著者

正木 響

出版者

国際開発学会

雑誌

国際開発研究 (ISSN:13423045)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.19, no.2, pp.101-118, 2010-11-15 (Released:2019-12-25)

参考文献数

43

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The CFA Franc was introduced to the formerly French-ruled African Countries in 1945, on the day previous to the French accession to IMF. There actually exist two totally different currencies called the CFA franc: The Communauté Financière d'Afrique Franc, which is shared among eight Western African countries and Coopération Financière en Afrique centrale Franc for six Central African countries. Each currency is issued and controlled by its own central bank and the value of both currencies is pegged to the French Franc (or the Euro since 2002) at the same rate.However, with the appreciation of the Euro, the appreciation of these two CFA Francs has become a problem of deep concern. Despite the fact that the Sub Saharan African countries had also faced to the same economic crisis since the 1980's, CFA Franc countries are thought to have had far more serious difficulty in adjusting their economies. In this paper, we first identify the institutions of the CFA Franc Zone as well as a range of problematic issues pointed out in empirical research. Second, we calculated the Real Effective Exchange Rates (REER) for those countries based on quarterly data from 1999 to 2006 and compared them with those of neighbor countries.Our results show that the REER of most CFA Franc countries did not appreciate because they had succeeded in keeping their price levels sufficiently low. However, most of their neighboring countries, which continued to devaluate their currencies due to instability of their economies were much more competitive. Since the financial crisis of the year 2008, the effect of the exchange rate systems on economic growth attracted the heightened attention. This paper shows some important issues when we will grapple with the development of the CFA Franc Zone Countries.

著者

島田 剛

出版者

国際開発学会

雑誌

国際開発研究 (ISSN:13423045)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.2, pp.69-84, 2018-11-30 (Released:2019-04-04)

参考文献数

26

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This study examines Japan's experience as a recipient of the United States'aid for productivity improvement after World War II. Three points were identified as a result of the research. First, the US assistance was extremely strategic and large-scale. The goal of the US aid was to exclude the Soviet influence over Japan's labor unions because the labor unions were considered sympathetic to the Soviet Union during the cold war. The aid was implemented on an extremely large scale, including the acceptance of 3,986 Japanese trainees into the United States over seven years. Second, prior to the aid, labor-management relations in Japan were adversarial, but while Japan was accepting aid from the US, leaders of opposition labor unions were also invited to visit the United States. The aid gradually changed labor-management relations from conflictive to constructive. In other words, while working on improving productivity, collaborative labor-management relations were developed in Japan, which suggests that Kaizen can be implemented in other countries. Third, it was the private sector that played a central role in receiving aid from the United States, not the Japanese government. Instead, the government provided supplemental support for the active movement of the private sector, very likely an ideal industrial policy. It is also worth noting that while half the budget (132 million yen in half a year) was borne by Japan in accepting the aid, the majority of the budget was borne by the private sector. In other words, the commitment of the private sector was very high.

著者

下村 恭民

出版者

国際開発学会

雑誌

国際開発研究 (ISSN:13423045)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, no.1, pp.17-32, 2021

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<p><i>The East Asian Miracle</i>, the World Bank's largest selling publication, is the outcome of the concerted operations of Japan's Ministry of Finance and the Overseas Economic Cooperation Fund (OECF) ; the objective was to urge the World Bank to make an in-depth study of the role of government in the East Asia's development achievements.</p><p> In the 1980s and the first half of the 1990s, structural adjustment was a dominant stream in international development circles. The prescription, or the Washington Consensus, was based on Neoclassical economics and shared by the US Treasury, the World Bank and the IMF. However, a group of government officials and academics in Japan were critical of market fundamentalism and"one size fits all" pattern of the structural adjustment policy packages. After a series of hot dispute, particularly on the financial sector reform in the Philippines, MOF and OECF made up their mind to challenge the orthodoxy. They presented a provocative paper to the annual meeting with the World Bank. Dani Rodrik described the confrontation"King Kong versus Godzilla."</p><p> In spite of"inelegance,"the OECF paper attracted considerable attention. Under the circumstance, the World Bank agreed to have a study of public policy in East Asia, with the Japanese funding.</p><p> <i>The</i><i> East Asian Miracle </i>report tried hard to conserve the World Bank's orthodoxy. It concluded that industrial policy, the most controversial subject, was"largely ineffective."However, it resorted to acknowledge extensive government activism, including directed credit, another controversial topic, and export promotion. In retrospect, <i>The East Asian Miracle </i>was the beginning of the decline of Washington consensus; afterwards in 2004, President Wolfensohn announced"The Washington consensus has been dead."</p><p> Japan's challenge to the development norm could furnish developing countries with useful hints, as they must express themselves under the inequal donor-recipient relationship.</p>

著者

平賀 緑 久野 秀二

出版者

国際開発学会

雑誌

国際開発研究 (ISSN:13423045)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.1, pp.19-37, 2019-06-30 (Released:2019-07-20)

参考文献数

100

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The half-century's effort to increase food supply has not solved the world food problems, and “Zero Hunger” remains to be the second goal of the Sustainable Development Goals. This paper aims to suggest a theoretical framework to analyze food and agriculture that are embedded in the capitalist world economy. It first reviews research trends of the capital appropriation of agriculture, agri-food business analysis, and the Food Regime frameworks, as well as the recent discussions on the financialisation of food and agriculture. Then, the paper discusses the historical case of Japan by positioning it in the Food Regime frameworks; how Japan's modern food system has developed along its capitalist development since the 19th century. It reveals the policy decisions of Japan's modern nation state and its effort to accumulate capital, together with large Japanese capital of Zaibatsu (the origins of some sogo-shosha), contributed to build modern industries of flour-milling, vegetable oil refining, and sugar manufacturing. As Japan opened its market in the middle of the 19th century, it began importing wheat flour, which had become a world commodity in the First Food Regime. Japan itself contributed to promote soy as a world commodity in the First Food Regime in the Asian context. Then, Japan established modern sugar industry based on its colonial crop in Taiwan. After WW2, these industries, together with sogo-shosha, incorporated Japan's food system into the US-centred agri-food complexes in the Second Food Regime. In the current Global Corporate Food Regime, Japan's sogo-shosha and large food-related companies have been expanding their business abroad, especially to the growing economies of Asia. In conclusion, the theoretical frameworks for the capitalist food system are necessary to analyze the world food issues, as our food and agriculture have been deeply embedded into the capitalist power relations.

著者

徳永 達己 武田 晋一

出版者

国際開発学会

雑誌

国際開発研究 (ISSN:13423045)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.26, no.2, pp.31-47, 2017-11-30 (Released:2019-09-27)

参考文献数

21

被引用文献数

1

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Since the late 1960s, Labour Based Technology (LBT) has attracted attention for its utilization in infrastructure construction in developing countries, a fact illustrated by research and pilot projects conducted by the World Bank (WB). Subsequently, LBT has gradually become more widespread in developing countries, and many LBT technical manuals and handbooks have been prepared by the International Labour Organization (ILO), other international institutions and government agencies in order to summarize successful LBT case studies. More recently, therefore, LBT is acknowledged as an effective development project for the community road access improvement.Accordingly, many developing countries such as African countries, small scale infrastructure projects, mainly rural road improvement, are utilized by LBT as reasons for hard to get enough number of well-discipline human resources, materials, funds, and advanced technology at the project sites. Meanwhile, in Japan as well, recently, infrastructure improvement led by local governments is faced to the lack of infrastructure maintenance budget due to the depopulation. Traditionally, however, LBT have been adopted in Japan since the early ages, as commonly observed in the existence of words such as “Michibushin”, quite literally meaning ‘road repair’, or “Oyaku” (local infrastructure maintenance by the community). Such Japanese LBT works also encouraged the creation of jobs in the post-war period through “the make work road rehabilitation program” as part of the emergency employment policy of the unemployed.This study aims to contribute to the literature on “Regional Revitalization Policy” which the Japanese government has currently declared a priority policy by proposing the reintroduction of LBT in rural areas as an effective method for community development. The current research reviews case studies of LBT being introduced to Japanese rural areas and evaluate its impact by Input Output Analysis. Finally, the study will recommend the applicability of LBT projects in Japan from the viewpoint of their effectiveness, impacts and sustainability.

著者

小國 和子

出版者

国際開発学会

雑誌

国際開発研究 (ISSN:13423045)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.2, pp.51-65, 2019-11-30 (Released:2020-01-17)

参考文献数

19

被引用文献数

2

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This paper presents the findings of field research among female students regarding their knowledge of menstruation and the actual state of its daily management at public junior high schools in rural areas of Indonesia. The author aims to characterize the local context with regards to menstrual hygiene management (MHM) in the target regions and considers visible and invisible issues in current practices from the viewpoints of health, hygiene, and educational opportunities for girls.Concerns and awareness about MHM have grown because it is part of the Sustainable Development Goals. In Indonesia, conscientiousness toward menstruating female workers has been institutionalized to some extent and a drive to promote school health and hygiene has been undertaken nationwide. Sanitary napkins have reportedly been circulated at a relatively reasonable price even in rural areas, making them accessible to junior high school students. Although there is still a major gap in development between urban and rural regions of Indonesia, the author heard no reports of difficulties in attending school during menstruation in the field.Information about menstruation was provided mainly during natural science classes with both male and female students in attendance. Muslim students are also taught religious practices and taboos in relation to the menstrual blood and period. As a result, scientific explanations are often combined with the concept of impurity and recognized as “appropriate” knowledge. Female students attempt to ensure that the menstrual blood is not noticed by male students because they believe that it is impure. Such perceptions affect MHM; for instance, no student was ready to throw a stained napkin away without washing it until the blood faded away. Most girls seemed to prefer to use big napkins that would not leak or wore double napkins to avoid shameful situations.In conclusion, the issue of MHM in the target areas does not seem to disturb the school attendance of female students. The mechanism of “appropriate” knowledge, however, should be carefully observed to stabilize the active role of female students so that their self-confidence is not affected in relation to locally conceptualized notions of females during menstruation as well as legitimate behavior according to religious or local customs.

著者

水野 正己

出版者

国際開発学会

雑誌

国際開発研究 (ISSN:13423045)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.11, no.2, pp.39-51, 2002-11-15 (Released:2020-03-28)

参考文献数

36

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Japan has a long history of Rural Life Improvement Movements (R-LIMs). In this paper, we focus on the prewar and postwar R-LIMs with a special emphasis on agricultural extension systems through which development policy message is transmitted from the state to the grassroots people. There were four major R-LIMs in the prewar period and they were always introduced at the time of agricultural crisis in order to save the rural economy by means of various compulsory belt-tightening campaigns with a result that upliftment of the levels of rural living standard was largely neglected. The postwar Rural Life Improvement Program (R-LIP) started in 1948 with the new agricultural extention systems which have totally different characteristics from those of the prewar period; farmwives were actively involved in small group activities for the improvement of everyday life in the farming community. Female extensionists responsible for home improvement advisory services played a vital role of organizing groups of the female members of farming families. The innovative methods of problem-solving and empowering these group members were invented by those female extensionists and they had far-reaching effects with a result that the female participants in the R-LIP have become independent farm women as well as rural female entrepreneurs. They are the main actors of today's village revitalization projects in Japan's countryside. In addition to the R-LIP, various social development programs including nutritional improvement campaigns, national mosquito-and-fly eradication campaign, and adult education promotion through rural public hall activities were also implemented in the countryside. Among them, the nutritional improvement campaigns and the national mosquito-and-fly eradication campaign sponsored by the Health Ministry were most positively accepted and carrtied out in a village-all-inclusive manner with very successful results. However, these projcts were largely dependent on traditional, existing local organizations, such as housewives associations and rural youth associations, so that the campaigns easily became less enthusiastic once the original purposes were fulfilled. Based on the experiences of Japan's R-LIMs, some implications to today's rural development in the devloping countries are pointed out. First, the importance of simultaneous implimentation of R-LIPs and techno-economic improvements should be emphasized. Second, the R-LIPs is essencially multi-sectoral, so that harmonious relations and coordination among the implementing agencies involved are highly required. Third, successful rural development projects depend on effective development communication channels in order not only to deliver central policy message to the locals, but also to translate the policy message into acceptable forms according to the local socio-cultural conditions.

著者

朝隈 芽生

出版者

国際開発学会

雑誌

国際開発研究 (ISSN:13423045)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.24, no.2, pp.97-111, 2015-11-15 (Released:2019-09-27)

参考文献数

40

被引用文献数

2

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Two-thirds of refugees in the world are said not to be in emergency situations, but trapped in protracted refugee situations (PRS). UNHCR advocates three durable solutions for refugees; (1) voluntary repatriation, (2) local integration, or (3) resettlement to a third country. However, these solutions are not really feasible in light of the fact that the number of refugees in PRS has been increasing. This may have happened because international agencies tend to pay little attention to the idea of social inclusion, especially as it relates to social relations or belonging.Through a case study of Afghan refugees in Iran, this study aims to analyze the roles and meanings of a school managed by refugees themselves from the viewpoints of belonging and approval. The number of Afghans in PRS is approximately 2.6 million and they occupy the largest number of refugees in such a situation. The majority of the Afghan refugees live in urban areas, where they establish and operate their own schools for their children without any external assistance. This study was carried out in one of these schools in Tehran. The teachers and the students at this school are all Afghans. Semistructured interviews and participant observation were the principal tools utilized in the study.It was found that the Afghan refugees have been frequently discriminated against and have encountered difficulties in their lives. They appear to have been often excluded from Iranian society. The study identified three practical roles of these schools as follows: (1) The school can offer alternative learning opportunities for many Afghan children. (2) It functions as one of a few working places for Afghan women. (3) It is a place where Afghan mothers can gather and communicate with each other. These roles have been explored by means of employing the concept of ‘I-basyo’ (a psychological place where one feels one belongs). This might be of importance in understanding more inclusive strategies for refugees in new social contexts.

著者

黒澤 啓 小向 絵理

出版者

国際開発学会

雑誌

国際開発研究 (ISSN:13423045)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.10, no.1, pp.75-89, 2001-06-29 (Released:2020-03-28)

参考文献数

9

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This paper aims to examine the framework and points for consideration associated with development assistance, with particular focus placed on post conflict peacebuilding. The objective of the paper is to provide specific strategies and policies that will allow Japan to actively contribute to peacebuilding as part of its development assistance. Specifically, the paper presents a basic outline of the background and concepts behind peacebuilding, followed by an analysis of the current situation surrounding Japan and JICA's support for this field. On top of this, using the example of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the paper provides an examination of priority support fields associated with implementation of development assistance as well as points for consideration connected with post conflict peacebuilding.In older to respond to the requirements of peacebuilding, which is a relatively new development issue, it is important to determine methods for providing peacebuilding support that have some degree of universality and commonality by drawing out and accumulating lessons gained from individual examples and experiences. Based on the case of Bosnia and Herzegovina as well as on experiences in peacebuilding gained thus far, this paper identifies the following six priority fields associated with post conflict peacebuilding: support for refugees, security control, rehabilitation of social infrastructure, institution-building, promotion of democratization, and economic recovery. The paper points out sustainable implementation of comprehensive support covering all six of these fields, and also a number of areas requiring consideration when providing support for post conflict peacebuilding.

著者

古市 太郎

出版者

国際開発学会

雑誌

国際開発研究 (ISSN:13423045)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.1, pp.23-36, 2020-06-30 (Released:2020-07-15)

参考文献数

36

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The purpose of this paper is to clarify some significances that concepts of gift have begun to change, through understanding the development of economic sociology.Firstly, this paper studies economic sociologists in details, Polanyi and Granovettor, regarding the key concept ‘Embeddedness’.Secondly, it indicates some importance of networks and social structures for overcoming ‘implicit atomizing’ problematics. At the same time, it surveys some social situations where networks have had tendencies to be undermined, from the fact that welfare states have been weakened and economic globalization has been spread.On this examination, it focuses on MAUSS's viewpoint which develops conceptualizations of gift made by Marcel Mauss. MAUSS grasps gift as not only exchange but also as social relation, which bridges people between-systems. Moreover, this paper makes assertions that Mauss accounts ‘sortir de soi’ as principle of our life to create some social relations.And it finds out gift as a constant movement which transcends and creates some contextualized rules among people.

著者

佐藤 仁

出版者

国際開発学会

雑誌

国際開発研究 (ISSN:13423045)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.12, no.1, pp.1-15, 2003-06-10 (Released:2020-03-28)

参考文献数

30

被引用文献数

1

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Do case studies have broader significance than mere description of a particular event or incidence? How can they be applied to other cases? These are the challenges that most fieldworkers dealing with a small sample face. Small-N studies are often ranked lower in terms of scientific rigor in comparison to Large-N studies and laboratory experiments. However, if appropriately conducted, case studies can reveal processes and mechanisms that large scale statistical analysis often cannot. In other words, in close contacts with the data source and in-depth understanding of the contexts would allow case studies to generate observations with high validity. This is primarily due to its flexible and “grounded” nature of qualitative research. On the other hand, additional effort is needed to enhance their reliability, i.e., increasing the transparency of data sources and collection methods; establishing external linkages with larger issues beyond the boundary of selected samples; and cross checking with quantitative data. Qualitative case studies can provide valid results to questions concerning processes and mechanisms, that are often vital to understanding how development operates. This strength should be explicitly stressed while their possible weaknesses in reliability should also be recognized. One way in which various disciplines related to development can communicate with each other is to discuss methods for analysis in comparative perspective. This should help uplift the academic quality of development studies in general.

著者

池上 甲一

出版者

国際開発学会

雑誌

国際開発研究 (ISSN:13423045)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.1, pp.1-17, 2019-06-30 (Released:2019-07-20)

参考文献数

53

被引用文献数

1

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This special issue aims at criticizing conventional development studies, focusing agriculture and rural communities. The United Nations adopted the resolution of ‘the UN Decade of Family Farming (2019-2018)’ in 2017, which was followed by ‘UN Declaration on the Rights of Peasants and Other People Working in Rural Areas’ in 2018. International communities are changing their notion on peasants or family farms. SDGs also highlight the role of them. Conventional development studies should be reviewed on the context of such change of international communities. This special issue includes four papers by Ikegami, Hiraga & Hisano, Yamane & Ito, and Nishikawa.This paper summarizes major trends in development studies and development aids in agriculture and rural areas. In particular, it explains how peasants and family farms have been placed until now, taking the Eastern and the Southern parts of Africa into consideration, which are facing poverty and food insecurity. Mainstream of agricultural and rural development studies have regarded peasants or family farms are out of date and are to overcome because of low productivity. On the contrary, this paper proposes that it is necessary for development studies to change conventional notion and to recognize them as actors for development of their own initiative.

著者

大山 貴稔

出版者

国際開発学会

雑誌

国際開発研究 (ISSN:13423045)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, no.1, pp.33-47, 2021-06-30 (Released:2021-07-27)

参考文献数

63

被引用文献数

1

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In 2015, the Development Cooperation Charter, which clearly stated “ensuring Japan's national interests” as part of the “objectives of development cooperation,” was decided by Japan's Cabinet. This charter triggered debates on what the purpose of development cooperation policy should be and why “ensuring Japan's national interests” was specified. What these studies revealed was a synchronic link-age with the policies undertaken by the Abe administration at the time, which meant that the social norms of altruism, that development cooperation policies should be implemented for the welfare of others, had already faded. When and how did the social norms of altruism weaken with regard to Japan's development cooperation policy? In this paper, I examine the period from the 1970s to the early 2000s, in order to clarify the process of normative transition from altruism to self-interest through historical discourse analysis. Altruism here is defined as a social norm constructed by discourses that emphasize the humanitarian aspects of aid, positioning development cooperation policies as a means to fulfill international “responsibilities” and “contributions.” Self-interest, on the other hand, is defined as a social norm constructed by discourses that encourages “Japan's visible assistance” based on “national interests ”and“ strategy.” This analysis mainly revealed that (1) as early as the 1980s, the slump in plant exports triggered the Japan Business Federation to ask the Japanese government for“Japan's visible assistance ”based on “national interests” and “strategies,” (2) around the mid-1990s, fiscal retrenchment and the securitization of Northeast Asia led to the spread of self-interest social norm in Japanese society. These results reveal that the foregrounding of self-interest was a process of re-enforcing the linkage between development cooperation policies and domestic economic conditions, which in turn suggests the contemporary question of whether there is any alternative form of linkage between development cooperation policies and domestic conditions.

著者

小川 未空 坂上 勝基 澤村 信英

出版者

国際開発学会

雑誌

国際開発研究 (ISSN:13423045)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.2, pp.5-20, 2020-11-20 (Released:2020-12-05)

参考文献数

79

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Over the last three decades, developing countries have been rapidly promoting the universalization of education with support from the international community. While significant progress has been made in universalizing access, especially at the primary level, quality education is not accessible to everyone, and expanding educational opportunities might further increase inequality. The current global education goal, which was adopted in 2015 as Sustainable Development Goal 4 (SDG 4) of the 2030 Agenda, has ambitiously shifted its focus to comprehensively addressing inequalities in access to quality education at all levels from pre-primary to tertiary.This article aims to provide an overview of recent policy trends and previous studies on education and social inequalities that countries face in their efforts to universalize education. First, the article clarifies the difference between“equality”and“equity”as well as the definition of these concepts that are relevant in the SDGs era. Second, theoretical and empirical studies on the topic are reviewed, encompassing an in-depth critical discussion around the social stratification research in both developed and developing countries. Finally, it proposes a new direction for educational development studies in the era of SDGs.The article highlights the importance of understanding inequalities in the process of universalizing education in the context of equity. While equality is defined as a neutral word to describe a specific situation, the term equity cannot be used without referring to the concept of fairness. In this sense, whether inequality is considered a problem would depend on the concept of“fairness”and whether society views a situation as fair or unfair, given the social and historical background of the inequality. To fully reflect the feature of SDG 4, this study suggests that educational development studies should explore the local population's perspectives on fairness and/or equity through case studies in developing countries.

著者

杉田 映理

出版者

国際開発学会

雑誌

国際開発研究 (ISSN:13423045)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.2, pp.1-17, 2019-11-30 (Released:2020-01-17)

参考文献数

65

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Menstruation, which at first seem to be a private matter of girls and women, has become a part of the global agenda in international development. The issue even has a label “menstrual hygiene management (MHM)” and is involving various stakeholders. The objective of this special issue is to capture the development of MHM assistance, and illustrate the local realities from four different areas based on fieldwork. The cases focus on schools and adolescent school girls in Cambodia, Papua New Guinea, Indonesia, and Nicaragua. Japanese anthropologists, who have worked in each respective country for decades as researchers, and some as practitioners as well, are reporting each case within its local context. By comparing the four cases, it reveals how different (yet in some aspects how similar) the situations are and how important it is to understand each local context when a global recipe is applied to an area.In this first paper here below, I will focus on outlining the recent development of MHM in the international society. After clarifying the multiple aspects of menstruation, I will explain the common definition of MHM used in international development and how MHM is considered significant to achieve various goals of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), namely Goals 3, 4, 5, 6, 8 and 12. Representative interventions that have been conducted are introduced to show the four categories of assistance. After a quick review of the research on menstruation and MHM, I will come back to the four case studies of this special issue to explain the position of these studies within the wider research framework.

著者

箕曲 在弘

出版者

国際開発学会

雑誌

国際開発研究 (ISSN:13423045)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.1, pp.55-71, 2020

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<p>This paper examines how patronage and hierarchy are constructed between development brokers and beneficiaries through fair trade activities in the Bolaven Plateau, Lao PDR (People's Democratic Republic). The author surveys the implications related to these development practices. The case provided is a fair trade project that aims to reestablish farmers' cooperatives carried out by a Japanese fair trade company. Fair trade, which aims to construct a partnership that enables disadvantaged producers and laborers in the Global South to live a sustainable life, brings morality into market transactions. Despite depending on the market economy (rather than donations or charity), fair trade stresses "empowerment" and "partnership," which are orthodox concepts in the realm of social development. Under this scheme, all actors are required to construct and maintain social ties with each other, ensuring a positive reciprocal relationship between buyer and seller.</p><p>In his seminal work "The Gift," Marcel Mauss argues that gifts create a connection between givers and receivers, which can sometimes result in the unequal dynamic of patronage and dependency. Drawing on Mauss's gift-exchange theory, Stirat and Henkel (1997) critically identifies how donations, seeming to be pure gifts from the people in the Global North, are transformed into conditional gifts once they reach the recipients via international development Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs). While they conceptualize donations as "the development gift" this paper proposes an idea of "the fair trade gift." Namely, it explores how funds are utilized in the context of fair trade projects. In contrast to Mauss's determination of the morality of exchange within a phenomenon of one-way gifts, the fair trade gift offers a perspective from which to determine elements of gifts within market transactions.</p><p>Focusing on the rhetoric through which market-exchange is transformed into gift-exchange (as interpreted by co-op representatives serving as development brokers for Japanese buyer's funds such as pre-payment, social premiums, and labor costs), this paper argues that the fair trade gift eventually affects the construction of a hierarchical patron-client relationship; namely, development brokers act as patrons in their responses to the expectations of beneficiaries as clients, rather than equal "partners."</p>

著者

福林 良典 木村 亮

出版者

国際開発学会

雑誌

国際開発研究 (ISSN:13423045)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.18, no.2, pp.153-166, 2009-11-15 (Released:2020-01-29)

参考文献数

19

被引用文献数

1

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In this paper, a civil engineering approach in tackling poverty in rural area of developing countries is introduced.Provision and maintenance of rural roads are instrumental in economic development, the economy of most of developing countries is agricultural and large proportions of their population live in the rural areas where accessibility and road conditions are largely poor. Roads become impassable during the rainy season preventing transportation of farm produce to markets and thus accounting for a large proportion of losses incurred by farmers who otherwise depend on agriculture.The authors, with this recognition, have carried out full scale model driving tests and field demonstrations on rural road maintenance using Do-nou “a Japanese term for soilbag” and involving rural people themselves. In this method, only locally available material is required and all procedures are conducted manually. This process is participatory, organized farmers' groups who are trained by the authors repair and maintain the road; armed with the transferred knowledge, the farmers continue to maintain their road with Do-nou even after the civil engineers are gone. It is found that the road maintenance with Do-nou is so simple and effective that the farmers who participated in the construction were encouraged, motivated and felt owners of the road. Additionally it can be said that Do-nou technology gives people the motivation to improve their life leading to poverty reduction.In order to meet goals of this newly developed technology, it is important that the technology take root in the target communities. In this study, four approaches of technology transfer in four countries have been used.An approach for poverty reduction as civil engineers has been established through focused subject of study, relevant technological development, field demonstrations and knowledge extension/transfer. By following up this approach, the community people in the third world will be able to access the marckets and services hence poverty reduction.

著者

堀 佐知子

出版者

国際開発学会

雑誌

国際開発研究 (ISSN:13423045)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.23, no.1, pp.161-173, 2014-06-15 (Released:2019-09-27)

参考文献数

26

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Ownership has become an important concept in the context of international development. Officially, use of the term “ownership” began in 1996, with the DAC's New Development Strategy. It was after this publication that “ownership” was confirmed as an important concept in many conferences related to international development.However, there is a gap between the rhetoric of ownership and practices on the ground. De Renzio et al. (2008) states that “in many aid dependent countries donors still dominated decision-making over which policies are adopted, how aid is spent, and what conditions are attached to its release”.Why is there such a gap between rhetoric and practice? Previous research only mentions the difficulties for donors in respecting the ownership of recipients in decision-making processes, and for recipients in displaying sufficient ownership. These reasons are not enough to explain why the concept of “ownership” has failed to live up to its potential.It is the opinion of the author that changes in the meanings of “ownership” are a significant factor contributing to this issue. The definition of “ownership” is unclear, and the term has come to hold a variety of meanings. The term “ownership” is sometimes used for decision-making, and sometimes for the enforcement of decisions. Both processes need to be included in the concept of “ownership,” but the term is often only used to refer to the latter.This conceptual ambiguity contributes to the disparity between the rhetoric of ownership and actual development practices. This paper attempts to show how the meaning of “ownership” in the context of international development has evolved, and why such gaps in rhetoric and practices arose.Additionally, specific classifications of “ownership” have been generated and proposed to reflect the decision-making and enforcement processes as distinct and separate procedures. These classifications help clarify the concept of ownership and should help to avoid future gaps between the rhetoric of development concepts and practices.

著者

宮村 侑樹

出版者

国際開発学会

雑誌

国際開発研究 (ISSN:13423045)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.32, no.1, pp.115-129, 2023-06-30 (Released:2023-08-11)

参考文献数

37

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The number of internal migrants in The Republic of India (hereafter referred to as India) is increasing rapidly since the liberalization of its economy in 1991. This caused an increase in the number of school-aged children accompanying their parents on migrant work, and cases of such children not attending school have been identified.The aim of this study is to identify the difficulties that internal migrant workers in India face in continuing their education when they migrate with their children and, from the perspective of the parents, why and how they overcome these challenges and try to ensure that their children receive a good education. The field research was conducted for two weeks in August 2022 in Udupi district, Karnataka state, southwest India. A questionnaire survey, semi-structured interviews, and participant observation were conducted with workers in a migrant community (hereafter referred to as Community X). To highlight the characteristics in India, results were also compared to the case in China, where the household registration system (Hukou) is a barrier to the education of migrant workers' children.Migrant workers are trying to deliver education to their children despite facing four challenges caused by labour migration, and it is hard to say that they are not interested in their children's education. In order to overcome those challenges, they had the choice to send their children to school in their hometowns or to send them to student hostels in the migrant destination. Parents who choose to send their children to school in their hometown value the fact that their children are always looked after by adults, and that there is plenty of information about the school and the area, which enables them to make appropriate educational investments. Parents who choose to send to student hostels in the migrant destination focus on the quality of education in the migrant destination and choose it because their children are always looked after by adults and have access to a good learning environment.The difference between these two choices was found to depend on what parents consider to be a ‘good education for their children. In other words, it can be said that parents who value a safe and nurturing environment based on their own experience will choose the school in their hometown, while parents with a passion for education who value the quality of education will choose the school in the migrant destination.

著者

富田 真紀 牟田 博光

出版者

国際開発学会

雑誌

国際開発研究 (ISSN:13423045)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.19, no.1, pp.67-80, 2010-06-15 (Released:2019-12-25)

参考文献数

37

被引用文献数

1

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Heyneman & Loxley (1983) discussed the importance of school related factors on children's learning achievements, which they emphasized were more important than children's family background. Later, Baker et al. (2002) reported that school related factors were no longer the most important factors to determine children's learning achievements now that the economy in developing countries had greatly grown up and the educational investment had been increased by the governments and donors. It is true that the economic growth is acknowledged in many developing countries. However, there are still some countries with the least economic development, similar to the economic situation of countries targeted in Heyneman & Loxley study. What about these countries? Are school related factors still important in such countries compared to children's family background?Data of a pilot survey for Monitoring Achievement in Lower Primary (MALP) in Malawi were analyzed to examine variables explaining fourth grade pupils' learning achievements in mathematics and Chichewa (national language) and the relationship among the variables and pupils' learning achievements. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was applied for the analysis. School variable consisted of teacher variable, head teacher variables and school resource variables was the strongest variable explaining children's learning achievements. The influence of pupils' family background on their learning achievements was insignificant in mathematics. It was significant in Chichewa, however the effect size on pupils' learning achievements was not as large as that of school variable. Thus, this research confirmed the findings of Heyneman & Loxley in Malawi after 25 years of their study, despite the change in the world economic level.