著者

河野 元治

出版者

The Clay Science Society of Japan

雑誌

粘土科学 (ISSN:04706455)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.40, no.3, pp.197-211, 2001-02-28 (Released:2011-09-20)

参考文献数

8

著者

林 武志

出版者

The Clay Science Society of Japan

雑誌

粘土科学 (ISSN:04706455)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.18, no.3, pp.105-115, 1978-09-25 (Released:2011-09-20)

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Clay has played an important role in the refractories industry because of its special properties such as favorable plasticity, good sinterability and low cost. An outline of fire clay refractories and the features of clays are mentioned in this paper.The principal chemical composition of clays is silica, alumina and water, and these consist mineralogically of kaoline mineral and quartz. Clays also contain impurities, for example iron oxide, potassium oxide, and sodium oxide, and therefore also contain feldspar, sericite and pyrophyllite.In industrial ceramics, clays are used two ways. One way is the dead burning of clays which is used for large grog or refractory grain particles in fire clay refractories. The process requires special properties such as high density and high temperature stability. In the second way, clays are used for binder for which it is necessary to have favorable plasticity.Fire clay refractories are composed of refractory grain particles of burned clay and binder clay, their properties are decided by the raw materials and heat treatment used.The chemical composition of fire clay refractories are silica, alumina and accessary components which are the same as clays, and these mineralogically consist of mullite, cristobalite and a glass phase.This fact suggests that the kinds and quantity of impurity contained in the formation of cristobalite give a marked effect on the shrinkage, tightening and the spalling of a ceramic body.Damage in fire clay refractories can be observed during service in the following cases; 1) presence of impurities which cause the formation of glass, 2) thermal expansion spalling due to the presence of cristobalite, 3) alkali attack in the blast furnace, 4) bloating phenomena in the ladle.

著者

北川 隆司

出版者

The Clay Science Society of Japan

雑誌

粘土科学 (ISSN:04706455)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.39, no.1, pp.37-44, 1999-06-30 (Released:2011-09-20)

参考文献数

56

被引用文献数

3

著者

長沢 敬之助

出版者

The Clay Science Society of Japan

雑誌

粘土科学 (ISSN:04706455)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.2, pp.53-61, 1987-06-10 (Released:2011-09-20)

参考文献数

45

被引用文献数

1

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Geology and mineralogy of kaolin deposits and kaolinitic clay deposits are reviewed. They are classified as follows.1. Deposits of primary kaolin1.1 Deposits of combined hydrothermal-weathering origin1.2 Residual deposits mainly formed by tropical weathering1.3 Solfataric deposits formed by shallow hydrothermal action2. Deposits accompanied by sandy sediments2.1 Sedimentary kaolin deposits2.2 Kaolinitic sand with kaolinization either before or after sedimentation3. Kaolinitic clay deposits accompanied by coal or lignite3.1 Ball clay, i. e., plastic carbonaceous clay3.2 Fireclay including high-alumina fireclay and flint clay3.3 Tonstein and allied clay of volcanic-ash origin

著者

中井 信 吉永 長則

出版者

The Clay Science Society of Japan

雑誌

粘土科学 (ISSN:04706455)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.3, pp.153-161, 1987-09-05 (Released:2011-09-20)

参考文献数

15

被引用文献数

2

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Dissolution of various crystalline clay minerals and soil clays by hot acid oxalate treatment was assessed by the procedure of difference infrared absorption spectroscopy. The treatment dissolved lepidocrocite and vermiculite seriously, but partly hematite, goethite, kaolinite, halloysite (geological origin), montmorillonite and illite. Although halloysite from weathered pumice deposit may contain some amount of allophanic material, the difference infrared spectrum showed clearly the dissolution of a fair amount of the mineral. This specimen may be lower in “crystallinity” and, so, more susceptible to the treatment than that of geological origin. Relatively high value of weight loss for chlorite was ascribed to the dissolution of accessary minerals, such as vermiculite and halloysite. Severe dissolution of vermiculite may be due partly to that the mineral sample was tri-octahedral type.The difference infrared spectrum of limestone-derived soil clay showed the dissolution of the crystalline components, such as vermiculite and halloysite. On the other hand, the ash-derived soil clays showed almost complete dissolution of allophane and imogolite which were present as the principal components.All the above results point to that the acid oxalate treatment can never be selective for non and poorly crystalline clay materials, but dissolves the crystalline minerals considerably although the extent the dissolution depends on the kind or type of minerals. This should be taken into account particularly when the soil clays containing much crystalline minerals are examined by the selective dissolution technique with acid oxalate.

著者

石井 卓 中島 均 三谷 泰浩

出版者

The Clay Science Society of Japan

雑誌

粘土科学 (ISSN:04706455)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, no.4, pp.210-223, 1996-03-31 (Released:2011-09-20)

参考文献数

24

著者

松田 宗明

出版者

The Clay Science Society of Japan

雑誌

粘土科学 (ISSN:04706455)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.39, no.3, pp.122-129, 2000-03-15 (Released:2011-09-20)

参考文献数

12

著者

杉浦 精治

出版者

The Clay Science Society of Japan

雑誌

粘土科学 (ISSN:04706455)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.23, no.4, pp.136-139, 1983-12-20 (Released:2011-09-20)

参考文献数

12

著者

中川 昌治 中本 順子 吉原 俊昭

出版者

The Clay Science Society of Japan

雑誌

粘土科学 (ISSN:04706455)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.35, no.1, pp.1-14, 1995-07-28 (Released:2011-09-20)

参考文献数

31

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Mineral parageneses and mineralogical properties of quartz and NH4-bearing sericite at the Izumiyama pottery stone deposit, Saga Prefecture, have been examined. The deposit was formed by hydrothermal alteration of a rhyolite intrusion. The deposit can be divided into four zones: 1) the sericite zone with sericite vein, 2) the sericite-kaolinite zone, 3) the weakly altered zone (I) and 4) the weakly altered zone (II), from the center to the outer of the alteration area. The typical Izumiyama ore of the sericite zone is composed mainly of quartz and sericite. The sericite-kaolinite zone consists of quartz, sericite and kaolinite. The weakly alterd zone (I) contains residual orthoclase. The weakly altered zone (II) contains residual sanidine and small amounts of mica/smectite with 20-50% smectite layers. Buddingtonite is also contained in some ores of the weakly altered zones.X-ray diffraction peaks of the quartz are broad. The cell dimensions are considerably large with a=4.9147-4.9153Å and c=5.4054-5.4058Å at 18°C. The high-low inversion peak in the DTA curve is broad and the peak temperature is 10-14°C lower than that of standard quartz. The quartz sample in the center of the hydrothermal alteration has smaller cell dimensions and higher inversion temperature than the sample in the outer alteration zone.Sericite in the inner two zones is mica with a little amount of smectite layer (0-5%). On the other hand, sericite in the weakly altered zone (I) is irregularly interstratified mica/smectite with 5-15% smectite layers, and the crystallite size is thinner than that in the inner zones. Basal spacing of sericite ranges from 10.063 to 10.174Å due to the extent of NH4 incorporation in the interlayer site. Sericites having high content of interlayer NH4 occur in the weakly altered zone (I), where buddingtonite is the main coexisting mineral. The distribution patterns of these NH4-bearing minerals suggest that the enrichment of NH4 in the Izumiyama pottery stone is a result of the interaction between the hydrothermal solution and sedimentary xenoliths in original rhyolite.

著者

加藤 忠蔵

出版者

The Clay Science Society of Japan

雑誌

粘土科学 (ISSN:04706455)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.3, pp.118-128, 1989-11-25 (Released:2011-09-20)

参考文献数

28

被引用文献数

3

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The condition of the adsorbed water, the interlayer water and the constitution water of clay minerals are introduced in outline in the review. The volume and the dehydration temperature of the interlayer water vary by a kind of the exchangeable cation. Also the interlayer water is put in good order and the condition is different from the ordinary liquid water. The interlayer distance shrinks at about-40°C and the interlayer water in this state looks like the same H2O as one of the orderly arrangement under high pressure.The clay minerals rehydrate immidiately after the constitution water is dehydrated at 550°C-750°C. The dehydration temperature of the rehydrated water is about 550°C and lowered than the primary dehydration temperature. The rehydrated water is different from the original OH and appears as zeolitic water which is catched in the hole of dehydrated OH. But the constitution water is restored as lattice OH by a strong hydrothermal treatment. The constitution water is broken with the destruction of the octahedral layer by acid treatment and also by strong consecutive grinding. These facts are comfirmed by analyses of DTA, X-ray analysis and IR etc.

著者

下田 右

出版者

The Clay Science Society of Japan

雑誌

粘土科学 (ISSN:04706455)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.11, no.4, pp.174-187, 1971-12-25 (Released:2011-09-20)

参考文献数

39

被引用文献数

4

著者

笹木 敏

出版者

The Clay Science Society of Japan

雑誌

粘土科学 (ISSN:04706455)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, no.2, pp.58-70, 1974-08-25 (Released:2011-09-20)

参考文献数

15

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The Quaternary clay which occurs along the margin of the Kitami basin, Hokkaido, -to be called Kitami clay-has been known as very sensitive as those of the “Quick clay” in southern Scandinavia and eastern Canada.The present geological study proved that this clay resembles to the varved clays as shown by its properties as follows:1. The clay assumes thin bedded and intercalated in the Kutcharo volcanic ash formations.2. About half of the specimens of the fossil diatoms in the clay is of lacustrin fresh, and another half is of high land lacustrin type.3. The radiocarbon dating of the wood fragments from the clay gave the age from 23, 000 to 26, 800 years B. P., corresponding to Main Wurm Glacial stage.4. The caly beds consist of the alternating lamina of summer silty layer and winter peaty layer.5. By X-ray diffraction and differential thermal analysis, the clay minerals of the clay are identified mainly as halloysite accompanied with minor amount of kaolinite. This mineral composition greatly differs from the “Quick clay” mentioned above, inspite of the sensitive characteristics of the crude clay.

著者

神戸 博太郎

出版者

The Clay Science Society of Japan

雑誌

粘土科学 (ISSN:04706455)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.8, no.1-2, pp.1-7, 1968-08-30 (Released:2011-09-20)

参考文献数

16

著者

田崎 和江 国峯 由貴江 森川 俊和

出版者

The Clay Science Society of Japan

雑誌

粘土科学 (ISSN:04706455)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.41, no.2, pp.64-74, 2001-12-31 (Released:2011-09-20)

参考文献数

29

被引用文献数

1

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In 1985, Dashidaira dam with discharge gate had been built for the first time in Japan, at Kurobe River in Toyama Prefecture. Six years later, in 1991, the dam sediments were flushed out for the first time and impacted on the downstream of Kurobe River. The dam sediments and the suspension contained a large amount of organic matter (with high C, N and S contents) with sludge-smell. The annual catch of bentic fishes (exp. flatfish) and the annual haul of wakame seaweed have been decreased year by year since the first discharge of the dam sediments in 1991. Until now, it has been reported that the sludge has deposited in the Toyama Bay which is apprehensive of influence of discharged dam sediments, because suspended particles affect the fish's gill respiration.In this study, suspension of river water were collected at three bridges during discharge from Dashidaira and Unazuki Dam in June 19th-22nd and in June 30th-July 2nd, 2001. River water quality and suspended solid were analyzed chemically, physically and mineralogically. Extremely low DO and Eh values were observed at the periods during first discharge in June 19th-22nd at two bridges. Moreover, during second discharge in June 30th-July 2nd, DO and Eh values were constant. Therefore it was shown that drastic decreased of DO and Eh values were a peculiar phenomenon during first discharge in June 19th-22th, 2001. The results of NCS elemental analyses were suggested that high organic contents were related with drastic decreased of DO and Eh values. Clay mineralogy of both Unazuki Dam sediments and suspended solid on the seabed at the offing of Kurobe River mouth, show abundant semctite with chlorite, mica clay minerals and kaolin minerals, suggesting those are the almost same origin. The dam sediments associated with organic matter impacted on downstream and the seabed, and was the cause of affecting bentic fishes and wakame seaweed.

著者

大塚 良平 下田 右 下坂 康哉 永田 洋 篠原 也寸志 清水 雅浩 坂本 尚史

出版者

The Clay Science Society of Japan

雑誌

粘土科学 (ISSN:04706455)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.32, no.3, pp.154-172, 1992-11-25 (Released:2011-11-16)

参考文献数

92

被引用文献数

3

著者

立山 博

出版者

The Clay Science Society of Japan

雑誌

粘土科学 (ISSN:04706455)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.34, no.3, pp.157-164, 1994-12-30 (Released:2011-09-20)

参考文献数

13

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The morphology of the colloidal particles influences the properties of suspensions, particularly the viscosity and plasticity that seem to increase with the presence of platelike colloidal particles. Shear stress is calculated against shear rate in dilute clay-water suspensions on the basis of Simha's theory, which indicates that the rheological behavior ofplatelike particles is different from that of spherical particles. In the case of condensed suspensions, platelike particles are flocculated into some different associations, then the rheological behaviour of the suspensions becomes very complicated. Normarized orientational function is used to predict the properties of flocculated structure in the present report. Shear stress is simulated using the equation of total energy dissipation rate based on the Michael's theory.

著者

下山 晃

出版者

The Clay Science Society of Japan

雑誌

粘土科学 (ISSN:04706455)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.21, no.3, pp.93-101, 1981-10-20 (Released:2011-09-20)

参考文献数

32

被引用文献数

1

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Chemical evolution postulates the prebiotic formation of organic compounds and their accumulation as a necessary preamble to the appearance of life on the earth. Of the surface constituents on the primitive earth, clay minerals may have contributed to the process of chemical evolution because of their wide distribution in geological time and space and their strong affinity for organic compounds.The possible role of clay minerals in the different stages of chemical evolution may include 1) catalysis in the reaction of monomer synthesis from gaseous constituents of the primordal atmosphere, 2) adsorption of the monomers on their surface, providing a highly concentrated system with specific monomers, 3) dehydration-condensation in polymerization of the monomers to biologically important polymers, and 4) formation of organo-clay complexes through which some replicating systems may evolve. Of these roles, the monomer formation, adsorption, and polycondensation processes are discussed in this paper with particular emphasis on amino acids, peptides, and proteins.A simulation experiment of prebiotic amino acid formation produced both protein and non-protein amino acids and their racemic mixtures in the presence of montmorillonite. The role of the clay is to promote the formation of amino acids of greater carbon numbers. Adsorption experiments show that there is no selection of protein amino acids over non-protein ones by the clay. However, α-amino acids are less adsorbed than non-α-amino acids under neutral or acidic soluton pH. Neither of D-or L-enantiomers are adsorbed preferentially by the clay, although some reports claim that clay minerals (kaolinite and montmorillonite) can adsorb L-enantiomers selectively. Under fluctuating wet/dry cycles clay minerals can polymerize amino acids upto oligomers, acting probably as a dehydration-condensation agent. The interlayer surfaces and edges of clay minerals are unique areas for chemical evolution and should be investigated more in the study of prebiotic chemistry.

著者

歌田 実 清水 正明

出版者

The Clay Science Society of Japan

雑誌

粘土科学 (ISSN:04706455)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, no.1, pp.11-18, 1990-04-24 (Released:2011-09-20)

参考文献数

13

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In the Izu Peninsula, central Japan, seventeen species of zeolites mainly occur in volcanic rocks and volcaniclastic sediments of Miocece to Pleistocene in age. Pervasive zeolites are wairakite, laumontite, heulandite, stilbite, and chabazite and minor are yugawaralite, scolecite, epistilbite. They occur in veins, fractures and druses and are zonally distributed in hydrothermal alteration zones trending NW-SE and NE-SW.Na-zeolites such as clinoptilolite, mordenite, analcime and ferrierite mainly replace vitric materials in volcaniclastic sediments. They were probably formed by thermal effects of magma which intruded at very shallow places during Pliocene to Pleistocene age.There are few localities of fibrous zeolites such as natrolite, mesolite, and thomsollite.

著者

鶴田 康生 大久保 利長 小見山 登 吉田 募 上田 智 小泉 光恵

出版者

The Clay Science Society of Japan

雑誌

粘土科学 (ISSN:04706455)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.21, no.4, pp.153-159, 1981-12-25 (Released:2011-09-20)

参考文献数

5

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The softening effect of bentonite to cotton fabric was studied in relation to the cation exchange capacity and other characteristics.It could not decide any appreciable corelations between the softening effect andthe ation exchange capacity, speciific surface area, apparent viscocity and the composition of exchangeable cations. Cristobalite associated montmorillonites were adsorbed on to cotton fabric intensifying the softness to the touch.