著者

月嶋 紘之

出版者

スポーツ史学会

雑誌

スポーツ史研究 (ISSN:09151273)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.21, pp.1-14, 2008-03-20 (Released:2017-03-18)

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'Football Spectators Act 1989' was expected to be a strong fort against football violence in England. The purpose of enforcement of this decree was to eradicate all "hooligans" in all the stadiums inside and outside of England, which was one of the points of the greatest concerns for the British Government's policies. However this law betrayed the hope of the British Government and this led to an institution of a change in the law. The purpose of this study is to examine the matters skeptically and consider the reason why this law did not satisfy the policy by referring to a concept of "Gewalt" propounded by Walter Benjamin (1892-1940). The conclusions of this study follow below. 1. In this Act, legal definition about physical exertion displayed by spectators in stadiums was absolutely unconcerned. On top of this, the Crown Court was authorized as making every judgment that was based on their own criteria. 2. According to the concept of "Gewalt" by Benjamin, the power of "Gewalt" is indispensable in a law-enforcement. Therefore, this act was enforced by the power of "Gewalt", that is the British Government itself. However, Benjamin also reveals that a law never presents a valid reason for making every decision. 3. To enforce a law has a pursuit of personal interests and it always has to remain skeptical. Intensification of "hooligan" activities since 1970s and eruption of violence such as "Heysel tragedy" in 1985 were regarded as "crisis" for the British Government, since "hooligans" breached their ideals in English football.

著者

榊原 浩晃

出版者

スポーツ史学会

雑誌

スポーツ史研究 (ISSN:09151273)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.10, pp.41-56, 1997-03-31 (Released:2017-03-18)

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This paper intends to explain the circumstances of the football games for elementary schoolchildren from the late 19th century to the early 20th century England. Her Majesty's Inspectors revealed that the football games for schoolchildren were not still actually timetabled and that they were played outside normal school hours in parks and other open spaces near schools, and this brought extra work of teachers concerning with children's football, who in season and out of season, sacrificed so much of their time voluntarily for the children's benefit. While all this grassroots activities of the teachers were going on, the Board of Education remained hesitant about officially sanctioning the organized games for elementary schoolchildren. South London Schools' Football Association(hereafter SLSFA)was founded in the summer of 1885 under the supervision of the elementary schools' teachers, which was the first elementary schools' football association in England and Wales. The object of SLSFA was to encourage the inter-school matches of football in the districts of Lambeth, Wandsworth and Southwark, i.e., the south devision of London. SLSFA had from the beginning received the valuable help from various some football clubs and proprietors of grounds, this had materially assisted the progress of SLSFA. The interest of children and teachers in the Competitions rapidly increased, and in three years from the commencement;the Junior Competition and the Senior Competition were arranged. Thus, The elementary schools' football associations depended upon the initiative and enthusiasm of children and teachers working together without the financial assistance from the local or central educational authourities. In fostering the sporting and recreative side of football, as opposed to the modern spectacular and commercialistic aspects of the games, SLSFA had done and was still doing a good work. In matches with the teams of other associations, the selected team of SLSFA had met with great measure of success. To win the Championship of London, by gaining the Corinthian Shield six times in twelve years, was a result of which anyone may be proud. The proceeds of many of these matches, particularly of those played with some opponents from Sheffield, Manchester, Birmingham, and so on, had been devoted the friendship of inter-association matches. Therefore, SLSFA played an important role in the organization of the football games for elementary schoolchildren, and the promotion of friendly matches between each schools' football association.

著者

藤井 翔太

出版者

スポーツ史学会

雑誌

スポーツ史研究 (ISSN:09151273)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.23, pp.13-26, 2010-03-31 (Released:2017-03-18)

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There seem to be little doubt that referees are indispensable to control games in contemporary football world. On the other hand, with a general survey of the history of football, functions of referees have not necessarily been firm, having been revised repeatedly. The meaning of these reforms, however, has not been given enough consideration by researchers. This article, thus, explores the historical transition of football officials, especially focusing on the pattern of decision-making, and the concept of fairness reflected in change to the system. Before the codification of football rules, the existence of officials had rarely been confirmed, especially in historical documents. In addition, evidence also indicates that officials were rather indifferent observers than decision-makers. This principle did not vary markedly after the formation of football laws at modern public schools, which means that players could take initiative on decision-makings as interested parties. Meanwhile, a main role of officials had been the arbitration of players' discussion even in the 1860s, when the Football Association advanced a unification of local rules. This custom, however, was gradually altered in the 1880s. An increase in spectators and the development of players' skills, following the professionalisation of football, required the reform of the existing umpire system. As a result the Football Association revised the regulations and established the referee system in 1891, which has been the basis of present system ever since. From that time, referees could become adjudicators on pitches. The reinforcement of referees' power, nevertheless, might not definitely demonstrate that the norm of fairness had progressed. The absence of officials or the limited power of referees may not automatically signify lack of discipline. For, particularly at public schools, negotiations and judgments of players (students) were regarded as crucially significant forming the basis of the ideal of self-discipline, which led to the umpire system. In the mean-time, referees' strict control could be a subject of severe criticism. Although the emergence of vast audiences encouraged the introduction of objective decisions of neutral referees, amateur had expressed fierce opposition to reformation of the system. Accordingly, the Football Association had to confront a wide range of difficulties in relation to the new referee regime and these have continued even to present. It can be generally concluded that the history of football officials is the transition of the referee's role from arbitrator to adjudicator. This alteration, however, does not simply designate the straight progress of fairness in the football world. Even after the establishment of the referee system, traditional concepts of self-discipline have had considerable influence and prevented further reforms. In brief, it can be claimed that such a conflict between 'negotiation/arbitration' and 'adjudication' is of critical importance in history of football officials.

著者

月嶋 紘之

出版者

スポーツ史学会

雑誌

スポーツ史研究 (ISSN:09151273)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.21, pp.1-14, 2008

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'Football Spectators Act 1989' was expected to be a strong fort against football violence in England. The purpose of enforcement of this decree was to eradicate all "hooligans" in all the stadiums inside and outside of England, which was one of the points of the greatest concerns for the British Government's policies. However this law betrayed the hope of the British Government and this led to an institution of a change in the law. The purpose of this study is to examine the matters skeptically and consider the reason why this law did not satisfy the policy by referring to a concept of "Gewalt" propounded by Walter Benjamin (1892-1940). The conclusions of this study follow below. 1. In this Act, legal definition about physical exertion displayed by spectators in stadiums was absolutely unconcerned. On top of this, the Crown Court was authorized as making every judgment that was based on their own criteria. 2. According to the concept of "Gewalt" by Benjamin, the power of "Gewalt" is indispensable in a law-enforcement. Therefore, this act was enforced by the power of "Gewalt", that is the British Government itself. However, Benjamin also reveals that a law never presents a valid reason for making every decision. 3. To enforce a law has a pursuit of personal interests and it always has to remain skeptical. Intensification of "hooligan" activities since 1970s and eruption of violence such as "Heysel tragedy" in 1985 were regarded as "crisis" for the British Government, since "hooligans" breached their ideals in English football.

著者

高橋 幸一

出版者

スポーツ史学会

雑誌

スポーツ史研究 (ISSN:09151273)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, pp.1-14, 2016 (Released:2017-06-08)

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It can no longer be believed that the Greeks were unique in their agonal spirit. Many scholars argue that competition is typical of ancient societies. The purpose of this paper is to examine sport in the Mycenaean civilization. However, it is necessary to clarify whether the Minoans influenced the Mycenaean sports. Minoan civilization The Minoans mainly practiced bull leaping and boxing. Bull leaping in particular was the most popular sport among the Minoans. The noble participants had to leap over bulls. Though it is supposed that the bull leaping is, like boxing, a kind of competitive sport, there is no certain evidence. On the other hand, the boxers weared a metal helmet protecting the head and face. The purpose of this dangerous boxing is uncertain. We cannot clearly decide whether the boxing and bull leaping are initiation ritual, or secular activity. Some scholars believe that the Minoan sport influenced the Myceaean and Greek sports. The Mycenaeans adopted only the bull sport. The helmeted boxers and bull leaping are unknown in Greek art. Mycenaean civilization Many archaeological evidences confirm the existence of horse-drawn chariots in the ancient Near East, but they were used in war and hunting. Although F. Starke’s new interpretation of the Kikkuli Text was accepted by a few scholars, he wrongly interpreted the Text. Hittites did not enjoy chariot racing. It seems to be possibility that chariot racing was performed by the Myceaeans. However, a few archeological evidences only suggest the sport. The issues of prizes remain unsolved. It is not clear whether the Mycenaean chariot racing influenced Homer. It is clear that sports were part of the funeral ceremony held in honor of the dead. It seems to be reasonable to suppose that the Mycenaeans had funeral games with armed combat, bull leaping and possibly chariot racing. However, some scholars argue that boxing and bull leaping are not funeral game, but initiation ritual in the Aegean civilization. It is the present conditions that opinions about sports in the Mycenaean civilization are argued variously because there is no certain evidence.

著者

薮 耕太郎

出版者

スポーツ史学会

雑誌

スポーツ史研究 (ISSN:09151273)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.25, pp.43-56, 2012-03-31 (Released:2017-03-18)

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This paper is to inquire the whereabouts and significance for the diffusion routes of Jiu-Jitsu (traditional Japanese martial arts) since the turn of the last century from the 19^<th> to 20^<th> century, by viewing through the two Americans, Risher W. Thornberry and John J. O'brien, from the time of having learned Jiu-Jitsu in Nagasaki foreign settlement and to their 30 years of activities after returning to the U.S. One of the main assignments to examine in studies of sport and physical education in late years is to take stock of an ethnocentric interpretation by approaching to the history of propagation abroad of Budo (a collective term of modernized Japanese martial arts) with special focus on bilateral cultural relationship. This paper approaches the following two points accordingly: i) To inquire the chance of the foreigners to encounter Japanese culture, the first point is to analyze the meaning of cultural exchange on local level by looking into Nagasaki foreign settlement. ii) To inquire the social factor of O'brien to get comprehensive sphere of activities by looking into his movement after returning to the U.S. iii) To review into the actual conditions for acceptance of Jiu-Jitsu as military martial arts through the activities of Thornberry at the camp, and study about figuration of cultural succession on the basis of the relationship between after retired him and his pupil. The conclusions of this paper are shown as followings. Firstly, the particular social situation of Nagasaki foreign settlement provided an opportunity for the Americans to accept Jiu-Jitsu. Moreover, according to Thornberry's textbook he had retained cultural identity of Jigo-Tenshin-Ryu (one of the styles of Jiu-Jitsu), but on the other hand the potentiality for this identity to fade out was already there. Secondly, O'brien's textbook points out that a fusion of Jiu-Jitsu and Physical Culture, and this mixture was variously symbolized through the local media. Furthermore, his recreational activities contributed to construct various diffusion routes. Thirdly, Thornberry's Jiu-Jitsu was accepted as military martial arts as the camps demand. On the other hand the succession of Thornbery's Jiu-Jitsu to his disciple Samuel K. Linck indicates that the first did not quite lose the identity of Jigo-Tenshin-Ryu. However, Linck did not succeed Thornberry's Jiu-Jitsu entirely, thus there was a chance of resulting the alternatives. To sum up my main points, the successors were connected one another through Jiu-Jitsu, but the binding force was limited. Thus various requests from the local society were subsumed in the process of succession, and in this meaning its mechanism is not accumulated very easily. However, this kind of flexibility played a role of having made their Jiu-Jitsu well known into the local population.

著者

福地 豊樹

出版者

スポーツ史学会

雑誌

スポーツ史研究 (ISSN:09151273)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.24, pp.15-26, 2011-03-31 (Released:2017-03-18)

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The story of Japanese tennis great Zenzo Shimizu's commendable behavior on the tennis court at the 1921 Davis Cup has been handed down to generations of Japanese school children. During a close championship match against an American team featuring tennis star Bill Tilden, Shimizu made a soft return of one of Tilden's shots because Tilden had slipped after making the shot. From this incident, Shimizu has been praised highly for his sportsmanship. The story was told in Japanese middle school textbooks before World War II and was adopted after the war for elementary school textbooks until the 1950's. However, an author began to doubt the truthfulness of the episode involving the two tennis legends, and there suddenly arose debate over whether or not the incident really happened. This study considers the authenticity of the event, focusing on Kaneji Yajima, who was the author that wrote the original account. The conclusion is summarized as follows: 1) Many of the accounts included in school textbooks had deviated from the writer's intension as they were handed down from textbook to textbook. Various adaptations were published by authors and editors who lost focus of the facts in relaying the moving events of the story. 2) In the post-war adaptations of the episode, the event occurred at the 1920 Wimbledon Tennis Championships rather than at the 1921 Davis Cup. In fact, a book was found which shows that Tilden slipped while playing against Shimizu during their 1920 match at Wimbledon. 3) Kaneji Yajima wrote his story in order to emphasize the instructive potential that sports has to offer. This study considers that Yajima created the inspirational story knowing full well that Tilden never slipped during the Davis Cup match. Yajima wanted to express an educational viewpoint that it is not good to stick to the extreme principle of competition and victory. The international event and Shimizu's fabled behavior embodied Yajima's ideal of athleticism and sportsmanship. A few historical facts about the incident have been successfully probed for accuracy, but there remains much conjecture and interpretation in this study. The matter calls for further investigation.

著者

西原 茂樹

出版者

スポーツ史学会

雑誌

スポーツ史研究 (ISSN:09151273)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.19, pp.1-18, 2006

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This paper sets out to review the earliest Japan-US intercollegiate baseball games heldby newspapers based in Tokyo and Osaka in around 1910, and thereby to clarify the actualsituations in the beginning of baseball games as media events in Japan. The following fourviewpoints could be pointed out as a result of studies in this paper.(1) The baseball games as media events in Japan couldn't have been taken place until newspaper management policy changed course for thinking more and more seriously of business and advertisement activities or holding various events in the beginning of the 20th century.(2) The first large-scale Japan-US intercollegiate baseball games were held by the Jiji Shinpo in Tokyo, and the Osaka Asahi and the Osaka Mainichi in Osaka. The following several differencies were noticed among them. @The games held by the Jiji Shinpo were independent events of baseball games, on the other hand those by the Osaka Asahi and the Osaka Mainichi were held with various related events. @The Jiji Shinpo's reports on its events were meant for readers who were familiar with baseball to some extent, but reports by the Osaka Asahi and the Osaka Mainichi were also meant for those who were just un- familiar with such baseball. @The former held its,events on the college sports ground, but the latter on the sports grounds owned by private railway companies in Kansai area.(3) In the background of these differences, it seems to reflect that there were some notice- able differences of readership among these newspapers, and differences between Tokyo and Osaka in economic environment seen particularly in a rapid economic leap of newspapers and a rapid development of a network of private railway lines.(4) In holding these Japan-US intercollegiate baseball games, the Jiji Shinpo and the Osaka Mainichi asserted repeatedly that baseball (sports) have diverse educational values. It seems that these assertions were maintained not as a mere theory but a firm objection to those who tried to insist that baseball was of little or no value(mainly those engaged in schoolteaching) , against the background of social environment in those days that various ill and harmful effects would arise by the absorption of students into baseball, and what's more, such ideologies as martial arts were much superior to baseball circulated among the public to some extent.

著者

三澤 光男

出版者

スポーツ史学会

雑誌

スポーツ史研究 (ISSN:09151273)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.16, pp.55-62, 2003-03-20 (Released:2017-03-18)

著者

脇田 泰子

出版者

スポーツ史学会

雑誌

スポーツ史研究 (ISSN:09151273)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, pp.1-19, 2015 (Released:2017-03-13)

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The 2012 London Olympics were a great turning point in modern Olympic history, giving birth to the terms "Digital Olympics" and "Socialympics" due to the effective merging of the Internet with conventional broadcasting in the coverage of the event. The present paper begins with an examination of how the Olympics were initially covered by the media, especially up to the first decade of the 20th century mainly inprint media. At the time, the word "media" was largely synonymous with "press", as the print media - which literally used press machines to create their product - had no real rivals as sources of information for the vast majority of people. The earliest popular views of the Olympics were thus determined by print media's cover-age. Next, the paper proceeds to a discussion of the ways in which the very first form of broadcasting, radio, was initially perceived in the West, especially France and Britain, as a feasible medium for sports coverage. Particular attention is given here to Britain, where sports occupied a surprisingly prominent place in radio broadcasting even in the latter's earliest years, on par with coverage of such "serious" matters as the weather and the doings of the royal family. The paper's main and final section is a consideration of a specific example of the close historical relationship between the Olympics and broadcasting, namely radio coverage of the 1924 Games. It focuses on the coverage in France, with the brilliant activity of Edmond Dehorter, the first radio sports reporter in that country. In the course of the above discussions, this paper attempts to demonstrate how a detailed examination of the history of sports and media will reveal that the essence and significance of the close relationship between the Olympic Games and broadcasting can be found as far back as the earliest days of radio, a period which only not witnessed the dawn of Olympics broadcasting but also had significant parallels with the present, which is experiencing the "dawn" of yet another powerful and influential form of media - social media - and the latter's rapidly expanding role in information dissemination.

著者

松本 彰之

出版者

スポーツ史学会

雑誌

スポーツ史研究 (ISSN:09151273)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, pp.55-66, 2016 (Released:2017-06-08)

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The Ookunitama Shrine in Fuchu City, Tokyo, is a shrine that enshrines Ookunitama no ōkami who is the mikogami, the son of Susanoo. The Ookunitama Shrine used to be a shrine in Kokufu( the capital of the historical Provinces of Japan) that was referred to as Rokusho-no-miya Shrine and Musashi-no-Soja. The Hassaku Sumo Festival is a festival held in the Ookunitama Shrine. The sumo arena in the precincts of the Ookunitama Shrine has a monument built in August 1, 1990. The epigraph says,“ The Ookunitama Shrine Hassaku Sumo is a venerable sumo festival whose Mizuhikimaku curtain was dedicated by the Shogunate for the purpose of encouraging physical activities and which originally started as dedicatory sumo matches to pray for the peace reigns over the land and the huge harvest (of the five grains) in commemoration of the fact that Tokugawa Ieyasu-ko (Lord Ieyasu Tokugawa) made an entry into the Edo Castle in August 1, 1590”.However, currently there is no evidence for the “dedicated Mizuhikimaku curtain” or a document which provides an evidence for the“ purpose of encouraging physical activities by the Shogunate”. Most of the festivals in Japan with the word “Hassaku” are those which have their origin in August 1( August is“ Hachigatsu” in Japanese, while 1 is“ Sakujitsu” in ancient Japanese) that has the significance related to agriculture such as wish for a good harvest and disaster prevention, or those which were started by the feudal lord who gave a special meaning to“ Hassaku.” The Hassaku Sumo Festival was quite a rare case in that it was said to originate from the commemoration of the triumphal entry into the Edo Castle by Lord Ieyasu Tokugawa. This study suggests that Ookunitama Shrine and the Tokugawa Shogunate continued their close relationship, based on the historical examination of sacred treasures kept in the Treasure Hall of Ookunitama Shrine as well as the history and literature on Ookunitama Shrine. And it presents a possibility that these close relationships may have influenced the Hassaku Sumo Festival. These close relationships can be said to have had sufficient influence on Hassaku Sumo Festival at Ookunitama Shrine to be regarded as originating from the commemoration of the triumphal entry into the Edo Castle by Lord Ieyasu Tokugawa.

著者

高橋 敏

出版者

スポーツ史学会

雑誌

スポーツ史研究 (ISSN:09151273)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, pp.41-51, 2017

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群馬県下には、今日なお上州(上野国)といわれた江戸時代の在村剣術から二五代にわたって受け継がれてきた古武道が確固として命脈を保っている。高崎市吉井町に現存する樋口家と馬庭念流である。兵農分離の刀狩りで剣術はおろか武器を根こそぎ取り上げられた筈の多胡郡馬庭村に、百姓身分でありながら道場を構えて根を下ろし、周辺農村から上州一円、北関東、江戸にまで門人を獲得し、最盛期には門人が数千と豪語された一大流派を築いた。更に明治維新以降の近代化のなかで前代の剣術諸流派が剣道に収斂・統一される趨勢のなか、脈々と今日まで継承されてきた。そこには江戸時代の上州という風土と社会が深くかかわっているように思われる。本講は、北関東上州の一農村の田舎剣法から門人数千の一大剣術流派に発展した馬庭念流を手がかりに二世紀半にも及ぶ未曾有の平和な江戸時代に、身分制度の厚い壁を破って展開していった武芸について考えてみたい。<BR> 上州、関東においては、兵農分離は身分制度として断行されたが、刀狩りは実施されず、武器の所持、剣術の継承は禁止されることはなく許容された。樋口家は中世以来の在地土豪の権益を失い、公的には百姓身分になったが、私的な領域においては姓を名乗り、帯刀し、念流を伝授することは黙認された。要は在地土豪の念流を継承する郷士と馬庭村百姓の二つの顔を持つことになった。<BR> 馬庭念流は、江戸時代初頭から四代に長命にして剣技・指導力に優れた当主に恵まれ、北関東を中心に多くの門弟を集め、江戸にまで進出して道場を経営し、一大流派の結社に発展する。門人は百姓町人のみならず、高家新田岩松氏、七日市藩前田氏、小幡藩織田氏、支配領主旗本長崎氏の主従にまで門下の列に加えている。<BR> なかでも流派念流の結社としての勢力を誇示したのが有名神社の社前において秘剣を披露し、師匠以下門人名を列記した大額を奉納する儀礼であった。上野四社から江戸神田明神・浅草寺、鎌倉八幡、伊勢外宮・内宮、遠く讃岐金刀比羅宮にまで足を運び、大枚を投じ奉額している。<BR> このような現象は念流だけではなかった。千葉・斎藤・桃井の江戸三大道場と謳われた民間剣術流派の盛業に顕著のように、幕藩領主に囲い込まれ、正統とされた剣術が衰退し、民間の剣術がこれに代わって勃興していったことと軌を一にしたものであった。いわば幕藩秩序そのままの武士が独占する伝統守旧の剣術から民間の活性化された在村剣術が掘り起こされて、身分制度の枠を打破して、武芸として百姓町人までが入門、習練する時代が到来したのである。まさに戦国乱世の殺人剣から幕藩領主の子飼いの指南の剣術を経て、新たに自衛のため、修行のための武芸に生まれ変わろうとしていた。もちろん武芸の大流行は、念流が江戸から勢力拡大を図る北辰一刀流千葉周作と伊香保神社掲額をめぐって一髪触発のところまでいったように、諸流派の競合・対立を引き起こすことも多々あった。しかし、大勢は総じて流派間の共存と連携を深めていったことの方が事実である。幕府法令からは民間の帯刀、剣術は厳禁されているが、時代の武芸熱は冷めるどころか高揚し、諸流派を渡り歩く武者修行の旅が一般化していく。これを可能にしたのが諸流派間を結び、連携する一種のネットワークの形成であったように思う。そこには支配秩序に直結する武士のみならず姓名、諱まで名乗る武士風体の百姓・町人が多く含まれ、身分制度の壁を越えた一大武芸の文化ネットワークが広がっていた。<BR> 剣術、武芸の歴史といえば、権力争奪に絡む殺伐とした合戦、暗殺、仇討ち、テロといった殺人剣を類推する向きが多いが、平和の時代を背景に自己鍛錬の武芸として定着していったことを見落としてはならない。近代剣道に転換する素地はつくられていたのである。

著者

綿貫 慶徳

出版者

スポーツ史学会

雑誌

スポーツ史研究 (ISSN:09151273)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, pp.39-53, 2001

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The purpose of this study is to clarify how baseball events sponsored by newspaper companies have changed as way of sales promotion to aim at the course from amateur baseball events sponsored by Osaka-Asahi, Osaka-Mainichi to professional baseball events sponsored by Yomiuri. This study gives the following findings. 1.By Taisho age(1912〜1926), the terms for holding baseball event, for example, the spread and progress of baseball, commercialization of the press, appearence of mass society, progress of railroad line development projected by railway corporations, were prepared. 2.Osaka-Asahi and Osaka-Mainichi held amateur baseball events each other with same idea that was Ichiko-baseball thinking much of winning spiritualism and collective principle.But when each company concentrated on sales promotion harder and harder, that was reflected in their amateur baseball events and it became more and more difficult for each company to embody Ichiko-baseball.And the situation made a foundation to realize professional baseball. 3.In 1924, Matsutaro Shoriki took president′s post with Yomiuri.Shoriki made Yomiuri rapid progress with business strategy that integrate event news sales and advertisemennt.Shoriki made an effort to establish not only Tokyo Giants but Professional Baseball League.This business strategy was demonstrated by baseball events especially.So it is not too much to say that professional baseball was like a Yomiuri′s possession.Yomiuri also held professional baseball events to embody Ichiko-baseball.Though Osaka-Asahi and Osaka-Mainichi had Ichiko-baseball ideal, finally they held professional baseball events in 1937.as mentioned above, I could clarify that newspaper companies have held baseball events for sales promotion.

著者

楠戸 一彦

出版者

スポーツ史学会

雑誌

スポーツ史研究 (ISSN:09151273)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.22, pp.41-44, 2009-03-15 (Released:2017-03-18)

著者

松井 良明

出版者

スポーツ史学会

雑誌

スポーツ史研究 (ISSN:09151273)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.10, pp.107-112, 1997-03-31 (Released:2017-03-18)

著者

稲垣 正浩

出版者

スポーツ史学会

雑誌

スポーツ史研究 (ISSN:09151273)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.10, pp.23-40, 1997-03-31 (Released:2017-03-18)

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"Kulturgeschichte des Tennis":the masterpiece of H.Gillmeister is becoming the focus of public attention as a writing which reforms the history study of tennis until now. Especially, the hypotheses by H.Gillmeister which disprove the established theory thus far thought to bring a big dispute in future. However, I had a great doubts in parts in the argument about origin of "Tennisspiel" which was presented by H.Gillmeister. H.Gillmeister says that the "Tennisspiel" which established in monastery, namely Je de Paume, have no relationship with the old "Handballspiel" up to that time. I think they are however greatly related. Above all, I think the "Pelotaspiel" of Basque is the prior form of Je de Paume. Therefore, I pointed out the contradiction in the hypothesis by H.Gillmeister, and developed my own opinion which take the place of them in main subject. As the result, I clarify that the origin of "Pelotaspiel" is much older than Je de Paume, and the Je de Paume was "designed" by following the procedures of "Christian rationalization" of "Pelotaspiel". The grounds are as follows. (1)"Pelotaspiel" can seek its origin in the sun belief of Basque race, (2)"Pelotaspiel" was effective as a training for pebble fight, (3)many young men of Basque were training in the monastery aiming at churchman, (4)Je de Paume is the one which eliminate "pagan property" of "Pelotaspiel" in monastery and alter to a completely new form of ballgame, (5)Joust and football were the hints at that stage. Further, the hypothesis, supporting evidence, and reasoning stated above are wanting in "conclusive factor" as materials for study, therefore, to pile up further dispute is needed. Also I expect it.

著者

藤川 隆男 高木 勇夫 小澤 英二 井上 邦子 坂上 康博

出版者

スポーツ史学会

雑誌

スポーツ史研究 (ISSN:09151273)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.23, pp.55-82, 2010-03-31 (Released:2017-03-18)

著者

頼住 一昭

出版者

スポーツ史学会

雑誌

スポーツ史研究 (ISSN:09151273)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, pp.1-10, 2002-03-08 (Released:2017-03-18)

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Erwin Balz (b.1849-d.1913) came to Japan in 1876 as a foreign employee for the medical department of the University of Tokyo, and spent 29 long years building the foundation of modern medicine in Japan. As such, he paid great attention to the physical strength of young people at that time. In order to improve their strength, he emphasized the importance of kenjutsu and jujutsu training, and highly recommended them. There has been other research on Balz and his interest in kenjutsu and jujutsu. But those are on the fact that he was a member of the committee that conducted the "Kenjutsu-Jujutsu-Chosa" (Survey of Kenjutsu and Jujutsu) in 1883 and what he had to do with kenjutsu, jujutsu, and physical education theory after the survey. Because of this, the details of his involvement with kenjutsu and jujutsu before the "Kenjutsu-Jujutsu-Chosa" have not been made clear. This paper makes an examination into Balz who had a hand in the "Kenjutsu-Jujutsu-Chosa" and was also a foreigner, interacted with in deepening his understanding of kenjutsu and jujutsu. What I have found is that, while it has been argued that the first people to have had a significant influence on Balz, with regard to his thoughts on kenjutsu and jujutsu and his promotion of them, are kenkichi SAKAKIBARA and Jigoro KANO (famous masters of bujutsu [budo] at that time), it can be assumed that their influence became pertinent with regard to kenjutsu after he entered the Sakakibara school for kenjutsu training in April 1883. On the other hand, for jujutsu, we can also consider the years 1878 to 1883, when Balz's companion, Kinnosuke MIURA, who was currently studying Tenjinshinyoryu and was a student of the preparatory department, acted as Balz's interpreter. Miura would have been the first person to offer Balz an understanding of jujutsu, as well as an important person in his life. I think that the role he played as one of the people to have influenced Balz's thinking should be re-evaluated.

著者

菅井 京子

出版者

スポーツ史学会

雑誌

スポーツ史研究 (ISSN:09151273)

巻号頁・発行日

no.27, pp.31-41, 2014

著者

菅井 京子

出版者

スポーツ史学会

雑誌

スポーツ史研究 (ISSN:09151273)

巻号頁・発行日

no.25, pp.1-15, 2012-03-31