著者

Simon R. POTTER

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

Geographical review of Japan, Series B (ISSN:02896001)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.74, no.1, pp.1-14, 2001-06-30 (Released:2008-12-25)

参考文献数

22

---

The history of Japanese cartography, not being well understood outside Japan, requires further attention for scholars who do not use Japanese, including expanding the existing body of foreign-language knowledge and further explanations. In this context, the present article examines the Japanese vocabulary for “map” and sheds light on how the Japanese have viewed maps as artifacts. After a brief on the English word “map, ” the Japanese words which have functioned as generic terms for “map” are discussed in regard to their origin, meanings, and usage, as well as the cultural forces that influenced their coinage and/or mainstream adoption. Following this is a demonstration that even today the question of what word to use for “map” in Japanese has not been settled, there being three commonly encountered words, two of which have semantic defects and the third being recently derived from “map.” The final section notes that the record indicates that the Japanese have not considered maps to be sufficiently distinct to require their own designation, as well as that content and an understanding of the relevant English vocabulary, not necessarily the Japanese, determine whether an artifact is a “map” or something else in English.

著者

Kiyoshi SAIJO Daisuke NAGAOKA Masami FUKUDA

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

Geographical review of Japan, Series B (ISSN:02896001)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.72, no.2, pp.202-210, 1999-12-01 (Released:2008-12-25)

参考文献数

18

---

The characteristics of landforms and coastal retreat resulting from thawing of permafrost called “edoma”, which is widely distributed along the Arctic coast in northeastern Siberia, are discussed. Edoma is composed of massive ground ice containing evenly scattered frozen soil pillars, and underlain by ice-poor silty sediments. The meteorological data at some adjacent locations indicate that thawing is active from mid June to mid September. Four landform units: upper flat, upper cliff, middle gentle slope, and lower cliff, are recognized from inland to seaside near the coastline on which edoma is exposed. Upper flat roughly corresponds with the top of the edoma, while many mounds formed by thermokarst subsidence are scattered on it. Thawing of edoma is extremely active on the upper cliff, and consequently the cliff itself retreats. Although much microtopography indicating active thawing of edoma is widespread on the middle gentle slope, downward thermal erosion seems to become ineffective in the lower horizon of edoma because the underlayer of edoma consists of ice-poor silt which does not suffer considerable morphological change by thawing. The lower cliff which directly faces the sea is exposed to thermal erosion by waves, and a notch is successively formed at the base. Sudden coastal retreat amounting to several meters is expected after the notch becomes deep enough to collapse. These processes are controlled by the characteristics of material, structure, and stratigraphy of the permafrost in this area.

著者

Takaaki NIHEI

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

Geographical review of Japan, Series B (ISSN:02896001)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.73, no.1, pp.27-45, 2000-06-30 (Released:2008-12-25)

参考文献数

31

被引用文献数

1 1

---

Graduate student, Institute of Geoscience, University of Tsukuba, Abstract: A large amount of fossil fuel energy is used in modern agriculture. From an ecological aspect, the fossil fuel energy fixed in industrial products such as chemical fertilizers and herbicides makes agriculture inefficient. Agricultural practice needs to be aware of energy efficiency to implement low input management and to reduce the environmental impact. This study demonstrates a method of calculating the input-output energy ratio for 32 crops and examines the changes in the energy efficiency of crop production in Japan from 1970 to 1990. The results at the country level show that the input-output energy ratio changed from 2.0 to 1.2 in the two decades. The primary reason for this decline is due to the increase in the planted area of greenhouse vegetables, whose input-output energy ratio is 0.02-0.07. The secondary reason for this decline is due to the decrease in the planted area of paddy rices, whose input-output energy ratio is 2.5-3.1. The results at the prefecture level show that the input-output energy ratio declines especially in Kochi, Kumamoto and Okinawa prefecture, whose percentages of planted area of greenhouse vegetables are more than three times larger than the average for all the prefectures. The results presented also imply that agriculture in Japan has increased its impact on the natural environment through an increased use of fossil fuel energy.

著者

Pengfei WANG

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

Geographical review of Japan, Series B (ISSN:02896001)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.73, no.1, pp.46-61, 2000-06-30 (Released:2008-12-25)

参考文献数

35

被引用文献数

1

---

This paper aims to illustrate the changes in a rural area called Rutang Village in the inner urban fringe of Beijing City. The landscape surrounding Rutang Village and its land use pattern appear very rural. However, in spite of this appearance most of the labor force in Rutang Village is engaged in industrial activities. In short, agriculture-oriented society is shifting to industry-oriented in the area. In other words, Rutang Village is going through a transitional period from a purely rural village to an industrial workers' village. The emergence of the transition is due to the development of township and village enterprises, and the advantage of the closeness to Beijing City. Its functions related to agricultural production are strengthened by the administrative orders imposed by the Government of Beijing City, for Rutang Village provides mainly grain production. A collective farm management system is adopted in order to fulfill production quotas. At the same time, outside labor force are hired to maintain agricultural production level. Rutang Village has formed an original agricultural production model. In the survey of Rutang Village, it became apparent that changes of land use, social and organizational structure and economic activity are due to changes of state policies which contribute to a liberal circumstance for peasants in the inner fringe of Beijing City after the reform and opening. Meanwhile, it has also become apparent that there are influences from external factors such as industrialization and urbanization interacting with internal factors such as agro-technical advance and changes in peasants' life styles.

著者

Kazutoshi ABE

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

Geographical review of Japan, Series B (ISSN:02896001)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.73, no.1, pp.62-84, 2000-06-30 (Released:2008-12-25)

参考文献数

11

被引用文献数

2 1

---

This paper aims to examine the current situation in Japan's largest cities and describe the Japanese urban system, by analyzing the distribution of the management function (head offices and branch offices) of the country's largest private firms. This study is based on data for 2, 241 private firms. The status of cities under study is compared from various standpoints. An attempt is made to throw light on the inter-connections between cities. Finally, a model of the urban system of major cities is proposed. Twenty-nine cities were chosen for study (Figure 1), each of which has more than 10 firm head offices or 300 branch offices (Table 2). Clearly, the largest number (919) of head offices is found in Tokyo. This is followed by Osaka, in which the head offices of 314 firms are located. However, it should be noted that in recent years, more and more firms have adopted the system of multiple head offices (Table 3). Including such firms, the number of private firms having their head offices in Tokyo is 1, 105, which represents 49.3% of the total. Tokyo houses the largest number of branch offices, as well. As was the case for head offices, the city with the second largest number of branch offices is Osaka. After Tokyo and Osaka, Nagoya, Fukuoka, Sendai, Hiroshima, and Sapporo are the cities with the most branch offices. The author analyzed the hierarchical relationships of branch offices (Table 5), the type of industry (Table 6), city territories served by branch offices (Table 7 and Figure 4), head office and branch office size (Table 9) and inter-urban connectivity (Table 10). The author proposes a model for the urban system based on the findings of preceding analyses (Figure 6). This model clearly shows the complex networks of inter-connections established between major Japanese cities.

著者

Yukio SADAHIRO

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

Geographical review of Japan, Series B (ISSN:02896001)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.73, no.1, pp.85-90, 2000-06-30 (Released:2008-12-25)

参考文献数

11

---

This paper analyzes the accuracy of count data transferred through the areal weighting interpolation with respect to the geometrical properties of zonal systems used for aggregating spatial data. A stochastic model is employed to measure the estimation error caused in data transfer between incompatible zonal systems. The relationship between estimation error and the geometrical properties of zones is approximately represented in analytical forms. The major results are as follows: 1) the perimeter of the target zone and the area and perimeter of the source zones are crucial to the accuracy of the areal weighting interpolation; 2) estimation error increases in proportion to the square root of the perimeter of the target zone; 3) concerning the lattice system, estimation error is proportional to the square root of the perimeter and the biquadratic root of the area of the cell, and inversely proportional to the biquadratic root of the number of cells; 4) the hexagonal lattice yields the most accurate estimates among all lattices.

著者

Keiichi KATSUBE Takashi OGUCHI

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

Geographical review of Japan, Series B (ISSN:02896001)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.72, no.1, pp.63-72, 1999-06-30 (Released:2008-12-25)

参考文献数

27

被引用文献数

16 21

---

Previous research indicated that the average slope angle in Japanese mountains tends to increase with increasing altitude. This paper examines the details of the change for the three ranges of the Japan Alps using 2.25''×1.5'' (ca. 50×50m) DEMs provided by the Geographical Survey Institute of Japan. Altitudinal changes in profile curvature were also analyzed. The results indicate that the ranges can be divided into three altitude zones. Zone 1 (< ca. 1, 000m) is characterized by an increase in mean and modal slope angle with altitude as well as concave slope profiles. Zone 2 (ca. 1, 000 to 2, 800m), which occupies the broadest area of the ranges, is characterized by increases in the mean slope angle with increasing altitude, but the modal slope angle is around 35 degrees regardless of altitude. The modal profile curvature is also stable around null throughout the zone, reflecting straight slope profiles. The ratio of hillslopes with an angle of ca. 35 degrees to all hillslopes increases with increasing altitude, suggesting that hillslopes converge into a characteristic form after long-term erosion. Zone 3 occurs in narrow zones near mountain summits (> ca. 2, 800m) where hillslopes are subjected to periglacial actions, wind erosion and Pleistocene glacial erosion. This zone is characterized by the decreasing slope inclination with altitude and convex slope profiles.

著者

Yasuo MIYAKAWA

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

Geographical review of Japan, Series B (ISSN:02896001)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.72, no.2, pp.75-99, 1999-12-01 (Released:2008-12-25)

参考文献数

15

---

The purpose of this study is to examine the mutation of the Japanese industrial orbit in the global economy through a case study of the Japanese motor vehicle industry, with particular focus on Toyota Motor. The locus of Japan between the Eurasian Continent and the Pacific Ocean has exerted a great influence on the mutation of the orbit that has expanded yet at the same time circumscribed the development of Japanese industries in the global economy, especially since the Meiji Restoration. The concept of locus in this sense has both temporal and timeless meanings, indicating a particular place as a historical entity in its relations with other places that is still alive and responsive to human endeavors. Owing to its locus together with sound entrepreneurship in the innovative ethos of industrial community, Japan was able to synchronize the first wave of the Modern Industrial Revolution from UK with the second wave of the “Information” Industrial Revolution from its industrial frontier, the U. S., at the time of Meiji Restoration. Consequently, Japan made a successful step in a century toward the Neo Industrial Revolution, the third wave under which industries have begun paying due regard to natural providence and human ethics, especially in the environment and welfare industry. Notwithstanding the expansion of the industrial orbit of Japanese firms under the keen competitive-cooperation structure of the global economy, Japan has managed to preserve a steady industrial system and to maintain a sensitive industrial sphere on the global scene.

著者

DOO-CHUL KIM

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

Geographical review of Japan, Series B (ISSN:02896001)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.72, no.2, pp.100-110, 1999-12-01 (Released:2008-12-25)

参考文献数

11

被引用文献数

1 1

---

Comparing the remarkable economic growth of Japan and South Korea (hereafter, Korea), many scholars have adopted the modernization theory and/or the stages theory of development. They argue that development is about the modernization of traditional societies. Moreover, it is also widely accepted that developing countries could and should learn from the pioneer countries that have already developed. However, they fail to explain the opposite side of the remarkable economic growth in both countries; namely rapid depopulation and wide collapse of rural communities. This study is an attempt to build an alternative theoretical framework for sustainable development of rural communities in East Asia, focusing on Japan and Korea. The endogenous self organization that functions as a substantial social unit for rural development is emphasized. To accomplish this purpose, a case from each country is introduced and interpreted in an alternative way. The cases demonstrate that endogenous self-organizations function as a coordinator in policy implementation. While the two countries differ from each other in their method of local government intervention, the comparison of the two cases shows that rural development initiated by a local government cannot be sustainable without enhancing endogenous self-organizations. Ironically, it could be argued that no intervention strengthens the self-organizing capabilities of a rural community.

著者

Jun ONODERA

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

Geographical review of Japan, Series B (ISSN:02896001)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.72, no.2, pp.111-121, 1999-12-01 (Released:2008-12-25)

参考文献数

68

---

This paper aims at considering a mechanism of urban formation in Asia, focusing on the growth of small towns under the economic reform since the 1980s in the Pearl River Delta region, southern China. A discussion on the extended pattern of urbanization in Asia and some models of China's economic development are reviewed as a frame of reference. The extended urban formation in the Pearl River Delta region is considered to be the incorporating process of the region into the New International Division of Labour. Some Hong Kong-based enterprises have started to locate large-scale factories to the region, while they have left headquarters functions in Hong Kong. Those factories have employed a lot of workers from a segmented regional labour market of immigrants. Local communities in rural areas have accumulated land profits from the compensation of land expropriation and rent of collectiveowned land to promote land development in their domains. While foreign enterprises aggressively invest in the region in pursuit of preferable location for their production, local communities in rural area as well as local government competitively develop their land and construct facilities on it in order to invite more foreign investment. As a result, these movements have brought about rapid changes in the landscape of the region.

著者

Woo-seok KONG David WATTS

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

Geographical review of Japan, Series B (ISSN:02896001)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.72, no.2, pp.122-134, 1999-12-01 (Released:2008-12-25)

参考文献数

54

被引用文献数

3 5

---

The distribution of arboreal arctic-alpine plants in NE Asia and Korea is discussed. The presence of large numbers of species of the arctic-alpine flora in the Korean Peninsula, and especially the global southernmost distributional limits for certain species, may primarily be attributed to palaeo-environmental factors, since it cannot be wholly explained by reference to present environmental conditions. The disjunctive distribution of many arctic-alpine plants in NE Asia and the Korean Peninsula, as well as the Japanese Islands, suggests a former continuous distribution of these both regionally and on a broader scale. It also implies their range extension down-slopes and southwards during the Pleistocene glacial phases, and the subsequent breakdown of a former continuous range into fragments as the climate ameliorated during the post-glacial warming phase. The arctic-alpine flora, now mainly on the peaks of the Korean mountains, have been able to persist in alpine belts thanks to their harsh climatic conditions, sterile soil, rugged topography and cryoturbation. The horizontal and vertical distributional limits of some species seem to coincide with the maximum monthly summer isotherms, and the continued survival of alpine plants in Korea is in danger, if global warming associated with the greenhouse effect takes place.

著者

Kyoji SAITO

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

Geographical review of Japan, Series B (ISSN:02896001)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.72, no.2, pp.162-172, 1999-12-01 (Released:2008-12-25)

参考文献数

23

被引用文献数

3 3

---

In Japan, where uplift and denudation have been active during the Quaternary, thf growing stage of mountains has been divided into the earliest, early, younger-middle, older middle, and later substages. In this study, relationships have been discussed quantitatively between the development stage of mountains and alluvial-fan existence and size in tectonically active Japan, Taiwan, and the Philippines. Among relief ratio, drainage-basin area, tempera tore, and precipitation, relief ratio was determined to be the most important variable foi predicting the existence of alluvial fans for rivers with source areas greater than 100 km2. As mountains pass through their development stages from earliest to later, their relief ratios increase and the number and size of alluvial fans increase, especially from the older-middh substage. In drainage basins over 100 km2, the relief ratio of 30‰ is estimated to be at important threshold for the existence of an alluvial fan. In the older-middle substage almost all rivers have high relief ratios greater than 30‰, while only 63% of the rivers show such higr relief ratios in the younger-middle substage. In addition, the size of alluvial fans in drainage basins with relief ratios greater than 60‰ is larger than the size with relief ratios lower than 60‰. The percentage of the rivers with relief ratios over 60‰ in the older-middle substage is markedly higher than that in the younger-middle substage. In this way, the increase in relies ratios (steeper riverbeds) beginning in the older-middle substage provides good conditions for the development and increased size of alluvial fans. Furthermore, the tropical climate in the Philippines, which seems to be disadvantageous for the development of alluvial fans in general does not necessarily result in smaller alluvial fans when alluvial fans do develop.

著者

Yukiya TANAKA Yukinori MATSUKURA

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

Geographical review of Japan, Series B (ISSN:02896001)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.72, no.2, pp.173-180, 1999-12-01 (Released:2008-12-25)

参考文献数

64

---

Although many studies of Korean pediments have been carried out and various opinions on the formation of the pediments have been proposed, the origin and formative processes of Korean pediments have not yet been clearly resolved. The present paper calls attention to the importance of making additional efforts to (1) resolve the relationships between periglacial processes and colluvial slope formation, and (2) to examine the formative processes of pediments based on the field or laboratory measurement of rock properties.

著者

Zhou LIN Takashi OGUCHI DUAN Fengjun

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

Geographical review of Japan, Series B (ISSN:02896001)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.72, no.2, pp.181-192, 1999-12-01 (Released:2008-12-25)

参考文献数

9

被引用文献数

1 1

---

Using GIS data, the effects of topography and climate on the large-scale distribution of population and soil were examined for 20 regions in East and Southeast Asia. The results indicate that relationships between topography and population vary according to climate. Although population density decreases with increasing terrain height and slope in most regions, this correlation does not hold true in desert regions such as Mongol and western China, because the locations of residential areas highly depend on the local availability of water resources. In cold regions including the Tibetan Plateau, the effect of height on population density surpasses the effect of slope, because extremely cold highlands are unfavorable for living. In contrast, some tropical or sub-tropical highlands are densely populated reflecting a climate better than that in lowlands. The large-scale distribution of soil types is strongly dependent on climate which affects weathering and pedogenesis processes, especially in arid or tropical regions. In temperate and sub-tropical regions, however, topography also plays a significant role in determining soil distribution.

著者

Jun MATSUMOTO Kiyotoshi TAKAHASHI

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

Geographical review of Japan, Series B (ISSN:02896001)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.72, no.2, pp.193-201, 1999-12-01 (Released:2008-12-25)

参考文献数

10

被引用文献数

10 11

---

Regional differences of daily rainfall characteristics are examined during the East Asian summer monsoon season (May to August) over a 30-year (1961-90) period. It is found that the contribution of heavy rainfall with a daily total >50mm to total seasonal precipitation exceeds 50% around Taiwan, in the northwestern part of Kyushu Island, coastal Southwest Japan, and the southern coast of China. It exceeds 40% in northern Korea, the middle of the Yangtze and lower Huai-he River Basins. On the other hand, daily rainfall characteristics in Southwest, Northwest and North China are quite different from these regions. In Southwest China, although seasonal total precipitation is considerably large (>1000mm), the contribution of daily heavy rainfall to total precipitation is only less than 20% to the west of 105°E. In Northwest China, both total precipitation and contribution of daily heavy rainfall to total precipitation are small. In North China, precipitation by weak daily rainfall with a daily total <20mm is relatively high. The seasonal changes of heavy rainfall events are also examined. In general, the area of both maximum precipitation and heavy rainfall occurrence progresses northward from early June to late July in the major part of both East China and Japan in accordance with northward displacement of Baiu/Meiyu season. But some different features are found to the west of _??_110°E in China.

著者

Hideo YAMANOUCHI

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

Geographical review of Japan, Series B (ISSN:02896001)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.71, no.1, pp.72-82, 1998-06-30 (Released:2008-12-25)

参考文献数

32

被引用文献数

7 10

---

In the Ryukyu Island Arc, bioclastic sands containing foraminifera, e. g. Baculogypsina and Calcarina with spines on their tests, are abundant in sands of beaches and reefs. Attrition of the spines of Baculogypsina and Calcarina clarifies habitat and dispersion of these foraminifera at Yoshihara reef in Ishigakijima, where water flow clearly exists due to a distinct channel in the reef flat. At Sesokojima reef where no distinct channel exists, the method of using the attrition of spines on these bioclastic sands is applicable for evaluating transport courses of the bioclastic sands. This method provides a clue to elucidate gain and loss of beach sands in reefal coasts of the Ryukyu Island Arc.

著者

Wataru MORISHIMA Takehiko MIKAMI

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

Geographical review of Japan, Series B (ISSN:02896001)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.71, no.2, pp.85-99, 1998-12-01 (Released:2008-12-25)

参考文献数

30

---

Interannual variations of summer rainfall over Asia and their associations with geopotential heights in the Northern Hemisphere, tropical convective activities and global sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies are investigated. The Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) analysis is applied to the summer rainfall data (JJAS) at 220 stations from 1951 to 1991 in order to reveal the spatial structure and its temporal evolution in the interannual variation of summer rainfall over the Asian region including from India to East Asia. The EOF 1 is detected as the component associated with the Warm Event of ENSO. In other words, the spatial pattern and its time coefficients of EOF 1 indicate that the amount of precipitation decreases over India and the north of China in El Nina years. The EOF 2 has a spatial structure with the same sign from India to East Asia; in particular accompanied with large signals in the middle latitude of East Asia. The variations of these EOFs are connected with those of tropical convective activities and SST anomalies. The variation of EOF 1 is suggested to be associated with the movement of heat source from southeastern Tibet to the southwestern part of China from the correlation coefficients pattern both for the geopotential height fields and the OLR. On the other hand, the EOF 2 is related to variations of convective activities extending from the north of the Philippines to the eastward along 15°N, which are accompanied by negative correlation coefficients to the variation of SST anomalies from the South China Sea to the eastern equatorial Indian Ocean.

著者

Noboru HIDA José Guilherme MAIA Osamu SHIMMI Mario HIRAOKA Nobuaki MIZUTANI

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

Geographical review of Japan, Series B (ISSN:02896001)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.71, no.2, pp.100-105, 1998-12-01 (Released:2008-12-25)

参考文献数

12

被引用文献数

2 3

著者

Canute VANDERMEER Jianhe LI

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

Geographical review of Japan, Series B (ISSN:02896001)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.71, no.2, pp.106-120, 1998-12-01 (Released:2008-12-25)

参考文献数

32

---

Much rice grows on land served by irrigation systems where water moves to fields through canals and ditches. Some irrigation systems have plenty of water. Others do not. This study examines three systems which almost every year experience moderate shortages of water and occasionally experience severe shortages. Water distribution within the systems is managed entirely by farmers. The water diversion structures on the canals and ditches are highly manipulatable. The farmers have devised water distribution procedures that are readily adaptable to the varying needs of fields and varying levels of water availability from place to place and time to time. Therefore, crop losses owing to water shortages have been minimal.

著者

Unryu SUGANUMA

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

Geographical review of Japan, Series B (ISSN:02896001)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.71, no.2, pp.121-143, 1998-12-01 (Released:2008-12-25)

参考文献数

96

被引用文献数

1

---

China and Japan, as two superpowers in the Asian region, have one of most complicated foreign relations in centuries. Since the Chinese economic reform in 1978, Japan has provided financial assistance to China, making China the second largest country (behind Indonesia) to receive Japanese foreign aid in years. On the one hand, Japan has clear goals for its foreign aid programs based on geo-strategic considerations with respect to China. On the other hand, Japanese yen credit has often become a “souvenir” to soothe Sino-Japanese relations manipulated by both Japanese politicians and bureaucrats. Because of the both complicated geopolitical and geoeconomic relations between two countries, certain scholars have mistakenly concluded that the Japanese government does not rely upon predetermined motives when providing aid. This research, however, illustrates that Japanese yen credits to China have been a major geo-strategic tool of Japanese foreign policy of promoting Chinese economic reform.