著者

小林 雅之

出版者

大学評価・学位授与機構

雑誌

大学評価 = RESEARCH IN UNIVERSITY EVALUATION (ISSN:13475991)

巻号頁・発行日

no.3, pp.51-64, 2003-09

著者

上田 康博 三崎 智範 林 雅之 岩井 和之 田尾 克生 村田 淳

出版者

南江堂

雑誌

整形外科 = Orthopedic surgery (ISSN:00305901)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.67, no.4, pp.327-330, 2016-04

著者

小林 雅之

出版者

日本歯科大学

雑誌

奨励研究(A)

巻号頁・発行日

1995

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I.歯科医師の正立顔写真および倒立顔写真のテスト映像に対する小児の眼球運動をビジコンアイカメラ用いて測定した。そして,被験者を6歳未満の低年齢児群と6歳以上の高年齢児群とに二分して分析し,以下の結論を得た。1.年齢差を認めたのは,視線の走査した範囲,飛越運動の角度,視線の方向性,輪郭線を通過した回数などであった。2.低年齢児群は視線の走査する範囲が狭く,顔の内部に視線が集まり,高年齢児群は視線の走査する範囲が広く,顔の輪郭を越えて背景と顔とを視線が運動した。また,低年齢児群は水平方向に次いで垂直方向の視線の動きが多く,高年齢児群は水平方向に次いで斜め方向の視線の動きが多かった。II.歯科医師,歯科衛生士そして小児患者個々の母親が登場する診療室での小児の見えを再現したビデオ映像を作成し,さらに,そのビデオ映像に三者のことばかけを加え,テスト画像が視覚刺激から視聴覚刺激へと変化した場合の小児の眼球運動の変化について実験を行い,以下の結論を得た。1.視覚刺激での最終停留点の部位は,歯科医師48.9%,それ以外51.1%、母親21.3%,それ以外78.7%,歯科衛生士27.7%,それ以外72.3%であった。2.ことばかけ(視聴覚刺激)による視線の動きは,歯科医師走査群76.6%,非走査群23.4%,母親走査群63.8%,非走査群36.2%,歯科衛生士走査群51.1%,非走査群48.7%であった。3.最終停留点で歯科医師,母親,歯科衛生士の三者それぞれに停留した被験児の割合と,三者それぞれの走査群の場合とを比較すると,三者のいずれも話しかけにより走査群は増加し,視覚刺激が視聴覚刺激に変わると,小児は視聴覚刺激を多く見ることがわかった。

著者

小林 雅之

出版者

日本労働組合総連合会

雑誌

連合 (ISSN:09163476)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.22, no.7, pp.21-23, 2009-10

著者

小林 雅之

出版者

東洋経済新報社

雑誌

週刊東洋経済 (ISSN:09185755)

巻号頁・発行日

no.6229, pp.48-49, 2009-10-24

著者

小林 雅之 Masayuki KOBAYASHI 東京大学 Center for Research and Development of Higher Education The University of Tokyo

出版者

東洋館出版社

雑誌

教育社会学研究 = The journal of educational sociology (ISSN:03873145)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.80, pp.101-125, 2007-05-31

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In Japan, like in most countries, the equality of educational opportunities is a crucial issue both in academics and in governmental policy. However, the policy of equality of educational opportunities in Japanese higher education has been weakening. The first aim of this paper is to investigate the background of the policy and to clarify the reasons for its loss of importance. With this aim, the author gives an overview of policy and research works on the equality of higher education opportunities in Japan, in comparison with those overseas. The aim of higher educational policy and planning in post world-war II Japan was to rectify disparities in higher education opportunities between regions and social classes by increasing the supply of institutions providing higher education. However, the policy turned drastically from enlargement to suppression in 1975. The establishment of new universities and departments in the metropolitan area were strictly restricted by the Ministry of Education. This policy aimed to reduce regional inequalities in higher educational opportunities, and was largely successful in doing so. However, the policy concentrated on the regional inequalities, leading to a loss of concern on inequalities among social classes, with the exception of student financial aid programs. Secondly, the results of the Student Life Survey by the Ministry of Education (from 2004 by the Japan Student Service Organization) are often used to demonstrate the equality of higher educational opportunities in Japan. On the contrary, however, some researchers argue that the inequality of higher educational opportunity has been increasing or at least not decreasing, using other survey data. This paper examines the equality of higher educational opportunities using new survey data from 2005. The data show large inequalities in university education opportunities, particularly in private universities. In particular, the participation rate is very low among low-income, low-achievement, female high school graduates. This shows that there are still problems of inequality. Thirdly, this survey shows the existence of debt aversion among parents in the lowest income class and in families with mothers having the lowest education levels. It seems likely that debt aversion leads to serious problems because of the inadequacy of student aid programs, coupled with high tuition fees in Japan. The student financial aid programs of The Japan Student Service Organization, the largest public student program in Japan, gives loans, but not grants, to undergraduates. Some parents and students from lower income tiers may decide not to apply to university to avoid a debt burden. This result implies the need for grants to maintain the accessibility of higher education in the future.