著者

Yanru ZHAO Wenqian MAO Kequan ZHANG Yining MA Haifei LI Wenyu ZHANG

出版者

(公社)日本気象学会

雑誌

気象集誌. 第2輯 (ISSN:00261165)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.95, no.3, pp.181-197, 2017 (Released:2017-04-28)

参考文献数

35

被引用文献数

7

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Based on the ERA-20C, climatic variations of the boundary layer height (BLH) over arid and semiarid areas in East Asia and North Africa that span 1900-2010 were analyzed. In East Asia, the BLH exhibited a descending trend from arid region centers to the periphery. Over the past 111 years, the BLH has had a rising trend of 14.0 m decade−1. in the representative region (EA1) of the eastern areas with the 111-year average of 725 m and a decreasing trend of −1.6 m decade−1. in the representative region (EA2) of the western areas with the 111-year average of 792 m. From the mid-1960s to 1970s, EA1's BLH had a sharp rise that caused the average to increase by 93 m after the 1980s. In North Africa, the BLH exhibited a high spatial distribution in the western and southern areas and a relatively low spatial distribution in the eastern and northern areas. Over the past 111 years, the BLH has had a rising trend of 9.7 m decade−1. in the representative region (NA1) of the southwestern region with the 111-year average of 915 m and a decreasing trend of −6.3 m decade−1. in the representative region (NA2) of other regions with the 111-year average of 882 m. In the 1940s and the 1970s, NA1's BLH had two obvious increases that caused the average to increase by 51 m and 22 m, respectively, while NA2's BLH had two obvious declines that caused the average to decrease by 48 m and 7 m, respectively. On the spatial distribution, the BLH, sensible heat flux, latent heat flux, and volumetric soil water had a good corresponding relationship. On the temporal change, the BLH in East Asia had a stronger correlation with thermodynamic factors, whereas the BLH in North Africa had a stronger correlation with dynamic factors. Besides, the upper-level stratification also has some influence on the BLH's change.

著者

Jong-Jin Baik Jong-Su Paek

出版者

(公社)日本気象学会

雑誌

気象集誌. 第2輯 (ISSN:00261165)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.78, no.6, pp.857-869, 2000-12-25 (Released:2009-09-15)

参考文献数

30

被引用文献数

1 32

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バックプロパゲーション型ニューラルネットワークを使って、北西太平洋での熱帯低気圧の強度の変化を12,24,36,48,60,72時間について予測するモデルを開発した。用いたデータは、1983-1996の14年間の北西太平洋の熱帯低気圧に対する、低気圧の位置、強度、NCEP/NCARの再解析、それに海面水温である。ニューラルネットワークの予測因子は重線形回帰モデルの予測因子に基づいて選ばれた。回帰分析により、予測因子の一つ風の鉛直シアーが全ての予測時間に渡って一貫して重要であることを示した。予測因子として気候学的、持続的、総観的因子を用いたニューラルネットワークモデルによる平均予測誤差は、同じ予測因子を用いた重線形回帰モデルに比べて7-16さらに、予測因子として気候学的、持続的因子のみを用いたニューラルネットワークモデルの性能でさえも、総観的因子まで含んだ重線形回帰モデルの性能をわずかに上回った。ニューラルネットワークモデルの性能は14年間の全ての年について回帰モデルを上回るわけではないけれども、ニューラルネットワークモデルの方が良い年の方が逆の年よりもずっと多く、その傾向は短い予測時間の方が顕著である。感度実験により、ニューラルネットワークモデルの平均強度予測誤差は、隠れ層や隠れ層のニューロンの数には敏感ではないことを示した。しかし、熱帯低気圧強度予測のために、より良い隠れ層の構造を用いることにより、回帰モデルに比べてニューラルネットワークモデルをさらに改良する余地がいくらかある。この研究は、予測因子として気候学的、持続的、総観的因子を用いたニューラルネットワークモデルが熱帯低気圧の強度予報において有効な道具として使えることを示唆している。

著者

Yusuke Urabe Tamaki Yasuda Shuhei Maeda

出版者

(公社)日本気象学会

雑誌

SOLA (ISSN:13496476)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.13, pp.25-30, 2017 (Released:2017-03-02)

参考文献数

21

被引用文献数

1

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Since around 2013, the globally averaged sea surface temperature has rapidly warmed up and reached its highest on record. During this time, there was an intensifying El Niño event that caused positive temperature anomalies in the tropical Pacific Ocean. Compared with the conditions observed in 1997/98, when the previous highest record was marked associated with strong El Niño event, there were notable differences detected in the recent conditions. In the tropical Pacific, remarkable warming near sea surface associated with strong El Niño event in 2015/16 started from significantly warmed conditions along with positive temperature anomaly redistributed from the western part since early 2014, resulting in positive anomalies in the central to eastern part remaining for more than two years, much longer than 1997/98 event. In addition, substantial warming was observed in the North Pacific around 2013 and contribution of the North Pacific region to the global averaged SST anomaly marked significantly large value and was comparable to that of the tropical Pacific.

著者

Yan LI Peilong YE Juan FENG Yao LU Jiahe WANG Zhaoxia PU

出版者

(公社)日本気象学会

雑誌

気象集誌. 第2輯 (ISSN:00261165)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.95, no.2, pp.147-165, 2017 (Released:2017-04-08)

参考文献数

51

被引用文献数

7

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It has been argued that the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) models underestimate the frequency of atmospheric blocking, while projecting a decreasing trend of blocking in the 21st century in the Northern Hemisphere. This average trend may not be true for regional blockings. Focusing on three key regions in Eurasia (the Urals, Baikal, and Okhotsk regions) where blocking significantly influences the weather and climate of East Asia, this study first evaluates the performance of the CMIP5 models by comparing historical simulations with National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis (NNR). Possible changes in the first half of the 21st century are then analyzed using the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 experiments. It is found that instantaneous blocking frequencies are underestimated in the Urals and Baikal regions for the whole year and in the Okhotsk region in summertime but are overestimated in Okhotsk in wintertime. Blocking episode frequency in the Urals and Baikal regions is underestimated by most of the 13 CMIP5 models, especially the short-duration blocking episodes (4–5 days), and the simulations are better in wintertime than in summertime. However, in the Okhotsk region, the modeled frequency of blocking episodes is close to the value from NNR in summertime but is overestimated in wintertime. Model projections of instantaneous blocking frequency for the first half of the 21st century (2016–2065) show that both RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 runs yield an increasing frequency except during June–August in Eurasia. The multimodel ensemble-mean frequency of blocking episodes clearly decreases in the whole year in the Urals and Baikal regions (especially blocking episodes with short duration) and increases a little in summertime in the Okhotsk region in the first half of the 21st century. The model ensemble-mean frequency of blocking episodes with long duration (more than 9 days) decreases by ~40 % in the Urals region but increases by no more than 5 % in Okhotsk region.

著者

Yoshimi KAWAI Qoosaku MOTEKI Akira KUWANO-YOSHIDA Takeshi ENOMOTO Atsuyoshi MANDA Hisashi NAKAMURA

出版者

(公社)日本気象学会

雑誌

気象集誌. 第2輯 (ISSN:00261165)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.95, no.2, pp.71-90, 2017 (Released:2017-03-17)

参考文献数

31

被引用文献数

6

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The present study investigated how impacts of the inclusion of radiosonde observations conducted locally in the early summer of 2012 over the Kuroshio and Kuroshio Extension (KE) can spread over time across the North Pacific basin to influence the predictability of synoptic and large-scale tropospheric circulation. For that purpose, observing system experiments (OSEs) were performed where each of two extra sets of radiosonde data, one obtained over the East China Sea in mid-May and the other over the KE in early July, was added to an atmospheric ensemble data assimilation system for comparison with the corresponding analyses without those data. The experiments show that the impact of the extra data assimilated propagates eastward mainly due to advection by the subtropical jet (STJ) in May and July. The strong STJ in May allows the upper-tropospheric impact to travel across the basin only within two days. Under the weaker STJ, the corresponding impact in July tends to remain within the western Pacific, until it eventually reaches the eastern portion of the basin. Assimilation of the extra radiosonde data over the Kuroshio or KE can lead to a decrease of pressure over the Gulf of Alaska in both May and July.  Additional forecast experiments based on the OSEs for May revealed that the pressure decrease over the Gulf of Alaska can be traced back to the west of the Alaska Peninsula and to the east of Japan over three days. The impacts that originate on different dates via different paths merge over the central North Pacific, reinforcing the cyclone over the Gulf of Alaska. This study presents examples where the impacts of atmospheric observations over the western boundary current can propagate across the ocean basin through the westerlies to influence the forecast skill in distant regions.

著者

TOCHIMOTO Eigo KAWANO Tetsuya

出版者

(公社)日本気象学会

雑誌

気象集誌. 第2輯 (ISSN:00261165)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.2017-005, (Released:2017-01-13)

被引用文献数

10

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This work investigates development processes of Baiu frontal depressions (BFDs) using a numerical model. To investigate the effects of upper-level disturbances, latent heating, and baroclinicity on the development of BFDs, case-study numerical simulations are performed. In the present study, two typical cases were selected from BFDs that appeared in June and July, 2000-2007: a BFD that developed in the western part of the Baiu frontal zone (W-BFD) from 26 to 27 June 2003 and a BFD that had formed in the eastern part of the Baiu frontal zone (E-BFD) from 1 to 3 July 2003. An available potential energy (APE) diagnosis shows that the effect of latent heating is dominant during the W-BFD development, while baroclinicity as well as latent heating is important to the E-BFD development. A sensitivity experiment excluding upper-level potential vorticity (PV) anomalies shows that upper-level disturbances are important contributors to the development of E-BFDs. The low-level PV and its production associated with latent heating suggest that the W-BFD has a development mechanism driven by latent heating. In the early developmental stage, PV near the W-BFD center is enhanced. This feature is consistent with the nonlinear conditional instability of the second kind mechanism. In the later developmental stage, PV is produced in front of the W-BFD center, in which low-level baroclinicity is large. This process is consistent with a diabatic Rossby vortex. In contrast, the E-BFD develops through a baroclinic instability-like mechanism in the moist atmosphere.

著者

Akira Yamazaki Takeshi Enomoto Takemasa Miyoshi Akira Kuwano-Yoshida Nobumasa Komori

出版者

(公社)日本気象学会

雑誌

SOLA (ISSN:13496476)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.13, pp.41-46, 2017 (Released:2017-03-25)

参考文献数

26

被引用文献数

7

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The observation operators in the local ensemble transform Kalman filter (LETKF) were improved to enable use of observations in the vicinity of the poles in the data assimilation system composed of the atmospheric general circulation model for the Earth Simulator (AFES) and the LETKF. The improved observation operators allow to assimilate the observations located south (north) of southernmost (northernmost) Gaussian grid latitudes. An algorithm for searching the nearest observations from an analyzed grid for error covariance localization was also modified to efficiently assimilate observations near the poles.The new algorithms were incorporated into the LETKF, and the impacts of routine radiosonde observations at the South Pole during the periods of July 2012 and January 2013 were assessed. The radiosonde observations suppressed an artificial expansion of the analysis ensemble spread which occasionally caused numerical instability in the upper troposphere and the lower stratosphere over the Antarctic regions. The analysis was also improved in the Antarctic regions.

著者

Akio KITOH

出版者

(公社)日本気象学会

雑誌

気象集誌. 第2輯 (ISSN:00261165)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.95, no.1, pp.7-33, 2017 (Released:2017-03-01)

参考文献数

220

被引用文献数

69

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This study provides an overview of the Asian monsoon and its change as simulated by atmosphere–ocean coupled general circulation models and high-resolution atmospheric general circulation models, focusing on the seasonal mean circulation and precipitation climatology. After reviewing the drivers of and the elements that affect the monsoon, the ability of those climate models to reproduce the Asian monsoon is assessed. The Asian monsoon is better reproduced in the Coupled Modeling Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) models than in the CMIP3 models, although biases remain. Projected future changes in the Asian monsoon at the end of the 21st century are then reviewed. Overall projections are similar for both CMIP3 and CMIP5 models with increases in precipitation, albeit with weakened circulation in the South Asian summer, enhanced circulation and increased precipitation in the East Asian summer, and latitude-dependent changes in the winter monsoon circulation in East Asia. However, differences exist in the projected local changes, leading to uncertainty in projections.

著者

Kunihiko KODERA Nawo EGUCHI Jae N. LEE Yuhji KURODA Seiji YUKIMOTO

出版者

(公社)日本気象学会

雑誌

気象集誌. 第2輯 (ISSN:00261165)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.89, no.3, pp.283-290, 2011-06-25 (Released:2011-06-30)

参考文献数

24

被引用文献数

7 18

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In mid-January 2009, sudden changes in circulation occurred in the tropical troposphere and stratosphere. Convective activity situated over the equatorial Maritime Continent showed an abrupt weakening, whereas that over the South American to African sectors became stronger. Changes also occurred in the latitudinal structure; convective activity in the Northern Hemisphere became weaker, whereas that in the Southern Hemisphere became stronger. The change in convective activity took place in association with a change in tropical circulation, from east–west to north–south type (i.e., from Walker- to Hadley-type circulation). Almost simultaneously with these events in the troposphere, a change in meridional circulation occurred in the stratosphere during a record-breaking stratospheric sudden warming event in January 2009. Stratospheric tropical temperature showed a decrease in response to a strengthening of the hemispherical meridional circulation. In the present study, we show how the stratospheric and tropospheric circulation changes are dynamically coupled.

著者

Fumiaki Fujibe

出版者

(公社)日本気象学会

雑誌

SOLA (ISSN:13496476)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.12, pp.106-110, 2016 (Released:2016-05-06)

参考文献数

22

被引用文献数

8

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The annual variation of extreme precipitation in Japan was analyzed using hourly data at 981 stations for 36 years (1979-2014). Except over the Nansei Islands, the intensity of hourly extreme precipitation (Pext) defined by upper 0.1% cases is found to show a unimodal annual variation with a peak in midsummer, unlike total precipitation amount which has a bimodal annual variation with two peaks of Baiu and Shurin. The dependence of Pext on mean temperature is close to or slightly lower than the Clausius-Clapeyron (CC) rate of 6-7%/K, indicating that the annual variation of extreme precipitation is strongly linked to that of saturation vapor amount. On the other hand, Pext is different according to regions by several tens of percent for a fixed temperature. This fact suggests the influence of geographical factors on its spatial distribution. As for 24-hour precipitation, Pext shows larger deviation from the CC scaling and larger regional differences than that of hourly precipitation, implying stronger control of synoptic effects in generating long-lasting heavy rainfall.

著者

Hirotaka Sasaki Sumito Matoba Takayuki Shiraiwa Carl S. Benson

出版者

(公社)日本気象学会

雑誌

SOLA (ISSN:13496476)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.12, pp.287-290, 2016 (Released:2016-11-14)

参考文献数

21

被引用文献数

3

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To quantify the atmospheric iron deposition on the northern North Pacific region, we measured concentrations of iron in ice cores drilled at Mount Wrangell, Alaska, in 2003 and 2004. The iron concentration profile from 1981 to 2003 showed seasonal peaks each spring. This variation was similar to the seasonal variation in the concentration of mineral dust in the atmosphere in the North Pacific region. The annual iron fluxes calculated from the ice core records ranged from 3.2 to 27.0 mg m−2 yr−1, and the temporal variation in the iron flux was significantly correlated with the frequency of severe dust storms occurrence on the East Asian continent (r = 0.65, p < 0.05) and the total number of Kosa days observed in Japan (r = 0.64-0.66, p < 0.05), but not with the precipitation amount in Alaska. We concluded that the amount of iron deposition onto the northern North Pacific is controlled mainly by the emission of dust from the east Asian continent and not by scavenging processes in Alaska.

著者

Hiroaki KAWASE Hidetaka SASAKI Akihiko MURATA Masaya NOSAKA Noriko N. ISHIZAKI

出版者

(公社)日本気象学会

雑誌

気象集誌. 第2輯 (ISSN:00261165)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.93, no.5, pp.571-580, 2015 (Released:2015-11-17)

参考文献数

33

被引用文献数

3 19

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We investigate future changes in winter precipitation around Japan and their uncertainties using the downscalings of a non-hydrostatic regional climate model (NHRCM) with 20-km grid spacing according to global climate projections. The global climate projections were conducted by the atmospheric general circulation model with three patterns of sea surface temperature changes in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 under the Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5. Moreover, three cumulus convective parameterizations were applied in the present and future climate experiments. The ensemble mean of nine future NHRCM experiments shows decreases in the winter precipitation on the coast of the Sea of Japan and over the Pacific Ocean in the south of the Japanese archipelago. The former decrease in precipitation results from a weakened winter monsoon. The latter corresponds to changes in extratropical cyclone number around Japan, which have a large uncertainty. On the other hand, winter precipitation increases over the northernmost part of Japan (Hokkaido) and the northeastern Asian continent. The strengthened northwesterly around Hokkaido, which results from the reduction of sea ice in the Sea of Okhotsk, causes increased precipitation in the inland area of Hokkaido. In addition, moistening due to global warming relates to increased precipitation in extremely cold regions. These signals are common to most experiments.

著者

Yuhji KURODA

出版者

(公社)日本気象学会

雑誌

気象集誌. 第2輯 (ISSN:00261165)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.85, no.6, pp.889-898, 2007 (Released:2008-03-20)

参考文献数

22

被引用文献数

8 15

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The effect of the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO) and the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on the 11-year solar cycle modulation of the winter-mean North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) is examined through analysis of observational data from 1958 to 2000. It is found that the solar cycle modulation of the NAO is more strongly enhanced in the westerly phase of the 50-hPa QBO wind and the cold phase of ENSO, although separation of these effects is statistically difficult. On these phases, the signal of the winter-mean NAO extends more to the upper stratosphere and summer-AO reappears more strongly in high solar years, whereas the signal is weaker throughout in low solar years.

著者

Hiroyuki IWASAKI

出版者

(公社)日本気象学会

雑誌

気象集誌. 第2輯 (ISSN:00261165)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.94, no.5, pp.431-442, 2016 (Released:2016-10-31)

参考文献数

25

被引用文献数

7

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Lightning features over the Tibetan Plateau were studied in relation to topography using the World Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN) dataset obtained from April 2009 until December 2014. To describe the strength of lightning strokes, lightning strokes with energies above the 90th percentile (7666 J) were defined as strong lightning (S-lightning) strokes, and the ratio of S-lightning strokes to the overall number of lightning (O-lightning) strokes was defined as the strong ratio (S-ratio). O-lightning density over the Tibetan Plateau was found to be high in general, except over the western part of analysis region. Minimum-density zones were observed along the Himalayas approximately 6 km above sea level and in deep valleys within the Tibetan Plateau. The maximum- and minimum-density zones also exhibited maximum and minimum annual rainfall amounts, respectively. S-lightning strokes were also found to frequently occur over the Tibetan Plateau, and most S-ratios in the analysis units exceeded 30 %, which corresponds to three times the global mean. In particular, the S-ratios over the southern part of the Tibetan Plateau, including the Himalayas, were found to be high (50 %) and to correspond with the zone that had the minimum O-lightning density. The maximum O-lightning density was observed to occur during the summer at an elevation approximately 0.2-1.0 km higher than the plateau level. The O-lightning and S-lightning densities around the Nagqu sonde station were negatively correlated with the Showalter stability index (SSI) and the vertical wind shear. The S-ratio and average stroke energy were found to be negatively correlated with the vertical shear but not with the SSI.

著者

Hideo Shiogama Yukiko Imada Masato Mori Ryo Mizuta Dáithí Stone Kohei Yoshida Osamu Arakawa Mikiko Ikeda Chiharu Takahashi Miki Arai Masayoshi Ishii Masahiro Watanabe Masahide Kimoto

出版者

(公社)日本気象学会

雑誌

SOLA (ISSN:13496476)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.12, pp.225-231, 2016 (Released:2016-08-07)

参考文献数

37

被引用文献数

4 25

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We describe two unprecedented large (100-member), long-term (61-year) ensembles based on MRI-AGCM3.2, which were driven by historical and non-warming climate forcing. These ensembles comprise the “Database for Policy Decision making for Future climate change (d4PDF)”. We compare these ensembles to large ensembles based on another climate model, as well as to observed data, to investigate the influence of anthropogenic activities on historical changes in the numbers of record-breaking events, including: the annual coldest daily minimum temperature (TNn), the annual warmest daily maximum temperature (TXx) and the annual most intense daily precipitation event (Rx1day). These two climate model ensembles indicate that human activity has already had statistically significant impacts on the number of record-breaking extreme events worldwide mainly in the Northern Hemisphere land. Specifically, human activities have altered the likelihood that a wider area globally would suffer record-breaking TNn, TXx and Rx1day events than that observed over the 2001-2010 period by a factor of at least 0.6, 5.4 and 1.3, respectively. However, we also find that the estimated spatial patterns and amplitudes of anthropogenic impacts on the probabilities of record-breaking events are sensitive to the climate model and/or natural-world boundary conditions used in the attribution studies.

著者

Sushma NAIR Govindrajan SRINIVASAN Ramkrishna NEMANI

出版者

(公社)日本気象学会

雑誌

気象集誌. 第2輯 (ISSN:00261165)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.87, no.6, pp.927-939, 2009 (Released:2010-02-04)

参考文献数

11

被引用文献数

53 109 59

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The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) blended rainfall product (3B42-V6 data set) has been used for inter-comparison with observations from a high density rain-gauge network over the western state of Maharashtra, India. The state of Maharashtra was chosen for the inter-comparison exercise primarily because of its diverse rainfall regime. The rain distribution over Maharashtra, characterized by a pronounced longitudinal gradient is closely linked to the north-south oriented orography of the region known as the Western Ghats. The validation exercise was carried out for 7 monsoon seasons from June to September from 1998 to 2004 at various space and time scales. The results are consistent at daily, monthly and seasonal timescales. The comparisons among stations and over geographically similar climatic zones demonstrated that the performance of 3B42-V6 product varies over the different climatic regimes. In terms of spatial reproductivity, the existence of the west-east rainfall gradient along the west coast is captured by the satellite product, but the orographic effect (rainfall maxima is over the Western Ghats as captured by the rain-gauge) is not reflected by 3B42-V6 product. The 3B42V6 product shows rainfall maxima at the coast. The satellite estimates of rainfall amounts over the state were found to be most accurate over regions of moderate rainfall and mainly inaccurate in regions of sharp rainfall gradient. In terms of magnitude of the rainfall amounts, over the windward side of the Western Ghats the 3B42V6 product was unable to resolve the heavy orographic rainfall amounts and over the leeward side the rainfall amounts in the immediate rain-shadow region were overestimated. One of the key results obtained from the daily rainfall intercomparison exercise is the ability of the 3B42-V6 estimates to detect the wet and dry phases of monsoon over most parts of the state (except the leeward side). Though the rainfall amounts estimated by the satellite product were sometimes under/over estimated, the timing of the rain events as estimated by the satellite product was generally coincident with the gauge observations over most of the regions except in the immediate rain-shadow region of the state. The TRMM 3B42-V6 estimates therefore could have tremendous potential to be used for intraseasonal studies over most regions of the state.

著者

平野 烈介

出版者

(公社)日本気象学会

雑誌

気象集誌. 第2輯 (ISSN:00261165)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2, no.4, pp.116-121, 1924-09-15 (Released:2009-02-05)

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From the durations of the preliminary tremors observed at various stations, the author, in his previous paper, located the seismic origin of the Great Kwanto Earthquake at a point to the north of Mt. Fuzi. In the present paper, he found the following two equations representing the relation between the distance of each station from the above point and the time of arrival of the first shock at that station in which Δ is the distance in kilometer and t the time in second measured from its origin assumed at 11h 58m, Sept. 1st, 1923. The first and second equations are well satisfied by the observed values of t and Δ at stations respectively in western and eastern Japan, the greatest discrepancy between the culculated and observed t being 2.7 seconds, while the total value of t ranges between 39-86 seconds. If the above equations are correct, there must be a time difference of 7 seconds for the commencements of the earthquake shocks at the seismic origin for the two waves, one travelling to the east and the other to the west. The author considers a highly strained state of earth crust, in a finite area near the origin, existing before the great earthquake and supposes that the waves actually started from the both sides of the area, whose diameter is about 50km, so that the apparent difference of time is accounted for.

著者

Masakazu TAGUCHI

出版者

(公社)日本気象学会

雑誌

気象集誌. 第2輯 (ISSN:00261165)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.93, no.1, pp.99-115, 2015 (Released:2015-03-18)

参考文献数

36

被引用文献数

2 10

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This study investigates observed interannual changes in the Northern winter stratosphere with El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) using the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis data for 56 years. We focus on changes in occurrence of major stratospheric sudden warmings (MSSWs) as well as in seasonal mean states.  Our results reveal complex changes in the MSSW probability with both ENSO and QBO as in the seasonal mean states. However, statistically significant changes at the 90 % confidence level are obtained only for some combinations of ENSO and QBO conditions reflecting the limitation of the data period. When the QBO is in a westerly phase, the MSSW probability increases with the ENSO sea-surface temperature condition in the eastern equatorial Pacific, i.e., from ENSO cold (La Niña), through neutral, to warm (El Niño) years. When the QBO is in an easterly phase, on the other hand, the probability significantly increases for La Niña years than for neutral years, whereas the probability is not significantly different between neutral and El Niño years. A characteristic feature is the high MSSW probability for the La Niña and QBO easterly winters, which is consistent with strengthened stationary wave with zonal wavenumber 1 compared to the climatology.  These results suggest the importance of taking into account both ENSO and QBO factors, when one examines the frequency of MSSWs in the Northern winter stratosphere.

著者

Fumio MARUYAMA Kenji KAI Hiroshi MORIMOTO

出版者

(公社)日本気象学会

雑誌

気象集誌. 第2輯 (ISSN:00261165)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.93, no.3, pp.331-341, 2015 (Released:2015-07-10)

参考文献数

23

被引用文献数

1 4

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A climatic regime shift is characterized by an abrupt transition from one quasi-steady climatic state to another. We attempted to explain the change of multifractal behavior of climate indices when a regime shift occurred. We used the wavelet - transform method to analyze the multifractal behaviors of the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) index (Niño3.4 index), Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) index, North Pacific Index (NPI), Pacific/North American pattern (PNA) index, and West Pacific pattern (WP) index. We showed the change of multifractality of these climate indices. When the wavelet coherences between the Niño3.4 index and NPI, NPI and PDO index, and Niño3.4 and PDO indices became strong, changes from multifractal to monofractal behavior were observed at climatic regime shifts. It may be possible to explain the background of the change of fractality by regarding climate change as the consequence of mutual interactions of various climatic elements. A fluctuation increase is observed in a coupled chaotic system just before chaos synchronization, which is when fractality and states change. We expect that a similar mechanism possibly exists for a climatic regime shift. When fluctuations became large and multifractality became strong, a climatic regime shift occurred and a change from multifractal to monofractal behavior was observed. The strong interaction of climatic phenomena, such as the ENSO, PDO, and Aleutian Low, caused a climatic regime shift. The fractality change of the PDO index almost corresponded to the regime shifts. In terms of multifractal analysis, we conclude that a climatic regime shift corresponds to a change from multifractality to monofractality of the PDO index.

著者

B. G. Hunt

出版者

(公社)日本気象学会

雑誌

気象集誌. 第2輯 (ISSN:00261165)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.60, no.1, pp.309-318, 1982 (Released:2007-10-19)

参考文献数

7

被引用文献数

20

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年平均状態を求める半球大循環モデルを用いて,黄道傾斜が,23.5°から0°,65°に変化することによって生じた結果を考察した。この様な傾斜の値が,過去の地質時代にとられていたといわれている。傾斜0°の気候は,現在の気候より変化に富み,高緯度の地表面は,より寒冷で,乾燥している。しかし,モデル対流圏は,全体的にやや温暖化している。傾斜65°に対し実験を2例行なった。2例とも高緯度で低アルベードだが,一方は低緯度で氷河のアルベードを与えた。年平均状態に対し,最初の実験例では,対流圏の緯度方向の温度傾度が実質上無かった。第2の実験例では赤道で地表温度が最低となったが,氷河状態になる程の低温に到らなかった。この場合は「反転したハドレー細胞」によって,熱帯東風ジェットが維持された。シミュレートされた水文学,エネルギー交換等を合わせて考慮すれば,ここで得られた結果はこの様に極端な傾斜における気候状態を考える材料を与えてくれる。地球の居住可能帯は,傾斜0°,65°双方に対して,減少すると結論される。以上の実験例は,色々提唱される仮説的気候状態を評価する上で,大気大循環モデルは,かなりの未開拓な可能性を持っていることを示している。