- 著者
- 嘉手苅 徹
- 出版者
- 日本武道学会
- 雑誌
- 武道学研究 (ISSN:02879700)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- vol.49, no.2, pp.121-136, 2016
<p>The aim of this paper is to clarify the origins of the modern <i>kata</i> in<i> </i>karate-do by examining the 15 kinds of <i>kata</i>, or forms, described by Gichin Funakoshi in his major study that appeared in three volumes: <i>Ryūkyū Kenpō Karate</i> (1922); <i>Rentan Goshin Karatejutsu</i> (1925); and <i>Karate-dō Kyōhan</i> (1935), in which the term "<i>toudi</i>"<i> </i>was changed to "<i>karate</i>".</p><p>The <i>kata</i> are divided into three phases: "initial movement", "development of technique", and "closing movement". The first and last of these phases are most important when trying to understand the similarities and differences in terms of movements, and when seeking to comprehend the styles of, and transitions in,<i> kata</i>.</p><p>When demonstrating karate-do, the principle of "begin with <i>rei</i>; end with <i>rei</i>" was established by adapting modern Japanese educational manners to both the "initial movement" and "closing movement". The presence of onlookers at a demonstration had a particularly significant effect not only on these two phases, but also on the transformation of the symbolic movements made. One may therefore conclude that karate-do was transformed into a new system of techniques. The influence of modern physical education can be seen in the concept of group practice, in the way performers occupy a space and stand to attention, and in the teaching method involving the giving of orders to performers.</p><p>It is clear that Funakoshi's system was not modeled on any Chinese exemplar. He makes no reference to Chinese martial arts and manners in his 15 kinds of <i>kata</i>, nor is there any mention of these three phases of <i>kata</i> in the <i>Bubishi</i>, a study of Chinese martial arts that was widely known in Okinawa during the Taisho and Showa eras.</p><p>For these reasons, we must conclude that Funakoshi based his karate-do on a Ryukyu style of karate that belonged to a post-Chinese culture, and founded it to promote modern physical education and Japanese martial arts.</p>
- 著者
- 真栄 城勉 平良 勉 嘉手苅 徹
- 出版者
- Japanese Academy of Budo
- 雑誌
- 武道学研究 (ISSN:02879700)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- vol.31, pp.53, 1998
3 0 0 0 IR 後(ポスト)近代における「解放の空手」の基本理念の考察--沖縄空手の発展の歴史と未来像
- 著者
- 名嘉 憲夫 嘉手苅 徹
- 出版者
- 沖縄県教育委員会
- 雑誌
- 史料編集室紀要 (ISSN:09144137)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- no.31, pp.19-46, 2006-03
3 0 0 0 OA 琉球処分以降における転換期の唐手に関する一考察
- 著者
- 嘉手苅 徹 豊嶋 建広 井下 佳織 Toru Kadekaru Tatehiro Toyoshima Kaori Inoshita
- 出版者
- 麗澤大学経済学会
- 雑誌
- 麗澤学際ジャーナル = Reitaku Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies (ISSN:21895333)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- vol.25, pp.69-80, 2017-03-10
The aim of this paper is to investigate how唐手(Toudi) was evaluated in society between 1879, when Okinawa Prefecture was established, and 1905 when Toudi was initially adopted as part of the gymnastics program at junior high schools in Okinawa. This attempt to clarify some aspects of Toudi after the Ryukyu Annexation is based on research using materials such as articles in Ryukyu Shinpo, the local newspaper, and educational magazines of that time. An examination of such documents reveals that the era was an important turning point for “Toudi” on its journey to becoming “Karate,” which is still written using the same characters, 唐手. Karate was, on one hand, condemned as “ one of the customsthat should be refined” under the assimilation educational policy of the Meiji Government. On the other hand, it was widely practised at local annual events and welcome parties for military personnel. Karate also found a place in school activities like farewell parties or sports meets of the Okinawa Prefecture Normal School.
2 0 0 0 IR 琉球処分以降における転換期の唐手に関する一考察
- 著者
- 嘉手苅 徹 豊嶋 建広 井下 佳織 Toru Kadekaru Tatehiro Toyoshima Kaori Inoshita
- 出版者
- 麗澤大学経済学会
- 雑誌
- 麗澤学際ジャーナル = Reitaku Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies (ISSN:21895333)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- vol.25, pp.69-80, 2017-03-10
The aim of this paper is to investigate how唐手(Toudi) was evaluated in society between 1879, when Okinawa Prefecture was established, and 1905 when Toudi was initially adopted as part of the gymnastics program at junior high schools in Okinawa. This attempt to clarify some aspects of Toudi after the Ryukyu Annexation is based on research using materials such as articles in Ryukyu Shinpo, the local newspaper, and educational magazines of that time. An examination of such documents reveals that the era was an important turning point for "Toudi" on its journey to becoming "Karate," which is still written using the same characters, 唐手. Karate was, on one hand, condemned as " one of the customsthat should be refined" under the assimilation educational policy of the Meiji Government. On the other hand, it was widely practised at local annual events and welcome parties for military personnel. Karate also found a place in school activities like farewell parties or sports meets of the Okinawa Prefecture Normal School.
- 著者
- 嘉手苅 徹
- 出版者
- 日本武道学会
- 雑誌
- 武道学研究 (ISSN:02879700)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- vol.49, no.2, pp.121-136, 2016-11-30 (Released:2018-03-12)
- 参考文献数
- 107
The aim of this paper is to clarify the origins of the modern kata in karate-do by examining the 15 kinds of kata, or forms, described by Gichin Funakoshi in his major study that appeared in three volumes: Ryūkyū Kenpō Karate (1922); Rentan Goshin Karatejutsu (1925); and Karate-dō Kyōhan (1935), in which the term “toudi” was changed to “karate”.The kata are divided into three phases: “initial movement”, “development of technique”, and “closing movement”. The first and last of these phases are most important when trying to understand the similarities and differences in terms of movements, and when seeking to comprehend the styles of, and transitions in, kata.When demonstrating karate-do, the principle of “begin with rei; end with rei” was established by adapting modern Japanese educational manners to both the “initial movement” and “closing movement”. The presence of onlookers at a demonstration had a particularly significant effect not only on these two phases, but also on the transformation of the symbolic movements made. One may therefore conclude that karate-do was transformed into a new system of techniques. The influence of modern physical education can be seen in the concept of group practice, in the way performers occupy a space and stand to attention, and in the teaching method involving the giving of orders to performers.It is clear that Funakoshi’s system was not modeled on any Chinese exemplar. He makes no reference to Chinese martial arts and manners in his 15 kinds of kata, nor is there any mention of these three phases of kata in the Bubishi, a study of Chinese martial arts that was widely known in Okinawa during the Taisho and Showa eras.For these reasons, we must conclude that Funakoshi based his karate-do on a Ryukyu style of karate that belonged to a post-Chinese culture, and founded it to promote modern physical education and Japanese martial arts.
