著者

卯田 強

出版者

北東アジア学会

雑誌

環日本海研究 (ISSN:13430300)

巻号頁・発行日

no.9, pp.51-59, 2003-10-01

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Japan was attacked two times by the Mongols during the Kamakura period; the first was the battle of Bun-ei in 1274 and the second was that of Koan in 1281. It was an article of faith that Japan was the god-blessed land because the Kamikaze, a windstorm raged by God, warded off the Mongolian invaders in these times. Documentary records on the battle of Bun-ei are alternative; some of them was described stories such as the Mongolian troops being caught by a windstorm at the night in Oct. 20 in 1274, or another as they withdrew strategically from Japan. A meteorological study on the probability of a strike of a typhoon at both time of battles is made in this paper. According to the record by the Japan Meteorological Agency, typhoons hardly ever strike the Japanese Islands and a stable weather is continued in the latest autumn such as the time of battle of Bunei. Moreover, a temperate cyclone, which has appeared to the southeastern terrestrial part of China or Eastern China Sea, is still underdeveloped when it has arrived at the northern Kyushu region and it could accompany with not windstorm but much rain. The present provides a key to find a clue of the past and present climatical condition would have unchanged during the last century. It is, consequently, difficult to conclude that the Mongols disappeared from the Hakata bay due to some meteorological phenomenon at the time of battle of Bun-ei. However, it is definite that a big typhoon made land fall on the northern Kyushu region at the time of battle of Koan judging from not only all documentary records but the circumstance estimated meteorologically. Almost of Mongolian battle ships were destroyed and sank into the Sea of Genkai-nada. This typhoon should be considered to move northward along the eastern coast of Kyushu, across Chugoku, and through into Japan Sea at the early morning of Aug.17 in 1281. Due to the strategic imperative of sending 130,000 troops across the Eastern Chine Sea, Momgolians can be considered to have had the requisite knowledge about damage that can be caused by severe weather in the typhoon season. Nevertheless, why they meet a typhoon? No speculation which goes around regarding this problem, of course, is eliminated. It is my opinion that they had no way of knowing the fact that a typhoon season shifted earlier from the late September to the middle August during the latest 13C.

著者

本間 義治

出版者

北東アジア学会

雑誌

環日本海研究 (ISSN:13430300)

巻号頁・発行日

no.11, pp.126-127, 2005-10-01

著者

小松 寛

出版者

北東アジア学会

雑誌

北東アジア地域研究 (ISSN:1882692X)

巻号頁・発行日

no.15, pp.51-64, 2009-10-01

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The aim of this essay is to consider the impact of Japanese intellectual thought on the "anti-reversion debate" in Okinawa. The anti-reversion debate not only opposed the reversion of Okinawa to Japan, but also rejected the idea of Okinawan independence. This is because the anti-reversion debate was an ideological endeavor that refused a state model based on national identity. The essay proceeds by analyzing two strains of thought considered to have exerted substantial influence on the anti-reversion debate: Shimao Toshio's `Yaponesia' writings, and Japanese anarchism of the 1960s. I discuss how these influences from mainland Japan were actually received, in particular by Arakawa Akira, commonly regarded to be the central figure of the anti-reversion debate. Finally, I show how these two ideologies influenced the anti-reversion debate, concluding that while Shimao's Yaponesia writings provided a positive appraisal of national identity, anarchism contributed to a rejection of the state. Furthermore, I highlight the potential value of considering the anti-reversion debate in future discussions on Northeast Asia.

著者

金,泰虎

出版者

北東アジア学会

雑誌

北東アジア地域研究

巻号頁・発行日

no.14, 2008-10-01

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The functional peculiarity of chopsticks and sets of chopsticks and spoons in Japan and Korea shows in the fact that it is hard to eat soup or juicy food with chopsticks, while a spoon is suitable for such dishes. Japanese use only chopsticks through the whole meal, but in Korea chopsticks and spoons are used according to the dish, the spoon playing the main role. Japanese and Korean cutlery has influenced the tableware, the low dining table and the food, making the best out of the particular advantages and making up for the shortcomings of the cutlery. Teacups and wooden bowls in Japan are pointed at the bottom, and are therefore easy to pick up: they tend to be lifted when used. Especially the bowls are produced of wooden material, which makes them easy to lift even when containing hot liquids. Furthermore, vessels tend to be small: small plates and serving plates were developed. It can be said that the characteristics of chopsticks have influenced these kinds of tableware. In Korea, on the other hand, teacups and bowls are wide at the bottom and hard to pick up, and the vessels are big and made of metal. Therefore one can only eat with the tableware left on low dining table. Moreover, big plates for common use were developed showing the influence of the spoon on the tableware. Furthermore, cutlery also influenced Japanese small individual plates and Korean small plates and low dining tables. Because Japanese eat food lifting their plates, it becomes very cramped if the right distance to the mouth is not kept. The Koreans eat from small plates resting on low dining tables and therefore have to make an effort not to drop any food while eating. That is the reason why the rim of Japanese small individual plates are low and the rim of small Korean plates are higher than Japanese ones. Japanese and Korean foods also reflect the functional characteristics of cutlery. Complying to the peculiarity of chopsticks, Japanese avoid soups and juicy foods which cannot be eaten with them. In Korea, on the other hand, due to the usage possibilities of the spoon, many kinds of soups were developed. Therefore one can say that the cutlery in Japan and in Korea has affected the tableware, the tables and the food. These changes, caused by complying to the peculiarities of the cutlery, effectively promote the enjoyment of meals in an efficient and neat way without wasting any food.

著者

大島 美穂

出版者

北東アジア学会

雑誌

環日本海研究 (ISSN:13430300)

巻号頁・発行日

no.4, pp.15-27, 1998-10-25

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In this paper I study three levels of actors in Baltic Sea cooperation, that is to say, international organization such as the EU, the central governments, and the local administrations, focusing on environmental problems. In Baltic Sea cooperation, which is a pioneer case of sub-regional cooperation, these three actors are in the same direction and are interdependent. This structual tendency of Baltic Sea cooperation is different from that of Japan Sea cooperation. The reason is that in Baltic Sea those three actors have the common interests in cooperation especially of environmental problems. But at the same time the cooperational system in Baltic Sea is not always top-down and the three levels are sometimes entangled in each other on environmetal issues. These animations of the trans-national activities reflects the European situation after the Cold War, but it also shows the essence of environmental problems, in which it is difficult to draw the lines among international organizations, the central governments and the local administrations. And there local administrations are in a way of grasping the regional situation and making an effective proposals, which may get over the national boundary.

著者

縄倉 晶雄

出版者

北東アジア学会

雑誌

北東アジア地域研究 (ISSN:1882692X)

巻号頁・発行日

no.20, pp.1-16, 2014

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This paper analyzes how South Korea's pro-environmental policies in the 1990s worked on its bi-polarized rural communities. In the 1980s, South Korea's government pursued mechanization of agricultural works and extension of farmlands per family. While these measures succeeded in the improvement of agricultural performance nationwide, they were criticized to worsen income inequality among farmers and distort rural communities. In the 1990s, the government attempted pro-environmental agriculture with (1) organic farming, (2) direct payment to peasants and local groups of farmers, and (3) green tourism. The government aimed that farmers revitalize their local communities in the process of these measures. Despite the introduction of pro-environmental policies, however, Korea's rural communities were remained unequal and distorted. Because the introduction of new farming technology was complicated for less-educated peasants, the inequality among farmers sustained. And, more importantly, because the government's policies were void of concrete and exact steps of decreasing inequality and forming cooperation among farmers, the farmers had poor incentives to cooperate with their local neighbors.

著者

轟,博志

出版者

北東アジア学会

雑誌

北東アジア地域研究

巻号頁・発行日

no.18, 2012-10-01

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Korean road transportation system in Joseon dynasty had been described by many topography books published between 18^<th> to 20^<th> centuries. There are several lines of trunk roads called 'Daero' all started from Seoul (Hang Sung), capital city, to all over the peninsula where country border to China, Japan and Manchuria, or special interests such as militarily important places, royal tomb, national archive, had located. However, trunk road networks were different in detail by each topography since there was no official definition by central government. They controlled land transportation not by existing lines but postal stations distributed in each region. Therefore, authors of these topographies had to develop and improve trunk line network by themselves. The number of trunk line is 5 to 10 depends on topographies. There were common route for all books so-called '6 Daero,' which build national framework for land transport. Then some topographies added 0 to 4 extra lines which looked relatively less important as trunk route, but still important for specific purposes. Most sections of these lines were straight shape like Roman Road as a reflection of absolutism of central power and geopolitical reason around this peninsula, even if avoiding major cities along the line.

著者

文 聖姫

出版者

北東アジア学会

雑誌

北東アジア地域研究 (ISSN:1882692X)

巻号頁・発行日

no.19, pp.79-95, 2013

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This paper focuses on the special economic zone policy of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea), in particular its revitalization after 2009. Kirn Jong-il, the former leader of North Korea, visited Rason, the special economic zone, at the end of 2009. Since that time, North Korea's special economic zone policy has been revitalized. The question is, why has North Korea revitalized this policy? This paper first focuses on the background of North Korea's special economic zone policy. Kim Jong-il wanted to establish 'an economically strong country to be inherited by his successor, Kim Jong-un. This paper also focuses on changes in the special economic zone policy. The biggest feature of the special economic zone in recent years is China's cooperation in development and management. In 2011, North Korea and China agreed to jointly develop Rason and Hwanggumpyong. It is the conclusion of this author that North Korea will establish an economically strong country with foreign capital obtained in the special economic zone. Therefore, developing the special economic zone is a very important point to establishing Kangsung (strong and prosperous) country which North Korea considers as a target.

著者

松本 邦彦

出版者

北東アジア学会

雑誌

北東アジア地域研究 (ISSN:1882692X)

巻号頁・発行日

no.18, pp.23-34, 2012

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In recent Japan, "multicultural community building" has become an official ideology. For instance, the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications has created a promotion plan for multicultural community building and has been promoting such policy practices to all local government entities. On the other hand, starting from "Hate Korea Wave, A Comic (Manga Kenkanryu)," there are louder voices who insist on xenophobia against Korean living in Japan. This paper focuses on the recognition of the history of Japan's colonial occupation in which anti-Korean arguments are based in order to analyze Japanese policies on multicultural community building. The study has led to the following conclusion: In Japan, multicultural community building has been promoted by ignoring the issues of the recognition of history. As foreign workers increase in Japan, xenophobia such as the "Hate Korea" movement will be a threat to such multicultural community building policy practices. People who are attracted to the "Hate Korea Wave" support the concept of Japan's colonial occupation on the ground of a theory of self-responsibility.

著者

縄倉 晶雄

出版者

北東アジア学会

雑誌

北東アジア地域研究 (ISSN:1882692X)

巻号頁・発行日

no.19, pp.21-34, 2013-06-30

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Though there have been many studies on Saemaul Undong, a government-led campaign on rural development in 1970s' Korea, almost of them have focused on its economic. Meanwhile, few studies have argued the social changes of the rural areas under Saemaul Undong. In addition, studies which focus on rural policies in the 1970s Korea other than Saemaul Undong have also been rare. This study reviews how Saemaul Undong and the rural financial policies in 1970s Korea worked on the country's informal rural finance based on local communities. The official discourses of Saemaul Undong insisted the empowerment of local communities in rural areas. If it was implemented correctly by the government, seen from the perspective of the framework of social capital, the rural residents' interests gained from their communities are thought to be increased. However, this study reveals that the rural residents' financial interests from their local communities were decreased by the policies. Though the rural residents had accessed the opportunities of moneymaking through their local communities until the beginning of Saemaul Undong and rural financial policies related to it in 1970, the policies decreased the opportunities through the reduction of financial interest rate implemented in the name of 'financial modernization.

著者

金 光林

出版者

北東アジア学会

雑誌

環日本海研究 (ISSN:13430300)

巻号頁・発行日

no.11, pp.156-159, 2005-10-01