著者

松本 克己

出版者

The Linguistic Society of Japan

雑誌

言語研究 (ISSN:00243914)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1991, no.100, pp.1-41, 1991-12-25 (Released:2007-10-23)

参考文献数

70

---

The notion of ‘subject’ as a grammatical category first appeared in Western Europe about the 12th to 13th century by the name of ‘suppositum’ and was theoretically elaborated on by the Medieval grammarians called ‘modistae’. Before that, however, it was quite unknown, surprising indeed, in any grammatical tradition of the world ; neither Apollonios, nor Priscianus, nor Panini, nor Arab grammarians knew such a category. The present lecture aims to elucidate the reason why the notion of subject did appear in Medieval Europe but not in other parts of the world, and the linguistic motivations for its appearance in Europe or its absence elsewhere. I shall discuss, especially, the theory of karaka of Panini, who completely dispenses with syntactic relations such as subject and object, the Stoic theory of kategorema, which foreshadows the later subject-predicate notion, the theory of mubtada'/khabar (=Topic/Comment) and of ‘amil/ma ’ mul (=regens/rectum) of the Arab grammarians after the 8th century, and finally the theory of suppositum/appositum (=subject/predicate) and principium/terminus (=the relation of ‘subject of ’/ ‘object of’) of the European modista. The appearance of subject in the West European grammar, it will be pointed out, was linguistically conditioned by the development of the strict SVO word-order combined with the characteristic morphological attrition, especially the loss of nominal cases and of verbal person markings, which seems to have been brought about by the creole-like processes resulting from the bi- or multilingual situations among the Germanic and Romance speaking peoples in close contact during the Medieval age. This can most typically be seen in the case of Middle English. Thus, thesubject as a syntactic category is really a historical product in a quite limited linguistic area which comprises those languages once called SAE (= “Standard Average European ”) by B. L. Whorf. They share a typologically unique feature known as “dummy subject” and thus manifesting themseleves as so-called “non-pro-drop” languages. In short, the subject of SAE has resulted from the coalescence of three quite different linguistic functions into a purely syntactic category, namely, 1) the discourse topic, which was the very starting point of the Medieval notion of suppositum, 2) the morphological case-marking (i. e. nominative vs. accusative), and 3) the semantic agent (or rather the “primary role”) of a verb. Usually, these functions are separately grammaticalized in other languages, e. g. as mubtada' and fail in Arabic, as wa and ga in Japanese, as “focus” and case in Philippine languages, as word-order, case and verbal endings in Old Indo-European languages. The subject, in conclusion, cannot be part of the theory of syntax as a universal category. It is quite a complex and heterogeneous concept in its origin, and manifests as surface syntactic phenomena only in a very limited number of -languages. Therefore, any syntactic theory based exclusively on the observations of such languages needs to be thoroughly reexamined, if it claims to be universal in any sense. Rather, we must reappraise the old grammatical traditions radically different from that of West European or “Aristotelo-Cartesian” school in order to found a theory of “Universal Grammar” in the true sense. (This is a revised version of the Presidential Lecture given at the 102nd General Meeting of the Linguistic Society of Japan held at Tokyo University of Foreign Studies, June 6th, 1991).

著者

松本 克己

出版者

筑波一般言語学研究会

雑誌

一般言語学論叢 (ISSN:13443046)

巻号頁・発行日

no.1, pp.1-48, 1998-10-31

著者

松本 克己

出版者

The Linguistic Society of Japan

雑誌

言語研究 (ISSN:00243914)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1984, no.86, pp.5-32, 1984-12-01 (Released:2010-12-22)

参考文献数

93

---

This is a revised version of the lecture delivered at the 88th General Meeting of the Linguistic Society of Japan. The paper deals with theproblem of linguistic reconstruction from the standpoint of linguistictypology and language universals, taking up two examples in the fieldof phonology, namely, the stop system of Proto-Indo-European and thevowel system of Old Japanese.As to the PIE stop system, the distributional and hierarchical relationsamong the phonemes in question cannot be adequately accounted for by their traditional interpretation as voiceless (Tenues), voiced (Mediae) and voiced aspirate (Mediae Aspiratae) respectively. Thus the writerconcludes, in agreement with the recent “Glottalic Theory”, that the traditional Mediae must be re-interpreted as glottalized or ejective stopsand the traditional Mediae Aspiratae as usual voiced stops.As to the Old Japanese vowel system, the writer examines the reconstructionsand interpretations recently proposed by various scholars concernningthe so-called Mannyoo-Gana system and concludes that theproblem of i1/i2f and e1/e2 cannot be fully solved without consideringthe phenomenon as a entire diachronic process, which seems to have begunwith the vocalic distinction accompanied by the non-distinctive consonantaldifference (i. e. palatalized/nonpalatalized) of the syllablesin question and to have ended in their complete merger, while the graphemicdistinction of o1/o2 is not to be interpreted as phonemic oppositionconnected with vowel harmony, such as /o/ and /ö/, but rather asallophonic variation reflected on the foreign writing system. The vowelsystem of Pre-or Proto-Japanese is to be reconstructed, in the writer'sopinion, as the four vowel system with /a/ in medial position whichshifted later to /o/ as a result of the appearance of the new vowel /e/from *a-i and *i-a. And the vowel system of the 8th C., which seemsto have been in quite a transitional and fluid state, can be reconstructedas the five or six (if Ci2 is interpreted as /Ci/) vowel system.

著者

松本 克己

出版者

一般社団法人 日本オリエント学会

雑誌

オリエント (ISSN:00305219)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.34, no.1, pp.138-143, 1991-09-30 (Released:2010-03-12)

著者

松本克己著

出版者

三省堂

巻号頁・発行日

2010

著者

松本 克己

出版者

The Linguistic Society of Japan

雑誌

言語研究 (ISSN:00243914)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1984, no.85, pp.148-157, 1984-03-31 (Released:2013-05-23)

参考文献数

19

著者

松本 克己

出版者

金沢大学法文学部 = The Faculty of Law and Literature, Kanazawa University

雑誌

金沢大学法文学部論集 文学編 (ISSN:04497414)

巻号頁・発行日

no.22, pp.p83-152, 1974

著者

松本 克己

出版者

一般社団法人 日本オリエント学会

雑誌

オリエント (ISSN:00305219)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.26, no.2, pp.95-118, 1983 (Released:2010-03-12)

---

The discovery of the trilingual inscription from Letôon by H. Metzger, 1973, has made a new epoch in the long history of the study of the Lycian language. This paper aims to clarify the main characteristics of Lycian and its position among the Anatolian languages chiefly through a syntactic analysis of the Lycian text. Lycian shares with the other Anatolian languages such features as paratactic constructions and the use of sentence introductory particles but shows, on the other hand, a striking contrast with them in word order and the use of preposition: it is the only VOS and prepositional language among the Indo-European Anatolian languages. This syntactic type of Lycian seems to correlate with its case system, which is characterized by the loss of morphological distinctions of many case endings through phonetic changes and thus is functionally the least effective among the Anatolian case systems. This fact well agrees with the general constatation that in the Indo-European history of syntactic development the languages with the VO word order tend to weaken or lose their case systems whereas those with the OV word order usually keep or strengthen them. With regard to the case endings themselves, especially in plural, however, Lycian shows a quite archaic and conservative character compared with the other Luwian languages, which radically restructured their systems by creating new endings on the basis of acc. pl. -nz. Hence we can infer that Lycian separated very early from the other south Anatolian languages and went its own way in the peculiar development toward VOS order. The writer also suggests that this development was probably caused by the influence from an unknown substratum language which seems also to have exerted a similar influence upon the Greek language.

著者

松本 克己

出版者

日本言語学会

雑誌

言語研究 (ISSN:00243914)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2001, no.120, pp.89-96, 2001-12-25 (Released:2007-10-23)

参考文献数

54

著者

松本 克己 Matsumoto Katsumi

出版者

筑波一般言語学研究会

雑誌

一般言語学論叢 (ISSN:13443046)

巻号頁・発行日

no.3, pp.1-55, 2000-12-31

著者

松本 克己

出版者

The Linguistic Society of Japan

雑誌

言語研究 (ISSN:00243914)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1998, no.114, pp.1-35, 1998-12-25 (Released:2007-10-23)

参考文献数

46

---

Traditionally, the vowel harmony in Eurasia was considered to exist only in the so-called Ural-Altaic languages, as typically manifested in Modern Turkish. It was also regarded as a strong evidence for the genetic relationship of these languages. Recently, however, the vowel harmony has been found in many languages other than Uralic or Altaic, also displaying various types and characters.This paper aims to elucidate the existence of two major types of vowel harmony in the Eurasian languages, namely the Eurasian inland type and the Pacific coastal type. The former is what has been called Ural-Altaic type, which consists typically of eight vowels divived into masculine and feminine - and additionally neutral - series; phonologically, the harmony is based on the position of tongue-body: back vs. front.The latter type, on the other hand, is represented by that of Middle Korean, which consists, according to the writer's interpretation of Hwunmin Cyengum Hayryey, of six vowels divided into two series: Yin (i, u, _??_) and Yang (_??_, o, a) ; the phonological basis of harmony is to be regarded as the position of tongue-root, namely, the advanced tongue root (+ATR) producing the Yin vowels and the retracted tongue root (-ATR) realizing the Yang vowels. This type of vowel harmony is also found so far in Gilyak, in Chukchi-Kamchatkan, and further on the Pacific coast of North America, namely, in Penutian languages - particularly in Nez Perce. It may be considered as one of what the writer proposes circum-Pacific areal features.In addition, the vowel harmony of the Tungus languages proves to belong to this coastal type, so that, the writer suggests, the unity of the Altaic languages based on the their presumed genetic relationship may be quite doubtful.

著者

松本 克己

出版者

日本言語学会

雑誌

言語研究

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1995, no.108, pp.174, 1995

著者

山本 秀樹 乾 秀行 松本 克己

出版者

弘前大学

雑誌

基盤研究(C)

巻号頁・発行日

2010

---

研究代表者等は、世界諸言語の言語特徴の地理的分布を示す、GIS(地理情報システム)によって電子化した世界言語地図を作製してきた。これは、種々の言語特徴の地理的分布に対する微視的および巨視的な考察を可能にするものである。本研究では、これらの地図システムをより充実させるとともに、研究代表者による語順データの言語名とGIS 地図上の言語名をより正確に照合させることによって、データの多くを地図に組み入れることができた。そして、研究代表者の語順データを組み入れた結果、研究代表者の論じてきた分布が実際にそれらの地図上に反映されることを実証した。

著者

松本 克己

出版者

筑波一般言語学研究会

雑誌

一般言語学論叢 (ISSN:13443046)

巻号頁・発行日

no.1, pp.1-48, 1998-10-31