著者
佐久間 留理子
出版者
日本印度学仏教学会
雑誌
印度學佛教學研究 (ISSN:00194344)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.69, no.2, pp.818-811, 2021-03-25 (Released:2021-09-06)
参考文献数
20

This paper focuses on the symbolism and merits of the six-syllable formula (ṣaḍakṣarī-vidyā), wish-fulfilling jewels (cintāmaṇi), and other symbols that represent the Bodhisattva Avalokiteśvara in the Kāraṇḍavyūha-sūtra (KV). The paper also indicates differences between the Gilgit manuscript version (G ver.) from the 7th century and the Nepal manuscript version (N ver.) dating to after the 11th century.According to the G ver., Avalokiteśvara has symbolic elements such as the six-syllable formula, wish-fulfilling jewels, a hand gesture for the sign of a lotus (padmāṅkā-mudrā), a maṇḍala in which Avalokiteśvara, Amitābha, and Śākyamuni are depicted, and, additionally, a universal emperor (Cakravarti-rāja) and a lotus that are not integrated into the maṇḍala. Conversely, these symbolic elements are integrated into the maṇḍala of the great six-syllable formula described in the N ver.Only the N ver. states that those who propagate the KV with a wish-fulfilling jewel, for example, will be welcomed by twelve Tathāgatas in their last moments. This statement is influenced by the larger Sukhāvatīvyūha-sūtra, which mentions twelve Tathāgatas in the most popular Chinese translation, or nineteen in the Sanskrit version. These Tathāgatas represent a light of the Tathāgata Amitābha, who welcomes a person in his last moments, and the influence of devotion to the paradise of Amitābha is stronger in the N ver. than in the G ver.Consequently, we may conclude that symbolic elements and merits of the six-syllable formula and wish-fulfilling jewels, along with other symbols, have been gradually improved from the G ver. and/or integrated into the N ver. under the influence of Esoteric Buddhism and the cult of Amitābha’s paradise.
著者
李 薇
出版者
日本印度学仏教学会
雑誌
印度學佛教學研究 (ISSN:00194344)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.67, no.2, pp.1018-1012, 2019-03-20 (Released:2019-09-20)
参考文献数
5

Six Vinayapiṭakas have come down to us: the Pāli Vinaya, Dharmaguptaka-vinaya (Sifen lü, 四分律), Mahīśāsaka-vinaya (Wufenlü, 五分律), Mahāsāṃghika-vinaya (Mohesengqi lü, 摩訶僧祇律), Sarvāstivāda-vinaya (Shisong lü, 十誦律) and Mūlasarvāstivāda-vinaya (根本説一切有部律).The Pāli Vinaya (Buddhist monastic law codes) is comprised of three main aspects: 1) the Vibhaṅga (analyses of the rules in the pāṭimokkhasutta), 2) the Khandhaka (corporate law or transactions of the saṅgha and so on), and 3) the Parivāra (a brief review of the Vibhaṅga and Khandhaka).The Vibhaṅgas of the four pārājika offenses of the Pāli Vinaya includes four sections, 1) nidāna (episodes that caused the rules to be made, 因縁譚), 2) sikkhāpada (the rules, 学処), 3) padabhājana (the analyses section of the sikkhāpada and offenses, 条文解釈), 4) vinītaka (the case-law pertaining to those rules, 判定事例集).In this study, I examine the vinītaka (判定事例集) of the six extant Vinayapiṭakas. The vinītaka is a part of the Vibhaṅgas in the Pāli Vinaya and found in the Khandhaka or Parivāra in the five Chinese Vinayapiṭakas. In this paper, I notice one characteristic of vinītaka: that the episode of the nidāna reappears as a brief statement in the vinītaka. This characteristic is found in the vinītaka of the four pārājika offenses in the Pāli Vinaya, and the first and fourth pārājika offenses in the Dharmaguptaka-vinaya, and the first pārājika offence in the Mahīśāsaka- and Sarvāstivāda-vinayas, but not found in the Mahāsāṃghika- and Mūlasarvāstivāda-vinayas.
著者
井上 綾瀬
出版者
日本印度学仏教学会
雑誌
印度學佛教學研究 (ISSN:00194344)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.69, no.2, pp.907-902, 2021-03-25 (Released:2021-09-06)
参考文献数
10

The vinayas allow special cases of “cooking and preserving food”, “utilizing leftover food”, and “collecting fruits” in case of famine. The famine exception does not apply when the famine is over. Even bhikkhu can work in times of famine in order to support their lives, according to the Vinayas. In the event of famine, the rules loosen. It was generally accepted in ancient India that there was a difference between normal and emergency times. It is common in the Vinayas and Dharma literature that, in the event of an emergency, bhikkhus or brahmins may take on the activities of someone with a different social status, while keeping their status as bhikkhu or brahmin, respectively. It can be said that the Buddhist sangha had the same character as the broader Indian society in that avoiding poverty is more important in an emergency than protecting the bhikkhu’s normally expected means of life.
著者
園田 沙弥佳
出版者
日本印度学仏教学会
雑誌
印度學佛教學研究 (ISSN:00194344)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.68, no.1, pp.361-356, 2019-12-20 (Released:2020-09-10)
参考文献数
15

This presentation concerns Sādhanamālā (SM) 134, a meditation on the Mārīcī of three faces and eight arms (an image seen on extant art objects). The traits of the sādhana of SM 134 are elucidated via an understanding of its structural components.Among the Buddhist goddesses of the Pāla Empire (8th–12th century CE), works depicting Mārīcī are said to have been second in number only to those of the goddess Tārā, and Mārīcī worship was especially widespread in India. Sixteen types of Mārīcī sādhana are recorded in the SM, with Mārīcī displaying variously one face and two arms, three faces and eight arms, five faces and ten arms, six faces and twelve arms, or three faces and sixteen arms.In SM 134, in the preparatory stage for meditation, the concrete description of the figure of the goddess is characteristic. The reason is not clear, but in SM 142, in the preparatory stage for meditation (similar to SM 134) is the phrase “depict images [paṭa], etc. of the figure of the holy mother [Mārīcī]” (paṭādigatamūrrtiṃ bhagavatīm avatārrya); therefore, it may be that the concrete figure of Mārīcī spoken of in the preparatory stage of SM 134 is suggesting not only a mediation, but also the creation of actual objects depicting the goddess. From the fact that numerous holy images of Mārīcī have been confirmed in India, we surmise that in addition to mediation, emphasis was also placed on the mechanism of gaining blessings by the pious act of creating actual art objects.
著者
伊藤 奈保子
出版者
日本印度学仏教学会
雑誌
印度學佛教學研究 (ISSN:00194344)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.68, no.3, pp.1257-1263, 2020-03-25 (Released:2020-09-10)
参考文献数
17

マカラ(Makara)には諸説あるが,インドの文献を源流とする海や渦と関連したワニに似る海獣として知られ,インド,バールフットの門の欄楯をはじめ,ジャワ島,スマトラ島にも確認できる.本論は現地の作例を網羅的に紹介し,インドネシアでのマカラの様相の明確化を目的におく.マカラがあらわされる箇所は大きく4つに分類できる.①寺院の建物入口の門等,上部に飾られるトーラナの左右,門の柱の下部左右(図1),②寺院の階段,一番下段の左右両端(図2・3),③寺院の排水溝(図4),④石造像・鋳造像等の光背(図5・6)である.まず,①については,寺院入口上部や横壁の窓等の上部にキールティムカが彫刻され,トーラナ左右に外向きの顔が設えられる.寺院入口の柱一番下のマカラも,同様に左右顔を外向きに置かれる.口内には鳥や獅子,シャールドゥーラか?などが設えられる(図1・2).②は,①よりも姿が大きく,中部ジャワ地域では,細い目,象の鼻,耳を有したワニのような口に鋭い牙が特徴で,鼻先の花の芯からは花綱があふれ,それを口内の獅子や天人などが受け止める形状をとる.スマトラでは,全体に装飾過多となり,手を有し,口内には武器を手に執る戦士があらわされ,守門的な意味あいが考えられる.マカラの形状の変化は,同時期の他の尊像と同様に,インド美術の影響から土着化がすすみ,装飾過多となってゆく傾向が読み取れる.③は寺院の雨水等の排水用で,マカラ口内に円形の筒等が設えられる.②にもみられるが,ヤクシャが両手で下から持ちあげる作例もみられる(図4).④については石造・鋳造の尊像,光背に確認ができる.ヒンドゥー教,仏教(密教)の宗教を問わず用いられ,特に,光背の残存率も高い金剛界大日如来に多くみられることが特徴といえよう.また①②④はチャンディ・ボロブドゥール『華厳経』「入法界品」レリーフに彫刻されており,8世紀末頃には形式が確立していたと推察される.