい, 融けあうのが, この寝殿造の浮遊する社殿。そこはまた, 能や舞を奉納する場であり, たおやかなダイナミックスがそこに生じ, この地上世界で《優美(グレイス)》が姿を現わす。対岸から宮島へ向かって, 「日本三景」と謳われる島全体を見渡してみよう。とりあえず船で近づくと想ってほしい(が, しかし, 場合によっては想像力を駆使して, もっとダイナミックに大鳥居をかすめる鳥の眼となって, 上空から社殿さらに弥山に迫ってもよかろう)。まずは海中に屹立する朱の大鳥居を焦点(アイ・キャッチャー)に, おおきく弧をなして展開する白沙青松の浜の海岸線が眼に入る。入江の奥まったところに, あたかも水鳥が羽を広げてやすらうがごとき神社社殿が鎮座する。否, 軽やかに浮かんでいるのが見える。社殿の背後から右後方へと――すくなくとも視覚的には――社殿裏の社叢林から山腹の原生林までがひと筋に連なり, そのまま急激に迫りあがる。視点を尾根づたいに急上昇させれば, そこに主霊峰群の峻厳な雄姿がぱっと現れ出づるだろう。畏怖すべき神々と出逢う領域へのまなざしがそこにはある。遠来の参拝客は, 船で大鳥居をかすめて上陸を果たし, 社殿の参道を一歩また一歩と社殿に近づきあゆむ。そのとき彼の眼に展開する「海」・「社」・「山」が織りなす多様な美的景観の動性は, 「絵葉書」(あるいは,江戸期なら名所図会)に象徴的に切り取られるがごとき《絵様美(ピクチャレスク)》として映じよう。数種の「美」「聖性」が宮島の各トポスに立ち現れている。しかしながら, それらはみごとな配置とバランスをもつがゆえ, 統合的に享受されうるものである。まさしく絶妙な感性力学が, つねにこの島の風景には働いているわけだ。安芸ノ宮島では, このような「美」の競演のダイナミクスが, その風景美の秘密を構成しているのである。The aesthetics of the "Aki-no-Miyajima (安芸ノ宮島)" landscape in Hiroshima constitute a form of scientific application of several western aesthetic categories to a specific Japanese site. Specially speaking, this study considers the adoption of 《the Sublime》, 《Grace》, and 《the Picturesque》, which were flourished and discussed in Europe (especially in Britain) around the 18th century, for one of the Best Three Views among Japan.Additionally the present paper also incorporates the analytic method of "die Alpen-ästhetik" from Georg Simmel's Philosophische Kultur (1911). The Jewish-German philosopher divided the landscape of the Alps into the three aspects: grass-fields at the mountain-foot, rocky massif at the mountain-side, and perpetual snow at the heavenly peak.Now we will make full use of the three aesthetic categories and Simmel's method, and examine to treat the rocky and rugged peak of Mt. "Misen (弥山)" in terms of 《the Sublime》, the floating "Itsukushimajinja (厳島神社)" shrine between land and sea (or heaven and earth, or gods and human beings) in terms of 《Grace》, and the entire landscape of the integrated parts: mountains, coastal lines, and shrines with the large red "Oh-torii (大鳥居)" gate in the sea in terms of《the Picturesque》.The paper may also illustrate the reason why the Miyajima landscape has ever been called one of the "Nippon-sankei (日本三景)", The Best Three Views of Japan, defined by Shunsai HAYASHI (林春斎), a Confucian scholar at the early Edo period. And finally we will find it here a contest of the various sorts of the beauty, or their secret co-existence.

著者

井原 なみは 入戸野 宏

出版者

広島大学大学院総合科学研究科

雑誌

広島大学大学院総合科学研究科紀要. I, 人間科学研究 (ISSN:18817688)

巻号頁・発行日

no.6, pp.13-17, 2011-12-31

---

"Kawaii" is a Japanese word that is translated as cute in English. This word becomes popular worldwide and is regarded as a key concept characterizing modern Japanese culture. However, the word is used so widely in daily life that it is difficult to define what is kawaii and what makes things kawaii. Ethologists have suggested that baby schema, a set of physical features of baby animals, is a key stimulus to elicit the feeling of cuteness. In this study, we examined the relationship between the feeling of cuteness and the infantility of various objects in a survey of 166 university students. First, we collected 93 animate and inanimate objects that are sometimes described as kawaii. Half of the raters (n = 84) made the cuteness ratings of the 93 items (either words or short phrases), while the other half (n = 82) made the infantility ratings of these items. Consistent with the baby schema hypothesis, the ratings of cuteness and infantility were moderately correlated (rs = .50 and .45 for men and women, respectively). However, there was a cluster of items that were rated as cute but not infant (e.g., smile, accessories, and pastel color), which are probably related to feminine culture. Moreover, women rated various items to be cuter than men did, while no gender difference was found for the infantility rating. The findings suggest that, although the feeling of kawaii is elicited by baby schema and infantility, its scope is not limited to them.

出版者

広島大学大学院総合科学研究科

巻号頁・発行日

2006

著者

塩本 文夫

出版者

広島大学大学院総合科学研究科

雑誌

広島大学大学院総合科学研究科紀要. I, 人間科学研究 (ISSN:18817688)

巻号頁・発行日

no.8, pp.57-60, 2013-12-31

著者

彦坂(片山) 智恵 彦坂 暁

出版者

広島大学大学院総合科学研究科

雑誌

広島大学大学院総合科学研究科紀要. I, 人間科学研究 (ISSN:18817688)

巻号頁・発行日

no.5, pp.39-46, 2010-12-31

---

Waminoa sp. is an acoelomorph worm that infests corals and harbors two species of dinofl agellates, Amphidinium sp. and Symbiodinium sp.. These symbiotic algae are inherited vertically from parent to offspring during oogenesis. In this study, we established a method for artificial breeding of Waminoa sp., as the first step toward using Waminoa sp. in the study of the mechanism underlying animal–algal symbiosis and the evolution of this symbiosis. We developed a system in which an aquarium circulated approximately 80 L of artifi cial seawater between an upper aquarium and a lower sump, each of which was 45 cm × 30 cm × 35 cm in size and contained 40 L of seawater. Water flowed into the upper aquarium from the sump alternately through a pipe outlet. The upper aquarium contained the hard coral Symphyllia valenciennesii, live rocks, and a layer of fine sand. A 150-W metal halide lamp was suspended over the aquarium to aid photosynthesis. The system was maintained at a salinity of 32–33 ppt and a temperature of 23°C, on a 14-h light (17–50 μmol quanta m-2s-1) : 10-h dark photoperiod. We succeeded in producing almost every stage of the life cycle of Waminoa sp., including the zygote, embryo, larva, juvenile, and adult stages, independent of seasons. In addition, we developed an artificial oviposition procedure that involved isolation from coral in the mature stage. The system developed in this study will serve as a foundation for future studies on acoel–algal symbiosis.

著者

灘 久代

出版者

広島大学大学院総合科学研究科

雑誌

広島大学大学院総合科学研究科紀要. I, 人間科学研究 (ISSN:18817688)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.11, pp.57-59, 2016-12-31

著者

鎌田 彩夏 佐々木 丈予 関矢 寛史

出版者

広島大学大学院総合科学研究科

雑誌

広島大学大学院総合科学研究科紀要. I, 人間科学研究 (ISSN:18817688)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.9, pp.9-15, 2014-12-31

---

The first purpose of this study was to investigate what motivated spectators to attend games of the Hiroshima Toyo Carp (Carp). The second purpose was to investigate the influence of previous attendance at Carp games in 2012 and seat types on the motivation for attending games. Among the spectators of baseball games that took place on September 18 and 19, 2012 at the Mazda Zoom-Zoom Stadium Hiroshima (Mazda Stadium), 467 completed a questionnaire. The questionnaire included items related to demographic information, the number of times the spectators had watched games at Mazda Stadium that year, the type of seat they occupied on the day, the team they supported that day, their favorite team, and 17 motivation items from a modified version of the Sport Spectator Motivation Scale. The results showed that the spectators were strongly motivated by "pleasure of spectating games," "devotion to the Carp," and "exciting play." Motivation scores for "devotion to the Carp," "attachment to Hiroshima," and "cheering" increased as the number of previous attendance increased. The scores for "being invited by friends or family members" and "spending time with friends or their boyfriend or girlfriend" were higher for spectators occupying group seats than those in individual seats. These results suggest that increasing the number of spectators at Mazda Stadium games demands multiple strategies to match spectators' needs.

著者

井原 なみは 入戸野 宏

出版者

広島大学大学院総合科学研究科

雑誌

人間科学研究 (ISSN:18817688)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.7, pp.37-42, 2012

---

In Japan, the word kawaii ("cute" or "adorable" in English) has become difficult to define because it is widely used for describing various objects. This study attempted to find common psychological factors in the feelings of kawaii toward different types of objects. Both male and female university students (N = 180) rated their feelings on six 5-point scales after imagining a scene in which they encountered each of four types of kawaii objects: objects with baby schema (e.g., infants, baby animals), humans (e.g., women, smiles), inanimate objects (e.g., accessories, sweets), and idiosyncratic objects (e.g., lizards, mushrooms). The scales consisted of two adjectives ("kawaii," "infantile"), two scales of approach motivation ("want to be closer to it," "want to keep it nearby"), and two scales of nurturance motivation ("want to help it when it is in trouble," "want to protect it"). Results show that kawaii and infantility ratings were correlated with each other only moderately. Partial correlation analyses revealed that higher kawaii ratings were associated with higher approach motivation, but not with higher nurturance motivation, across four categories. The findings were inconsistent with the baby schema hypothesis, which holds that the feeling of kawaii is linked with caregiving and protection for the young and the weak. Rather, the results suggest that the scope of kawaii is not limited to baby schema and that the feeling of kawaii can be better conceptualized as a positive emotion with strong approach motivation.

著者

原 正幸

出版者

広島大学大学院総合科学研究科

雑誌

人間科学研究 (ISSN:18817688)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1, pp.65-86, 2006

---

Caput III (Summa)Candidato Ainuusy, qui tres menses in Schola ista laborabat, formaliter permittitur fieri ibi discipulus; coepit <musicae inaudibili> studere, legens Platonis TIMAEUM in linguam latinam traductum, cum modum clamandi doceatur a discipulo seniore Enysorpho ad echoem redire faciendam. Post annum, cum directore Oxecnarf de constructione in illo dialogo animae mundanae colloquto, comprehendit <harmoniam mundi> et suspicatur quaestionem: quid enim sit <revolutio animae humanae>? Cujus explicationi auxilio director commodat ei libros quinque chinense scriptos qui XIANG-WU-QIONG (i.e. Resonat ut numquam exhauriatur) nominantur.第三章(摘要)三箇月在那箇學院作為候補生工作的埃奴虛正式得到入學許可。為了鑽研〈不可聽的音樂musica inaudibilis〉, 他開始學習柏拉圖〈尊子TIMAIOS〉的拉丁文譯, 同時接受由師哥艾女簑兒夥Enysorphos綀習發聲的指導。一年之后, 通過圍繞宇宙靈魂的構成跟院長沃色納爾夫Oxecnarf問答, 他理解〈宇宙之和諧harmonia mundi〉和認識到一箇難題: 〈人的靈魂的回轉運動〉就是什麼意思? 因此院長討他思索貸出以〈響無窮〉為題的無名氏所著的文章。