著者

岡田 千あき

出版者

国際開発学会

雑誌

国際開発研究 (ISSN:13423045)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.31, no.2, pp.3-16, 2022 (Released:2022-12-29)

参考文献数

53

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The concept of Sport for Development Peace(SDP) was developed in the late 20th century. In Japan, the discussion about SDP and the contribution of sports to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) began along with the bidding for the 2020 Tokyo Olympic and Paralympic Games. Additionally, sport as a tool has been expected widely, which are also regarded as one of the important components of the Olympic legacy.However, in the development sector, consideration about the connection/integration of development and sport has not been enough. Although the development sector has fruitful experience and logic at both the policy and practical levels, they are not reflected enough in the SDP, and sport has just been introduced without any discussion on the disadvantage of sport as a tool. Although SDP was promoted with the positive image of sports in terms of health, cost-effectiveness, and equal competition, and because it is thriving internationally, I am concerned that it will rapidly recede in the aftermath of the Tokyo 2020 Games.In order to avoid such a situation, it is necessary to take this opportunity, one year after the ending of the Tokyo 2020 Games, to reexamine the relationship between sports and development/peace. In order to bring SDP into focus in the development sector, the purpose of this study is to summarize the international trends surrounding SDP in recent years, and to identify some key points for the future discussion.

著者

山下 明博

出版者

国際開発学会

雑誌

国際開発研究 (ISSN:13423045)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.9, no.1, pp.115-128, 2000-06-10 (Released:2020-03-28)

参考文献数

21

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The majority of all ethnic Lao live in northeastern Thailand and their mother tongue is the Lao language. But Thai government prohibited the usage of the name “Lao” and forced to call the Lao language as the Isan language and ethnic Lao as Isan.This study discusses young Lao's linguistic recognition about the Thai language, the Isan language and the Lao language. In 1999, I conducted a survey of young Lao's linguistic recognition on 438 college students in the northeastern Thailand.In this study, I propose the idea of “distance between two languages” to analize the difference of languages. I also apply this idea to three languages used in the northeastern Thailand, that is, the Thai language, the Isan language and the Lao language.The conclusion is that young Lao regard the distance between the Thai language and the Isan language as the inbetween of the same language and different languages. They also regard the distance between the Isan language and the Lao language as the inbetween of the same language and different languages. And they regard the Thai language and the Lao language are different languages.I also came to the conclusion that which language each ethnic group use depends on the difference of the status they are in the northeastern Thailand. Lao is bilingual of the Thai language and the Lao language, and under the state of diglossia. Khmer is trilingual of the Khmer language, the Thai language and the Lao language. Khorat is bilingual of the Khorat language and Thai language.

著者

山田 肖子

出版者

国際開発学会

雑誌

国際開発研究 (ISSN:13423045)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.25, no.1-2, pp.17-33, 2016-11-15 (Released:2019-09-27)

参考文献数

31

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Based on the analysis of the discourse in the process of consensus building toward a post-2015 education agenda, this paper will examine if commonly accepted notion of “global governance” represents the reality or is in need of revision.The paper examines the interplay among actors who took part in the discourse via different channels of global governance, including both formal and informal channels. Most of the forums and entities established as part of the global governance structure are composed of representatives from UN or UNESCO member states, civil society organizations (CSOs), and UN agencies. However, each of these categories has diverse constituent groups; representing these groups is not as straightforward a task as the governance structure seems to assume. Therefore, based on interviews and qualitative text analysis, this paper will introduce major groups of actors and their major issues of concern, decision-making structure, mode of communication, and relationship with other actors. Then, based on an understanding of the characteristics of the various channels and actors, it will present the structural issues which determined the nature of discourse and the educational issues that emerged as the shared concerns of the “education community”.What was the post-2015 discourse for the so-called education community, which in itself has an ambiguous and virtual existence? The key words post-2015 and post-EFA provide us with an opportunity to untangle how shared norms and codes of conduct were socially constructed in the vertical and horizontal spaces of discourse at the global, regional, and national levels.Given that the most of such processes toward constructing the norms and decision-making framework happened outside of the formal United Nations-led mechanism, the paper argues that the global governance theories based on the relationships between states and their representative “international bodies” are losing relevance to the global dynamics of consensus building.

著者

山田 肖子 大塲 麻代 汪 牧耘 會田 剛史 福林 良典 佐藤 仁 高田 潤一 島田 剛

出版者

国際開発学会

雑誌

国際開発研究 (ISSN:13423045)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, no.1, pp.75-89, 2021-06-30 (Released:2021-07-27)

参考文献数

13

著者

島田 剛

出版者

国際開発学会

雑誌

国際開発研究 (ISSN:13423045)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.2, pp.1-11, 2018

著者

島田 剛

出版者

国際開発学会

雑誌

国際開発研究 (ISSN:13423045)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.2, pp.69-84, 2018

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<p>This study examines Japan's experience as a recipient of the United States'aid for productivity improvement after World War II. Three points were identified as a result of the research. First, the US assistance was extremely strategic and large-scale. The goal of the US aid was to exclude the Soviet influence over Japan's labor unions because the labor unions were considered sympathetic to the Soviet Union during the cold war. The aid was implemented on an extremely large scale, including the acceptance of 3,986 Japanese trainees into the United States over seven years. Second, prior to the aid, labor-management relations in Japan were adversarial, but while Japan was accepting aid from the US, leaders of opposition labor unions were also invited to visit the United States. The aid gradually changed labor-management relations from conflictive to constructive. In other words, while working on improving productivity, collaborative labor-management relations were developed in Japan, which suggests that <i>Kaizen</i> can be implemented in other countries. Third, it was the private sector that played a central role in receiving aid from the United States, not the Japanese government. Instead, the government provided supplemental support for the active movement of the private sector, very likely an ideal industrial policy. It is also worth noting that while half the budget (132 million yen in half a year) was borne by Japan in accepting the aid, the majority of the budget was borne by the private sector. In other words, the commitment of the private sector was very high.</p>

著者

加朱 将也

出版者

国際開発学会

雑誌

国際開発研究 (ISSN:13423045)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, no.1, pp.91-106, 2021-06-30 (Released:2021-07-27)

参考文献数

34

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This work studies the role of aid in promoting a sense of self-reliance among refugees and thus reducing the burden on asylum countries. It is thought that asylum countries' increasing acceptance of refugees can increase the number of refugee-related demands. In the case of refugee camp, sports activities have been used to promote life skills education and self-reliance among refugee youth. Recent research about development through sports indicates that aid through sport typically does not include ways to continue the program itself or involve implementers on the field to activities that are the donor countries' responsibility. Therefore, refugees, who are the main stakeholders, cannot subjectively engage in educational activities through sport. Thus, it is possible that aid is not helping to promote self-reliance among refugees.This paper aims to clarify signification of educational support on refugee camp by Community Based Participatory Research (CBPR).The study took place from January to March 2016 in the Zaatari Refugee Camp in Jordan, and involved Syrian volunteers who are refugees, Jordanian staffs working in refugee camp, and refugee youths, all of whom used CBPR to implement education activities through sport activities organized by a non-governmental organization. We comprehensively analyzed the whole CBPR process.When I did that: Even though the members of CBPR recognized the issues in the refugee camp, they could not approach and try to solve the issues because they were pursued by assistance agency at the beginning of CBPR. The activities that have a long-term vision, such as training implementers, are not performed sufficiently. This does not promote refugees' self-reliant behavior, which enable them to analyze local issues and take action even while being extremely vulnerable. However, the members were able to use grassroots methods to implement education activities with a sense of ownership through CBPR, such as sharing education and youth related issues. Consequently, Syrian volunteer revealed that the sports event, which was organized by the assistance agency, was creating an opportunity for violence and inequality in the refugee camp. and suggested that the significance of using safe sports, using new sports, and working with local adults to solve these issues.This study shows that the perspective of participatory development such as CBPR is also needed in SDP. CBPR can create a conductive environment for such a process. It also makes it possible to train staff who can use sports as an effective education tool local, and develop and continue education aid, which contributes towards fostering a sense of independence and ownership in refugees.The implications of this study will help to promote strategies to use sports to develop educational activities on refugee camp. The field of SDP is a field of sports instruction and assistance with a mechanism of top and down. The participatory perspective was born under a democratic state. Therefore to consider How is the CBPR, which emphasize equal relationship of people involved, adapt the field of sport instruction or assistance which has hierarchy system, will be a future issue.

著者

羅 方舟 澤村 信英

出版者

国際開発学会

雑誌

国際開発研究 (ISSN:13423045)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, no.1, pp.147-163, 2021-06-30 (Released:2021-07-27)

参考文献数

45

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The number of students from Africa to China has been increasing rapidly, but there is a lack of study discussing their motivations and experiences in relation to this kind of student mobility, which is different from traditional models. The purpose of this study is to examine the motivations and experiences of African students in China by focusing on students' individual backgrounds, and discussing the reasons why China attracts African students. A case study was conducted at Xiamen University, a national university in Southeastern China, using semi-structured interviews with 12 students from Ghana, Nigeria, Tanzania, Zambia, and Rwanda.The results showed four types of motivation. For the first type, “second chance,” students see China as a more viable alternative to studying in Western countries. As there is little chance to gain scholarships in the latter, they eventually choose to go to China. The second type, “career enhancement,” refers to those who have work experience and are seeking to develop their careers through the acquisition of higher degrees in China. The third type, “language, culture and city interest,” refers to those who are interested in learning the Chinese language and culture, and the living environment in Chinese cities. For the last type, “family strategy,” the decision to study in China is part of a family plan to develop the family business.African students have positive and negative experiences in China. Positive experiences include the acquisition of cross-cultural understanding, the improvement of language skills and an increase in academic knowledge. Moreover, they appreciate the quality of education at Xiamen University and the speed of economic and social development in China. On the other hand, they encounter problems such as discrimination from Chinese people, and gaining access to internships and employment in China remains a challenge.English programs attract African students proficient in English, which contributes to student mobility from Africa to China. Also, various scholarship policies implemented by the Chinese government are an important incentive. Furthermore, deepening economic relationships between China and Africa are promoting students' career development. Finally, African students who gain positive experiences are willing to recommend their families and friends to study in China.

著者

藍澤 淑雄

出版者

国際開発学会

雑誌

国際開発研究 (ISSN:13423045)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.18, no.2, pp.167-180, 2009-11-15 (Released:2020-01-29)

参考文献数

25

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Past experiences in the field of international development tell us that participatory development does not always yield sustainable community development, despite efforts to foster people's initiatives. Situations in which a community does not sustain its development activities autonomously are not uncommon. A fundamental cause of this could be perceptional gaps between the interveners and the intervened. In fact, the concepts of participatory development itself have been historically constructed by the interveners, who are usually out of touch with community life. In this sense, the idea of participatory development has been based on the essentialism of the interveners.This article tries to clarify the perceptional gap between the interveners and the intervened by examining the relation between autonomous and heteronomous natures and participatory approaches. To examine this relation, the article seeks to verify the following two hypotheses. 1) In a community, autonomous and heteronomous natures inhere concurrently. 2) A participatory approach has an influence over autonomous and heteronomous natures of a community. These hypotheses are verified through a case study of a Tanzanian community.The article refers to the social theories of Niklas Luhmann to define the autonomous and heteronomous natures of a community. The main reason for referring to the social theories is that the level of analysis in those theories is that of society and people, so the article automatically clarifies the nature of community by referring to the social theories and thus is able to analyze the community while ignoring the essentialism of the interveners.

著者

加藤 真紀

出版者

国際開発学会

雑誌

国際開発研究 (ISSN:13423045)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.22, no.2, pp.41-54, 2013-11-15 (Released:2019-09-27)

参考文献数

38

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International migration of highly skilled individuals has been increasing in recent years, similar to the growth in investment in higher education worldwide, and the tendency of countries receiving highly skilled migrants to provide them with preferential treatment. Recent studies on international migration use decent data to produce evidence-based analysis and made major contributions to the field. However, most studies analyzed the situation of researchers primarily in Europe, the United States, or Japan. In contrast, this study targets the younger generation mainly of Asian origin, and investigates factors related to the return migration of international doctoral students who graduated from Japanese universities in 2002-2006. In this study, the results of the empirical analysis indicate that factors influencing return migration of international students after completing their doctoral programs in Japan include stable employment subsequent to their return to their countries of origin and their period of stay in Japan. Having job stability, such as a tenured position at a university, and shorter periods of stay, such as the time required to complete a doctoral program, are major influencing factors of return migration. These findings are similar to the results found in previous studies that target researchers living in developed countries. Although job stability is a common factor for migrants to return to their countries of origin, period of stay in Japan depends on the country of origin. Students of African or Asian origin except those from China and Korea tend to return to their countries of origin, while those from other countries do not. Because factors vary depending on the student's country of origin, future studies need to take this point into consideration. The results indicate that doctoral degree holders have a greater tendency to return to their countries of origin compared with those without such degrees. These results should be interpreted carefully because it could be due to financial reasons or Japan's unique doctoral program system.

著者

黒澤 啓

出版者

国際開発学会

雑誌

国際開発研究 (ISSN:13423045)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.2, pp.123-138, 2018-11-30 (Released:2019-04-04)

参考文献数

48

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The importance of development cooperation for addressing refugee issues has been recognized since 1970s, in order to reduce burdens on refugee hosting communities in developing countries. The international community has therefore made efforts to promote durable solutions by strengthening collaboration of humanitarian assistance and development cooperation by launching various policies and initiatives.The purpose of this paper is to analyze outcomes and problems of previous efforts, to identify constraints and roles of development cooperation and to clarify current situation and challenges of the collaboration of humanitarian assistance and development cooperation for solutions of refugee issues.Although development cooperation for the refugees has various constraints, it plays important roles through the following points:- Improvement of livelihoods of refugees, strengthening of resilience of hosting communities, and reintegration of returnees,- Provision of rights defined by the 1951 Refugee Convention to refugees,- Responding to positive and negative impacts of refugees,- Support of self-reliance which is the basis for durable solutions, and- Influence of development agencies on recipient governments.It is expected that collaboration of humanitarian assistance and development cooperation for refugee issues will become increasingly important with adoption of the Global Compact on Refugees (GCR). It is therefore necessary for development agencies to further mainstream refugee issues in development cooperation, by taking into consideration the viewpoints of the support of SDGs and peacebuilding as well as by making efforts to mobilize additional resources.

著者

下村 恭民

出版者

国際開発学会

雑誌

国際開発研究 (ISSN:13423045)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.23, no.1, pp.117-131, 2014-06-15 (Released:2019-09-27)

参考文献数

62

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The objective of this article is to give a fresh insight into the origin of Japan's aid. More specifically, it attempts to analyze why Japan intended to start aid giving in the early post-war era, in spite of its devastated economy and very low per capita GNP, which was much lower than Malaya. While existing literatures argue that Japan's aid began out of joining the Colombo Plan or war reparations, this article stresses the role of widely shared policy thinking as the engine of the pursuit of aid giving; the policy makers in those days put emphasis on trade and development cooperation with South East Asia. The article attempts to explore the reason why this policy thinking was prevalent among the policy makers in those days, using Avner Greif's theory of comparative and historical institutional analysis. It was found that the widely shared cognition model was closely related to their experiences during the war era. The emphasis on the trade with South East Asia was inherited from the past, as the natural resources of South East Asia was crucial in the war era; a typical case of path dependence is observed. On the other hand, the idea of development cooperation, paying due attention to job creation and raising living standard was new, as the war-time policy objective had been narrowly scoped and concentrated on securing resources. The article confirms that a lot of policy makers had regarded it neither advisable nor sustainable, and they introduced a new approach when they got the drivers' seets; this is the case of Greif's endogenous institutional change. The case of Japan implies that the motive of a new donor is embedded in their own socio-economic system.

著者

杉田 映理

出版者

国際開発学会

雑誌

国際開発研究 (ISSN:13423045)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.2, pp.1-17, 2019

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<p>Menstruation, which at first seem to be a private matter of girls and women, has become a part of the global agenda in international development. The issue even has a label "menstrual hygiene management (MHM)" and is involving various stakeholders. The objective of this special issue is to capture the development of MHM assistance, and illustrate the local realities from four different areas based on fieldwork. The cases focus on schools and adolescent school girls in Cambodia, Papua New Guinea, Indonesia, and Nicaragua. Japanese anthropologists, who have worked in each respective country for decades as researchers, and some as practitioners as well, are reporting each case within its local context. By comparing the four cases, it reveals how different (yet in some aspects how similar) the situations are and how important it is to understand each local context when a global recipe is applied to an area.</p><p>In this first paper here below, I will focus on outlining the recent development of MHM in the international society. After clarifying the multiple aspects of menstruation, I will explain the common definition of MHM used in international development and how MHM is considered significant to achieve various goals of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), namely Goals 3, 4, 5, 6, 8 and 12. Representative interventions that have been conducted are introduced to show the four categories of assistance. After a quick review of the research on menstruation and MHM, I will come back to the four case studies of this special issue to explain the position of these studies within the wider research framework.</p>

著者

島田 剛

出版者

国際開発学会

雑誌

国際開発研究 (ISSN:13423045)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.2, pp.1-11, 2018-11-30 (Released:2019-04-04)

参考文献数

44

著者

大野 泉

出版者

国際開発学会

雑誌

国際開発研究 (ISSN:13423045)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.1, pp.63-76, 2018-06-30 (Released:2019-06-14)

参考文献数

23

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This paper provides a practitioner's perspective of the significance and challenges of “The Ishikawa Project”(formally, “The Joint Vietnamese-Japanese Research Project: Study on the Economic Development Policy in the Transition toward a Market-Oriented Economy in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam”), based on the author's experience with the ongoing Japan-Ethiopia industrial policy dialogue (formally, “Policy Dialogue on Industrial Development in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia”). It also draws implications for Japanese intellectual cooperation from a comparative analysis of South Korea's Knowledge Sharing Program(KSP).Shigeru Ishikawa made valuable academic contributions to enhancing the theory of development economics and establishing a policy system for international development cooperation from a Japanese perspective. But, these are only part of his achievements. He should be also remembered as leader of “The Ishikawa Project” supported by the Japan International Cooperation Agency(JICA)during 1995-2001, especially for his effort to demonstrate a Japanese model of intellectual cooperation to developing countries.Inspired by “The Ishikawa Project,” JICA has become more engaged in development policy support to Asian countries. In Africa, bilateral industrial policy dialogue with Ethiopia has been conducted by JICA and the National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies(GRIPS)since 2009. It aims at sharing the East Asian development experiences with Ethiopian leaders and policymakers and providing intellectual inputs to their industrial policy formulation and implementation.In embarking the Japan-Ethiopia industrial policy dialogue, the GRIPS team consciously examined the significance and challenges of “The Ishikawa Project,” including the basic stance to be succeeded and the issues for further refinement. This paper clarifies these points and suggests the direction for enhancing Japanese intellectual cooperation. It is essential to maintain the basic stance of “The Ishikawa Project,” such as a perspective of long-term development, real-sector concern, and joint work. At the same time, it is important to give attention to a pioneering effort by the Japan-Ethiopia industrial policy dialogue to address the challenges of a patrimonial state in Africa and build the government's policy capability. The strengths and weaknesses of Japanese intellectual cooperation should be also studied to enhance its effectiveness.

著者

橋本 憲幸

出版者

国際開発学会

雑誌

国際開発研究 (ISSN:13423045)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.25, no.1-2, pp.89-97, 2016-11-15 (Released:2019-09-27)

参考文献数

33

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The purpose of this article is to set a theoretical reference point from the concept of education to relativize and reexamine global governance in educational development. There are two reasons why this theme to be tackled. First, it is because normative theory is needed in the field of international educational development. Theory has the role to make another value judgment on the outside of real politics. But in reality, in this field, indeed on global governance, theories and real politics are overlapped. Second, it is because the way to take global governance in international educational development does not adequately pay theoretical attention to education. Education is treated in the same manner as other international development fields. But education has its own essentials. Therefore, international educational development has to be argued on the basis of educational natures.Responding to the first point, global justice theories are normative, and we can apply it to global governance in educational development. Among other global justice theories, Martha Nussbaum's capabilities approach is deeply related to education. But her theory has not relativized, but already explained real global governance in educational development. So it cannot be used as a theoretical outside. In terms of the second point, education has at least two roles or functions: protection of human rights and socialization of children. If we stand at the later function, one of the educational essentials is sharply defined: those who determine and provide education are not the side of educand but the side of educator. We have already been and are always educational architecture for children. Indeed, global governance is a form of educational architecture. So we can say that education has one-wayness and asymmetricity as its original nature. Education has also irreversibility. We cannot erase what we once educated, turn back a clock before we educated, and live his/her life in place of the educand his/herself. Can we narrate education easily and proudly? Educational essentials require that we reflect the difficulty of education to narrate. This is a theoretical outside of international educational development.

著者

児玉 顕彦

出版者

国際開発学会

雑誌

国際開発研究 (ISSN:13423045)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.2, pp.41-53, 2018-11-30 (Released:2019-04-04)

参考文献数

29

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Small and medium enterprises (SME) development is regarded as an essential factor of industrial development, economic transformation, and then sustainable economic development. To promote SME development, JICA has frequently applied Kaizen in the projects, which helps enterprises to improve productivity and quality of their products. Cooperation on Kaizen started in Southeast Asia, where massive expansion of the Japanese manufacturing industry stimulated needs for quality and productivity upgrade of SMEs. In Latin America and Caribbean countries, cultural similarity enabled to realize regional cooperation by mobilizing core organizations such as the Centro de Capacitación en Produc-tividad y Calidad (CECAPRO) in Costa RIca, and the Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Industrial (INTI) in Argentina. Cooperation in Africa has started later than the other regions, but is now put more emphasis. Following the engagement done in Tokyo International Conference on African Development (TICAD) VI, JICA together with the New Partnership For Africa's Development (NEPAD) launched “Africa Kaizen Initiative” to accelerate promotion of Kaizen in the continent.From the lessons learned through the projects implemented, following points should be taken into account in order to promote and sustain Kaizen in developing countries. First, demand (SMEs), supply (Kaizen providers), and market mechanism of Kaizen service should be taken into account. Second, resources and networks all over the world should be effectively mobilized. Thirdly, promote Kaizen in broader concept, including management skills, for more comprehensive SME promotion. Further, topics like innovation and impact analysis are to be tackled, in order to shed light on mechanism of Kaizen.

著者

谷口 佳子 生江 明 野瀬 久美子

出版者

国際開発学会

雑誌

国際開発研究 (ISSN:13423045)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.3, pp.9-16, 1994-06

被引用文献数

1