著者

EVA PETREJCÍKOVÁ MIROSLAV SOTÁK JARMILA BERNASOVSKÁ IVAN BERNASOVSKÝ ADRIANA SOVICOVÁ ALEXANDRA BÔZIKOVÁ IVETA BORONOVÁ PETRA ŠVÍCKOVÁ DANA GABRIKOVÁ SONA MACEKOVÁ

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

Anthropological Science (ISSN:09187960)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.117, no.2, pp.89-94, 2009 (Released:2009-07-24)

参考文献数

35

被引用文献数

4 4

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European ‘gypsies’, commonly referred to as Romanies, are represented by a large number of groups spread across many countries. We performed a population genetic study on 200 unrelated Romany males to reveal the genetic origin of the Slovak Romany population. On the basis of Y-chromosome haplotypes, we determined the corresponding Y-haplogroups using Whit Athey’s Haplogroup Predictor. The obtained distribution of haplogroups provided strong evidence of Asian origins, especially Indian. The Indian Y-haplogroup H was the most prevalent and represented 40% of all the samples. The distribution of haplogroups was: E1b1b, 21%; J2, 16.5%; I1a, 14%. Haplogroups R1a, R1b, I2a, and N1 were observed in small frequencies. The obtained genetic structure indicated that the endogamous Romany population has been shaped by a genetic drift and differential admixture, and correlates with the migratory history of the Romanies in Europe.

著者

MARTIN PICKFORD BRIGITTE SENUT

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

Anthropological Science (ISSN:09187960)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.113, no.1, pp.95-102, 2005 (Released:2005-04-27)

参考文献数

34

被引用文献数

34 54

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One of the major lacunae in our knowledge of African hominoid evolution concerns the origins of the chimpanzee and gorilla. Several thousand specimens from the Plio–Pleistocene of Africa have been attributed to Hominidae (sensu stricto) of which only a few, including Ardipithecus ramidus, have been re-interpreted by some authors as possibly representing an ape rather than a hominid (Senut, 1998). Four recently discovered ape-like specimens from the late Middle Miocene (12.5 Ma) and Late Miocene (5.9 Ma) of Kenya partly fill the gap in the fossil record of African apes, and show some morphological and metric affinities with teeth of chimpanzees and gorillas. If these few specimens from Kenya are indeed more closely related to chimps and gorillas than to hominids, then this implies that the dichotomy between African apes and hominids occurred several million years earlier than is currently estimated by most researchers. Furthermore these ape teeth from Ngorora and Lukeino suggest that extant African apes evolved in Africa, and did not immigrate into the continent from Europe or Asia.

著者

NOBORU ADACHI HIDEAKI KANZAWA-KIRIYAMA TAKASHI NARA TSUNEO KAKUDA IWAO NISHIDA KEN-ICHI SHINODA

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

Anthropological Science (ISSN:09187960)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.2012132, (Released:2021-03-31)

被引用文献数

6

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Starting 16000 years ago, the Neolithic lifestyle known as the Jomon culture spread across the Japanese archipelago. Although extensively studied by archaeology and physical anthropology, little is known about the genetic characteristics of the Jomon people. Here, we report the entire mitogenome and partial nuclear genome of skeletal remains from the initial Jomon period that were excavated from the Higashimyo shell midden site at Saga City, Kyushu Island, Japan. This is the first genome analysis of the initial Jomon people of Kyushu Island. These results provide important data for understanding the temporal transition and regional differences of the Jomon people. The mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome haplogroups were similar to those found in the previously reported later Jomon people. Moreover, comparison of three nuclear genomes from the initial to final Jomon periods indicated genetic continuity throughout the Jomon period within the Japanese archipelago with no significant evidence of admixture. This indicates that the genetic differentiation found among the Jomon people was promoted by the progression of regionalization throughout the Jomon period. Further accumulation of high-quality Jomon genome data spanning a wide range of regions and ages will clarify both intimate regional and temporal differences of the Jomon people and details of their admixture history with rice farmers, as suggested by Jomon mitochondrial genome data. The results obtained from this study provide important information for further analysis.

著者

N. TAYLES S.E. HALCROW T. SAYAVONGKHAMDY V. SOUKSAVATDY

出版者

日本人類学会

雑誌

Anthropological Science (ISSN:09187960)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.123, no.1, pp.1-12, 2015 (Released:2015-04-23)

参考文献数

43

被引用文献数

9

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This paper describes a human skeleton from a rock-shelter in northeast Laos, dated to ~7000 BP. It was excavated in 2004 and moved en bloc to the Laos National Museum in Vientiane. Here we report observations made from the in situ skeleton. The burial is the largely complete but slightly damaged remains of a tall, middle-aged, probable male buried on his side in a flexed position. His teeth were heavily worn and one was infected but otherwise there is no evidence of poor health. We were not able to make an assessment of biological affiliation. In comparison with the very small samples of approximately contemporary skeletal remains from the wider region around the middle Mekong, it is clear that the burial position and dental health were not unusual, but that he was very tall for that period of prehistory.

著者

BELÉN LÓPEZ LUIS CARO ANTONIO F. PARDIÑAS

出版者

日本人類学会

雑誌

Anthropological Science (ISSN:09187960)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.119, no.3, pp.247-257, 2011 (Released:2011-12-21)

参考文献数

110

被引用文献数

5 15 1

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The goal of this study is to describe briefly two trepanned cranial specimens from a Spanish medieval archaeological site. One of them belongs to a mature male in which a grooving trepanation technique was used. The other is a mature female skull in which a scraping procedure was performed. The historical context of the individuals is assessed, as well as characteristics from both trepanations and evidence of survival after the intervention. In the female skull, signs of osseous regeneration can be observed, which imply survival after the operation. No survival signs can be found in the male skull. Possible causes that could have motivated the intervention are also discussed.

著者

ERI GONDA KAZUMICHI KATAYAMA

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

Anthropological Science (ISSN:09187960)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.114, no.2, pp.127-131, 2006 (Released:2006-08-10)

参考文献数

27

被引用文献数

4 4

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Somatometric research was conducted in Tonga, Polynesia, with a focus on foot and hand size and proportions. Data were taken on 140 adults (90 females and 50 males) and compared with those of other population groups. In addition to their heavy body-build, Tongans were found to have significantly longer and wider feet and hands than the Japanese, French, Australian Aborigines, or Bamanann-Fulbe West Africans. The significance of these physical characteristics of Polynesians is discussed from a micro-evolutionary viewpoint.

著者

TARO YAMAUCHI TAKASHI ABE TAISHI MIDORIKAWA MASAKATSU KONDO

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

Anthropological Science (ISSN:09187960)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.112, no.2, pp.179-185, 2004 (Released:2004-08-11)

参考文献数

36

被引用文献数

6 9

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The body mass index [BMI = body weight/height2 (kg/m2)] is widely used as an indicator of obesity. However, BMI is not the best way to assess obesity, because obesity is an excess of body fat, not body weight. The difference between obesity assessments based on BMI and those based on the percentage of body fat (%Fat) causes problems in evaluating extraordinarily large people, such as Sumo wrestlers, who have both a large fat mass and a large muscle mass. We assessed obesity in male college Sumo wrestlers (n = 15) and non-athlete students (n = 20) using BMI and %Fat as reference indices. Anthropometric parameters and resting metabolic rate (in the sitting position) were measured. The mean body weight, BMI, and %Fat for Sumo wrestlers were 125.1 kg, 40.0, and 25.6%, respectively, which were extraordinarily high, as compared to non-athlete students (P < 0.01). All of the Sumo wrestlers were categorized as obese using the BMI criteria proposed by the World Health Organization: eight were ‘severely obese’ (35 ≤ BMI < 40) and seven were ‘very severely obese’ (BMI ≥ 40). However, only 40% of the wrestlers (n = 6) were categorized as obese when %Fat was used as the reference (%Fat > 25%). Furthermore, the body composition chart clearly showed that some Sumo wrestlers were no more adipose than the non-athlete students. Due to their remarkable muscle development, Sumo wrestlers have an excessive fat-free mass. Thus we conclude that it is necessary to consider both BMI and %Fat to assess obesity in excessively muscular people, such as Sumo wrestlers. Furthermore, we propose new criteria and methods for documenting obesity in Sumo wrestlers based on energy metabolism that considers physical activity and dietary intake.

著者

ALESSANDRO R. MARCON

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

Anthropological Science (ISSN:09187960)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.2210241, (Released:2023-01-25)

被引用文献数

1

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Applications with genetic technologies are now present in numerous health science contexts. This review article summarizes the implementation of these applications from a critical social perspective, examining how public uptake creates complex social issues and regulatory challenges. Focused primarily on English-speaking North America (Canada and the United States), this review summarizes some recent public perception research on YouTube and Reddit on the topics of DNA ancestry testing and non-invasive prenatal testing/screening. More broadly, it highlights how public use, social media, commercial marketing discourse, and regulatory bodies convene around genetic technologies and the tensions and challenges that ensue.

著者

D. CESANA O.J. BENEDICTOW R. BIANUCCI

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

Anthropological Science (ISSN:09187960)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.161011, (Released:2017-03-17)

被引用文献数

11

---

Spread by infected galleys coming from Kaffa (Crimea), the Black Death reached Genoa, as it now seems, in the late summer of 1347 AD. Genoa functioned as an epicentre from which the contagion was spread into the mainland through a complex system of routes, which linked Liguria to northern and central Italy. Along these routes various institutions were found, namely ‘ospitali’ (hospitals) and ‘stationes’ (stations), where traders and pilgrims stopped to rest and recuperate. In 2006 a multiple burial archaeologically dated to the second half/end of the 14th century was discovered in the cemetery pertaining to the ‘ospitale’ of San Nicolao (Genoa). The excavation showed that it contained the remains of four individuals: a 38–40 week pregnant woman with her fetus and two sub-adults. Stratigraphy showed that these individuals were buried simultaneously. Given that the dating of the burial fits the arrival of the Second Pandemic in Europe, it was hypothesized that they might have died during the Black Death epidemic. The identification of Yersinia pestis F1 antigen in three of four individuals corroborated this hypothesis. Here we report the first evidence of Y. pestis infection in 14th-century Liguria and discuss the possible mechanisms of plague dissemination from Genoa into the surrounding regions. In fact, the ‘ospitale’ of San Nicolao, located at 792 m a.s.l. into the Bracco Massif, was used as a resting place/hostel by traders and travellers (e.g. pilgrims heading for Rome). This ‘ospitale’ represented a key point leading into a system of pathways forming the initial part of the Vie Romee better known under the name of Via Francigena in the Italian territory and, as a consequence, was the ideal site from which plague could be disseminated.

著者

LUCILLE T. PEDERSEN KATE DOMETT

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

Anthropological Science (ISSN:09187960)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.211219, (Released:2022-05-24)

被引用文献数

2

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Scientific literature frequently reports that age-at-death estimation standards developed on European and North American populations are less effective when used on genetically distant populations. Ultimately, this paper aims to inform forensic anthropologists and bioarchaeologists of the most appropriate methods to use on Southeast Asian skeletal remains by evaluating studies that have tested the replicability and accuracy of adult age estimation methods on Thai target samples. Results show that methods using the pelvis recorded the highest accuracy of up to 93%, but only when broad age ranges are used (±2 SD). Most methods produced the least bias and inaccuracy in young adults but considerably underaged older adults. Overall biases and inaccuracies tended to be lower for males than females. The sternal rib end method showed the weakest correlation with chronological age. Methods that produced age prediction equations developed with regression analyses derived from the Thai samples produced standard errors ranging from 9.5 to 13.9 years (using vertebrae and femora). Most of these methods were deemed too imprecise to be useful in Thai forensic cases. The best way forward to understand the wide range of morphological variation is for future studies to evaluate the influence of body size, activity patterns, socioeconomic status, nutrition, and health on skeletal aging and how it differs between Thai and geographically distant populations.

著者

溝口 優司

出版者

日本人類学会

雑誌

Anthropological Science (ISSN:09187960)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.102, no.5, pp.489-496, 1994 (Released:2008-02-26)

参考文献数

17

被引用文献数

1 1

著者

尾本 恵市

出版者

一班社団法人 日本人類学会

雑誌

Anthropological Science (ISSN:09187960)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.103, no.5, pp.415-427, 1995 (Released:2008-02-26)

参考文献数

47

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この総説は, 日本人の起源の問題について, 分子人類学の立場から, 何が, どこまでいえるのかを紹介し, 今後の総合的な日本人研究への一助とする目的で書かれた。検討のための土台として, 埴原の「二重構造モデル」が用いられた。このモデルを, (1)「原日本人」は東南アジア起源である, (2) 現代日本人の諸集団の形成には、「原日本人」と北東アジア系の渡来人という主として2つの系統を異にする集団が関わっている, との2つの部分仮説にわけ, それぞれを個別に検討した。分子人類学的に重要な資料としては, 古人骨のミトコンドリアDNAの塩基配列 (宝来ら) と古典的遺伝標識の遺伝子頻度を用いた多変量解析 (根井, および筆者ら) などがある。前者は, 原日本人の南方起源説にとり有利な資料を, また, 後者は, 反対に, 原日本人の北方起源説を支持する資料を提供している。また, 埴原のいう「二重構造」の存在についても, 意見がわかれている。このような不一致点をどのように説明するかが, 大きな問題である。本論文で筆者は, 問題点の所在を明らかにすると共に, 将来の検討に対する資料として, いくつかの提案をした。

著者

SAMANTI KULATILAKE

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

Anthropological Science (ISSN:09187960)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.200428, (Released:2020-08-08)

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Swiss naturalists Paul and Fritz Sarasin visited Sri Lanka on five occasions. Their later visits were focused on anthropological research on the Indigenous Wannila Atto (‘Vedda’) people and exploration of prehistoric settlements in Sri Lanka. Among the Sarasins’ anthropological and archaeological collections are skeletal material of several ethnic groups of Sri Lanka belonging to the 19th and early 20th centuries. This collection is curated at the Natural History Museum of Basel, Switzerland. The ethnolinguistic groups represented in the Sarasins’ collection include the ‘Vedda,’ Tamil, and Sinhala people of Sri Lanka, and it constitutes the largest ‘Vedda’ cranial collection housed at a single institution. The objective of this paper is to compare cranial variation of the Indigenous ‘Vedda’ and other Sri Lankan ethnic groups using this important dataset, while publishing the raw craniometric data for further studies. Observations on the dentition show that the Tamil and Sinhala individuals had high incidences of caries and dental abscesses that are typically associated with agriculturalists and that cribra orbitalia associated with iron deficiency was relatively common among all three ethnic groups. Betel quid chewing for recreational and cultural purposes, a practice that is widespread even today, had left dark stains on the teeth of many individuals of all groups in the sample. Multivariate statistical analyses on the craniometric data show that there is significant overlap among the three ethnic groups in terms of cranial shape. These findings underscore the importance of considering the ‘Vedda,’ Tamil, and Sinhala groups from Sri Lanka as closely related, due to gene flow over millennia.

著者

ALEJANDRA ORTIZ YINGQI ZHANG CHANGZHU JIN YUAN WANG MIN ZHU YALING YAN CLARE KIMOCK CATALINA I. VILLAMIL KAI HE TERRY HARRISON

出版者

日本人類学会

雑誌

Anthropological Science (ISSN:09187960)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.190331, (Released:2019-06-21)

被引用文献数

7

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This study investigates the morphological variation and taxonomic affinities of 28 fossil gibbon molars from eight newly discovered Pleistocene cave sites in the area of Chongzuo, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China. A recent descriptive analysis demonstrated that these fossil teeth form a uniform group that can be assigned to a single species of Nomascus. In this contribution, a two-dimensional morphometric approach is employed to examine the Chongzuo specimens in comparison with a large sample of extant hylobatids, as well as with previously reported hylobatid dental remains from the Pleistocene of China. Buccolingual and mesiodistal measurements and crown outline areas reveal that the Chongzuo molars correspond most closely with Nomascus and, to a lesser extent, Hoolock. Crown shape was investigated using elliptical Fourier analysis. Our results show that the Chongzuo specimens fall in most cases either within the range of variation of extant Nomascus to the exclusion of all other hylobatid genera, or their distance from the cluster represented by the Nomascus sample is relatively small. Similarly, the Mahalanobis distances for crown shape show a trend towards smaller morphological distances between the Chongzuo specimens and Nomascus, followed by Hoolock and Hylobates. The Chongzuo molars are also morphometrically distinct from Bunopithecus sericus, but fall within the range of overlap of other Pleistocene hylobatid dental remains from southern China. The balance of evidence indicates that the Chongzuo teeth can be attributed to cf. Nomascus. The fossil teeth are sufficiently distinct from those of extant Nomascus that they may represent an extinct species.

著者

TOMO TAKANO MASATO NAKATSUKASA YUTAKA KUNIMATSU YOSHIHIKO NAKANO NAOMICHI OGIHARA HIDEMI ISHIDA

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

Anthropological Science (ISSN:09187960)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.126, no.3, pp.135-149, 2018 (Released:2018-12-21)

参考文献数

59

被引用文献数

9

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This paper provides a thorough description of humeral, ulnar, and radial specimens of the Nacholapithecus holotype (KNM-BG 35250). A spool-shaped humeral trochlea (and keeled sigmoid notch of the ulna) is a hallmark of elbow joint evolution in hominoids. In lacking this feature, the elbow of Nacholapithecus is comparatively primitive, resembling that of proconsulids. However, the humeroulnar joint in Nacholapithecus is specialized for higher stability than that in proconsulids. The humeroradial joint (humeral capitulum) resembles that of extant apes and Sivapithecus. This condition may represent an intermediate stage leading to the fully modern elbow in extant apes. If this is the case, specialization of the humeroradial joint preceded that of the humeroulnar joint. Nacholapithecus elbow joint morphology suggests more enhanced forearm rotation compared to proconsulids. This observation accords with the forelimb-dominated positional behavior of Nacholapithecus relative to proconsulids, which has been proposed on the grounds of limb proportions and the morphology of the phalanges, shoulder girdle, and vertebrae.

著者

CHRISTIAN T. HERBST JACOB C. DUNN

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

Anthropological Science (ISSN:09187960)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.126, no.1, pp.19-27, 2018 (Released:2018-04-21)

参考文献数

73

被引用文献数

3

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Electroglottography (EGG) is a low-cost, non-invasive method for documenting laryngeal sound production during vocalization. The EGG signal represents relative vocal fold contact area and thus delivers physiological evidence of vocal fold vibration. While the method has received much attention in human voice research over the last five decades, it has seen very little application in other mammals. Here, we give a concise overview of mammalian vocal production principles. We explain how mammalian voice production physiology and the dynamics of vocal fold vibration can be documented qualitatively and quantitatively with EGG, and we summarize and discuss key issues from research with humans. Finally, we review the limited number of studies applying EGG to non-human mammals, both in vivo and in vitro. The potential of EGG for non-invasive assessment of non-human primate vocalization is demonstrated with novel in vivo data of Cebus albifrons and Ateles chamek vocalization. These examples illustrate the great potential of EGG as a new minimally invasive tool in primate research, which can provide important insight into the ‘black box’ that is vocal production. A better understanding of vocal fold vibration across a range of taxa can provide us with a deeper understanding of several important elements of speech evolution, such as the universality of vocal production mechanisms, the independence of source and filter, the evolution of vocal control, and the relevance of non-linear phenomena.

著者

YUTAKA KUNIMATSU YOSHIHIRO SAWADA TETSUYA SAKAI MOTOTAKA SANEYOSHI HIDEO NAKAYA AYUMI YAMAMOTO MASATO NAKATSUKASA

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

Anthropological Science (ISSN:09187960)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.125, no.2, pp.45-51, 2017 (Released:2017-09-21)

参考文献数

58

被引用文献数

2

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The African primate fossil record is very poor between the mid-Middle and mid-Late Miocene. Nakali (~10–9.8 Ma) is one of the rare African localities that have yielded primate fossils from this period, including a new genus of great ape, Nakalipithecus nakayamai, and another large-bodied hominoid species. The Nakali primate fauna also includes small-bodied ‘apes’ and Old World monkeys (mostly colobines). In this article, we describe a new specimen of a small-bodied ‘ape’ discovered from Nakali, which is assigned to nyanzapithecines. Nyanzapithecines are characterized by their derived dental morphology, and the previously known nyanzapithecines range in chronological age between the Late Oligocene and early Middle Miocene (~25–13.7 Ma). The new nyanzapithecine specimen from Nakali is therefore the latest occurrence of this group in the African fossil record, extending its chronological range by almost 4 million years younger.

著者

SONG XING YING GUAN MACKIE O’HARA HUIYANG CAI XIAOMIN WANG XING GAO

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

Anthropological Science (ISSN:09187960)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.170802, (Released:2017-09-29)

被引用文献数

2 5

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Recent fossil finds have complicated the picture of East Asian Late Pleistocene hominin taxonomy and morphology, necessitating analysis of more fossils with secure dates and stratigraphic contexts to better contextualize human evolution during this epoch. Field excavations at the Laoya Cave in Guizhou Province, China in 2013 recovered two isolated human teeth (M3 and dm2). The teeth date from ~21–24 kya, according to AMS radiocarbon dating. The present study provides detailed metric and non-metric descriptions of the Laoya teeth, and compares them with the dentition of other Late Pleistocene hominins (Neanderthals and fossil Homo sapiens from around the world) as well as chronologically earlier fossil hominins from the same geographical area (East Asian Early/Middle Pleistocene hominins). To achieve this, descriptive morphological observations, geometric morphometric analysis, and micro-computed tomography were employed. The lower third molar (LYC1) is characterized by several derived features, including the absence of a hypoconulid, the lack of C6 and C7, and an ‘X’-type cuspal arrangement. The combination of traits expressed by LYC1 is unique, but very similar to other recent H. sapiens. However, the LYC1 also displays a suite of dental features that are not common in other East Asian Late Pleistocene fossil H. sapiens: the absence of a hypoconulid, the presence of a middle trigonid crest, and a narrowed talonid relative to trigonid. This study of the Laoya teeth expands the known morphological diversity of East Asian Late Pleistocene hominin dentitions, and will contribute to a better understanding of the history of modern humans in this area.

著者

TAKASHI GAKUHARI HAJIME KOMIYA JUNMEI SAWADA TOMOKO ANEZAKI TAKAO SATO KENICHI KOBAYASHI SHIGERU ITOH KOICHI KOBAYASHI HIROYUKI MATSUZAKI KUNIO YOSHIDA MINORU YONEDA

出版者

日本人類学会

雑誌

Anthropological Science (ISSN:09187960)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.150309, (Released:2015-06-11)

被引用文献数

3 10

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Two complete dog skeletons were recovered during archeological excavations from 1961 to 1970 at the Kamikuroiwa rock shelter, a site that yielded a series of cultural entities from the Late Pleistocene, Incipient Jomon, and Early Jomon periods. Since two dogs were buried close to human skeletons, it was thought that these dogs had been buried by Jomon people, and hence provided the oldest direct evidence of Canis domestication in Japan. However, the stratigraphic information and archeological contexts of these dog skeletons are incomplete due to the lack of detailed excavation reports and technical limitations of excavations at this site. Because the date of the dog burials has not been fully discussed in the context of modern chronology or recent discussions on Canis domestication, we directly measured radiocarbon ages and stable isotope analysis on two dog burials and one set of human remains from the Kamikuroiwa rock shelter. These data are important for reconstructing the relationship between humans and dogs in the Jomon period. Our results show that the human thought to have been buried with the dogs was assigned to the middle Initial Jomon period (8977–8725 calBP), whereas, on the other hand, dates for the dog burials are very close to each other and were assigned to the latest Initial Jomon or the initial Early Jomon periods (7414–7273 calBP). Although these results are not consistent with previous archeological interpretations for this site, they remain important because these two dog burials are among the oldest evidence of Canis domestication in East Asia.

著者

HIROKI SEIKE SHINYA WATANABE

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

Anthropological Science (ISSN:09187960)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.129, no.2, pp.151-164, 2021 (Released:2021-09-01)

参考文献数

30

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South American camelids, which were domesticated in the Central Andes, have been emphasized for their secondary uses (e.g. llamas as pack animals and alpacas for their wool). In modern pastoral societies the use of mature animals for meat is not efficient. However, it is interesting that cut marks have often been found on archaeological animal bones. This study aimed to describe butchering of camelids through macroscopic observation of cut marks in the Middle Horizon period, during the Wari Empire (600–1000 CE), when the use of camelids reached its peak, and to test whether these activities are consistent with ethnoarchaeological and ethnographic findings. The materials used here are camelid bones with cut marks from El Palacio in the northern highlands of Peru. They were assigned to Middle Cajamarca Phases B and C, and a part of the Late Cajamarca Phase (800–1000 CE). In this study, cut marks on animal bones were observed by macroscopy, and analyses were focused on their distribution, frequencies, and direction. Cut marks on camelid bones from El Palacio were observed over the entire body, suggesting that these marks were caused by dismembering, skinning, and extraction of meat, fat, and marrow. The frequencies of cut marks on camelid bones at El Palacio was 1.3%, lower than that in the Formative Period. This lower frequency might have been caused by more fragmented bones in the former. Furthermore, it is possible that the use of secondary products was emphasized at El Palacio. Cut marks were concentrated on the ventral side of each bone. This can be attributed to the butchering procedure described from ethnoarchaeology and ethnography, in which animal was turned on its back for dismemberment and removal of its internal organs from the ventral side, being careful not to soil the earth for ritual considerations.