著者

八鍬 友広

出版者

一般社団法人日本教育学会

雑誌

教育學研究 (ISSN:03873161)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.70, no.4, pp.524-535, 2003-12-30

---

How many people could read and write in Tokugawa Japan? This is the main topic for this paper. Actually it's very difficult to calculate the number of people who could read and write in Tokugawa Japan. Because there are no documents like marriage certificates with signatures, as most research on popular literacy in western society usually include. But we can glean fragmentary information about popular literacy by following historical sources: (1) the surveys on the rate of people who could write their own names in the Meiji period, (2) the "Monjincho", attendance books of "Terakoya", and (3) the historical materials with "Kao", special signature in medieval and early Tokugawa Japan. (1) There were several surveys on the rate of people who were above six years old and could write their own names during 1877-1889. Results of those surveys of Shiga, Gunma, Aomori, Kagoshima and Okayama prefectures were listed on "Monbusho Nenpo", annual report of Japanese Ministry of Education. Those surveys show that about 90% of men in Shiga could write their names, but on the other hand 33% of men and only 4% of women in Kagoshima could write their own names. The 1879 survey of Kuga County, one of the counties of Yamaguchi Prefecture, on the rate of people who could write their names is important. It covered 122 villages and towns, 88 school districts and a population of approximately 135,000. The literacy rate, the rate of people who could write their own names for the total population, was 36.3%(men 55%, women 16.5%). The literacy of men of every district ranged from 19.3% to 98.3% and women from 0% to 68.5%. Literacy rate has minus correlation with the rate of agriculture population (r= -0.66), and has plus correlation with the rate of commerce and manufacture population (r=0.65). (2) The "Monjincho" of "Jishuusai juku" in Omi and "Isobe Juku" m Echigo show how many people of those regions were enrolled for Terakoya. According to Jun Shibata, 91% of Kitanosho village people were enrolled for "Jishusai juku" in 19 Century. Through the case of "Isobe juku" we can see the situation in the 18th Century In Komachi one of the towns of Murakami city, 64% of the households had their children, at least one child, enroll for "Isobe juku" in the middle of the 18th Century. (3) In medieval and early Tokugawa period there were some documents with "Kao", special signature. To sign "Kao" practice in writing was required. Those who could not sign "Kao" marked a circle by stem of the brush. Therefore we can know the literacy through these documents. According to Masanobu Kimura, about 80% of the present head of the family could sign "Kao" in the first half of the 17th Century. We can conclude that partial literacy has already been considerably high even in early Tokugawa period, and a major difference of literacy between men and women existed, which deeply depended on the region even in early Meiji era.

著者

八鍬 友広

出版者

教育史学会

雑誌

日本の教育史学 (ISSN:03868982)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, pp.24-41, 1987-10-02 (Released:2017-06-01)

著者

八鍬 友広

出版者

一般社団法人 日本教育学会

雑誌

教育学研究 (ISSN:03873161)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.70, no.4, pp.524-535, 2003-12-30 (Released:2007-12-27)

---

How many people could read and write in Tokugawa Japan? This is the main topic for this paper. Actually it's very difficult to calculate the number of people who could read and write in Tokugawa Japan. Because there are no documents like marriage certificates with signatures, as most research on popular literacy in western society usually include. But we can glean fragmentary information about popular literacy by following historical sources: (1) the surveys on the rate of people who could write their own names in the Meiji period, (2) the "Monjincho", attendance books of "Terakoya", and (3) the historical materials with "Kao", special signature in medieval and early Tokugawa Japan. (1) There were several surveys on the rate of people who were above six years old and could write their own names during 1877-1889. Results of those surveys of Shiga, Gunma, Aomori, Kagoshima and Okayama prefectures were listed on "Monbusho Nenpo", annual report of Japanese Ministry of Education. Those surveys show that about 90% of men in Shiga could write their names, but on the other hand 33% of men and only 4% of women in Kagoshima could write their own names. The 1879 survey of Kuga County, one of the counties of Yamaguchi Prefecture, on the rate of people who could write their names is important. It covered 122 villages and towns, 88 school districts and a population of approximately 135, 000. The literacy rate, the rate of people who could write their own names for the total population, was 36.3%(men 55%, women 16.5%). The literacy of men of every district ranged from 19.3% to 98.3% and women from 0% to 68.5%. Literacy rate has minus correlation with the rate of agriculture population (r= -0.66), and has plus correlation with the rate of commerce and manufacture population (r=0.65). (2) The "Monjincho" of "Jishuusai juku" in Omi and "Isobe Juku" m Echigo show how many people of those regions were enrolled for Terakoya. According to Jun Shibata, 91% of Kitanosho village people were enrolled for "Jishusai juku" in 19 Century. Through the case of "Isobe juku" we can see the situation in the 18th Century In Komachi one of the towns of Murakami city, 64% of the households had their children, at least one child, enroll for "Isobe juku" in the middle of the 18th Century. (3) In medieval and early Tokugawa period there were some documents with "Kao", special signature. To sign "Kao" practice in writing was required. Those who could not sign "Kao" marked a circle by stem of the brush. Therefore we can know the literacy through these documents. According to Masanobu Kimura, about 80% of the present head of the family could sign "Kao" in the first half of the 17th Century. We can conclude that partial literacy has already been considerably high even in early Tokugawa period, and a major difference of literacy between men and women existed, which deeply depended on the region even in early Meiji era.

著者

八鍬 友広

出版者

東北教育哲学教育史学会

雑誌

教育思想 (ISSN:03860663)

巻号頁・発行日

no.45, pp.199-219, 2018

著者

松塚俊三 八鍬友広編

出版者

昭和堂

巻号頁・発行日

2010

著者

八鍬 友広

出版者

東北教育哲学教育史学会

雑誌

教育思想 (ISSN:03860663)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.45, pp.199-219, 2018-03-31

著者

八鍬 友広

出版者

東北教育哲学教育史学会

雑誌

教育思想 (ISSN:03860663)

巻号頁・発行日

no.45, pp.199-219, 2018

著者

八鍬 友広

出版者

東北大学大学院教育学研究科

雑誌

東北大学大学院教育学研究科研究年報 (ISSN:13465740)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.62, no.1, pp.1-15, 2013-12

著者

八鍬 友広 Yakuwa Tomohiro

出版者

日本教育学会

雑誌

教育学研究 (ISSN:03873161)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.70, no.4, pp.524-535, 2003-12

---

How many people could read and write in Tokugawa Japan? This is the main topic for this paper. Actually it's very difficult to calculate the number of people who could read and write in Tokugawa Japan. Because there are no documents like marriage certificates with signatures, as most research on popular literacy in western society usually include. But we can glean fragmentary information about popular literacy by following historical sources: (1) the surveys on the rate of people who could write their own names in the Meiji period, (2) the "Monjincho", attendance books of "Terakoya", and (3) the historical materials with "Kao", special signature in medieval and early Tokugawa Japan. (1) There were several surveys on the rate of people who were above six years old and could write their own names during 1877-1889. Results of those surveys of Shiga, Gunma, Aomori, Kagoshima and Okayama prefectures were listed on "Monbusho Nenpo", annual report of Japanese Ministry of Education. Those surveys show that about 90% of men in Shiga could write their names, but on the other hand 33% of men and only 4% of women in Kagoshima could write their own names. The 1879 survey of Kuga County, one of the counties of Yamaguchi Prefecture, on the rate of people who could write their names is important. It covered 122 villages and towns, 88 school districts and a population of approximately 135,000. The literacy rate, the rate of people who could write their own names for the total population, was 36.3%(men 55%, women 16.5%). The literacy of men of every district ranged from 19.3% to 98.3% and women from 0% to 68.5%. Literacy rate has minus correlation with the rate of agriculture population (r= -0.66), and has plus correlation with the rate of commerce and manufacture population (r=0.65). (2) The "Monjincho" of "Jishuusai juku" in Omi and "Isobe Juku" m Echigo show how many people of those regions were enrolled for Terakoya. According to Jun Shibata, 91% of Kitanosho village people were enrolled for "Jishusai juku" in 19 Century. Through the case of "Isobe juku" we can see the situation in the 18th Century In Komachi one of the towns of Murakami city, 64% of the households had their children, at least one child, enroll for "Isobe juku" in the middle of the 18th Century. (3) In medieval and early Tokugawa period there were some documents with "Kao", special signature. To sign "Kao" practice in writing was required. Those who could not sign "Kao" marked a circle by stem of the brush. Therefore we can know the literacy through these documents. According to Masanobu Kimura, about 80% of the present head of the family could sign "Kao" in the first half of the 17th Century. We can conclude that partial literacy has already been considerably high even in early Tokugawa period, and a major difference of literacy between men and women existed, which deeply depended on the region even in early Meiji era.

著者

大戸 安弘 梅村 佳代 川村 肇 木村 政伸 天野 晴子 八鍬 友広

出版者

筑波大学

雑誌

基盤研究(B)

巻号頁・発行日

2002

---

本研究は概ね以下の三つの方向で行われ、それぞれにおいて一定の成果を収めたということができる。(1)古文書資料合同調査、(2)刊本資料分担髑査、(3)視点別個別研究調査の三っである。このうち中心となったのは(1)と (2)であるが、(3)についても、本格的な展開は今後を待たねばならないとはいえ、注目すべき成果を得ている。(1)の目的は、前近代日本における識字状況を解明するために、民衆の花押(白署)をともなう資料、たとえば、人別帳・起請文・村掟・契約書などを収集することにある。2002年8月から2005年11月にわたって、各地の歴史資料所蔵機関を訪問し、花押を有する原文書ないしはその複製資料を調査し収築した。花押を有する資料は概ね17世紀以前のものであり、貴重資料に属するものが多い。報告書に掲載した資料は、すべてこの調査によって収集されたものの一部であり、識字資料としての花押原型が磯認できるよう、有力な資料を可能な限り採録した。(2)の目的は、公刊されている諸文献のなかに、花押を有する有力な資料、とくに民衆の花押を有する資料を確認することにある。それらのなかには、短期間で原文書を確認することが困難であったり、あるいはすでに原文書が滅失したりしているものも少なくない。「平安遺文」「鎌倉遺文」などの綱羅的資料群、各県で編纂されている自治体史を分担して調査し、数多くの資料を収集した。(3)は、調査結果によりながら、職業・宗教・女性・地域・学問・花押と印章などの観点から、研究代表および各研究分担者において個別に研究を深めた成果である。

著者

八鍬 友広

出版者

全国地方教育史学会

雑誌

地方教育史研究 (ISSN:03895521)

巻号頁・発行日

no.24, pp.97-107, 2003