著者

和田 正彦

出版者

Japan Society for Southeast Asian Studies

雑誌

東南アジア -歴史と文化- (ISSN:03869040)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1980, no.9, pp.24-50, 1980-02-25 (Released:2010-03-16)

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There were, in the Tokugawa period, offices of interpreters called To-tsuji (Lit. Interpreters of Chinese). Within this category were two divisions; To-tuji To-kata (Interpreters of Chinese) and To-tsuji Shokoku-kata or Ikokutsuji (Interpreters of other Asian Languages). To-tsuji Shokoku-sata or Ikokutsuji included Tonkin-tsuji (Interpreters of Vietnamese), ..... The latter consisted of the Tonkin-tsuji (Interpretes of Vietnamese), Shamro-tsuji (Interpreters for Siamese), Mouru-tsuji (Interpreters of a language used in the Mughals) and Ruson-tsuji (Interpreters of a language used in Luzon under Spanish). This paper traces the history of the Ikoku-tsuji from its establishment to its abolition.It must be pointed out that both divisions, namely To-tsuji Tokata and Ikoku-tsuji were theoretically equal in status, yet, in fact, the latter was regarded as lower than the former. This is clearly shown in the difference in their pay-scales. The discrepancy in their actual position resulted from the differnces in their business. The To-tsuji To-kata was much more important than the Ikoku-tsuji not only because of the fact that only one or two vesseles which came to Nagasaki were from countries other than China, but also, because the To-tsuji To-kata played at the same time the role of commercial agents having discretionary powers of foreign trade. On the other hand the Ikoku-tsuji were no more than interpreters. It should be also taken into account that the To-tsuji To-kata were either Chinese living in Nagasaki or their descendants so that they easily got on good terms with Chinese merchants coming to Nagaski for trade. On the contrary among the Ikoku-tsuji, only the Gi family held the office hereditarily.As the number of vessels requiring Ikoku-tsuji dwindled, the work of the Ikoku-tsuji was gradually transfered to the sections of To-tsuji To-kata or Oranda Tsuji (Interpreters for Dutch). They held only the nominal position through hereditary until the last days of the Tokugawa Shogunate. The position of Ikoku-tsuji was, nevertheless, necesary to the Tokugawa Shogunate. Because of its policy of seclusion, the Shogunate had to be ready to receive and handle exclusively such vessels.It is be worthy of special note that there were some Japanese who studied languages of South and Southeast Asia, wrote the books of vocabulary and conversation of these languages despite it being the age of seclusion.

著者

和田 正彦

出版者

慶應義塾大学

雑誌

史学 (ISSN:03869334)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.62, no.1, pp.165-183, 1992

著者

神田 勤 岩崎 誠 和田 正彦 黒飛 万里子 志水 洋二 上松 一郎

出版者

THE JAPAN DIABETES SOCIETY

雑誌

糖尿病 (ISSN:0021437X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.35, no.5, pp.429-435, 1992

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Hypotonia, hypomentia, hypogonadism, obesityを主徴とするPrader-Willi症候群において, 高浸透圧非ケトン性糖尿病性昏睡 (HNKC) およびrhabdomyolysisを合併した本邦第1例を経験した.<BR>症例は21歳, 女性. 1986年5月II型糖尿病と診断され, 食事療法にて治療されていた. 1989年11月頃より鶴歯のためジュースを多飲.同12月6日糖尿病性昏睡を発症し, 某院入院. 治療を受けるも改善せず, 翌日当院へ転院となった. 転院時に筋脱力, 尿路感染症を認め, 血糖値736mg/d<I>l</I>, 血漿pH7.449, 血漿浸透圧485mOsm/<I>l</I>, LDH1682IU/<I>l</I>, CPK981IU/<I>l</I> (MM型98%), 血清ミオグロビン (MG) 1370ng/m<I>l</I>, 血清Na188mEq/<I>l</I>を示しHNKCと診断した. 治療開始半日後に意識清明となり, 4日後に筋脱力回復し, 10日後にはLDH, CPK, MGは正常値に復した. 以上より本症例ではII型糖尿病に過食と感染症を契機としてHNKCが発症し, 高Na血症, 脱水, インスリン不足が持続・進行したため, rhadbomyolysisが併発したものと思われる.