著者

横山 勝英

出版者

The Japan Sociological Society

雑誌

社会学評論 (ISSN:00215414)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.23, no.1, pp.68-96,111, 1972-07-30 (Released:2009-11-11)

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The purpose of this paper is to make clear the social meaning of the size and distribution of outcaste communities in the feudatory of the Kaga clan by means of mapping method. The size and distribution of outcaste (so-called “buraku”) will be significant for the macroscopic analysis of the “buraku” provided that the “buraku” can be said to be a phenomenon that stems from the problem of the social structure of power. A major premise of this analysis is that if outcaste communities had not had their own social functions and privileges, it would not happen that they have kept on being discriminated and segregated so long for the reason that they have been minorities against feudal authorities. That is, they had their own social functions and privileges peculiar to them. The functions and privileges were not the same for each community, because these functions and privileges were associated with the maintenance of the feudal order which had a very complex system in itself. Since the provinces of Kaga, Ecchu, and Noto had not been integrated before the Kaga clan was organized, total society had not existed before then. Each of these provinces had the principle of the social organization of its own. In the integrating process of the Kaga clan, the feudal lord (daimyo) could not help taking these principles into consideration. Consequently, most of the people who had been subordinated to manors (shoen), shrines, temples or villages were treated as the outcaste called Kawata or Tonai, while private servants who were subordinated to patriarchal families were not treated in the same way. The social change of the Kaga clan followed three stages : first, a militaristic society controlled by the samurai ; second, an agricultiral society consisted of uniform village communities, “mura”, and maintained by the recurrence of the same social production ; and third, an ascribed society maintained by an ascribed status system. The Kaga clan invited several people called Kawata to the castle towns, Kanazawa and Takaoka for processing leather that was necessary for arms in 1609. In the first stage of the Kaga clan, the control over building a military system was the moss important problem to establish the total society. In the second stage, the command of land tax was a pressing necessity for putting the finances of the feudal clan on a firm basis. For this reason, the Kaga clan enforced the low of Kaisaku which aimed at exploiting all the surplus labor of the peasants, and on the other hand, encouraged them to develop newly cultivated rice fields. As the result, some of the peasants deserted their villages and flowed into towns. However, as there were limits to finding employment in town, the number of beggers (Hinin) increased gradually since 1651. In 1670, Hiningoya (a hut for Hinin to live in) were set up at Kanazawa. And, since 1671, the Kaga clan appropriated people who were interned into Hiningoya for developing newly cultivated rice fields. However, there were limits to developing newly cultivated rice fields, too. Since 1677, as the third stage, the Kaga clan could not help emphasizing the maintenance of status system, which was based on the political system of the time. Consequently, in 1961, the police tasks were assigned to Tonai. In 1800, landownership of Tonai and Eta (Kawata) was prohibited. As mentioned above, Kawata (Eta), Tonai and Hinin had their own social functions which corresponded to the change of feudal society : first, military functions, second, developemental functions for newly cultivated rice fields, and third, political functions. At the first and second stages, discrimination was nothing but a extension of that of the Middle ages ; feudal discrimination and segregation began at the third stage.

著者

岩本 直弥 新谷 哲也 芝崎 麗央 夏池 真史 山田 雄一郎 横山 勝英

出版者

公益社団法人 土木学会

雑誌

土木学会論文集B2(海岸工学) (ISSN:18842399)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.74, no.2, pp.I_1159-I_1164, 2018 (Released:2018-11-10)

参考文献数

9

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気仙沼湾を対象として,貝毒原因プランクトンAlexandrium tamarenseの分布と流動の関係を,現地観測と三次元流動シミュレーションから検討した.2013年はA. tamarenseが気仙沼港の奥部で発生して大島瀬戸へ移流したと推測された.2014年の計数データからA. tamarenseの移動指数を作成し,大島瀬戸における平均流速との関係を調べたところ,正の相関が認められた.以上から,A. tamarenseは1週間程度かけて湾奥から湾内全域に拡散すると推測された.三次元流動シミュレーションにより,中立浮遊粒子を気仙沼港奥部の底層に配置して,その挙動を調べた.粒子は気仙沼港内で鉛直循環流により表層に巻き上げられてから南部に移流し,2日後には西湾を下るものが33 %,大島瀬戸へ移動するものが12 %になった.渦鞭毛藻類の日周鉛直移動を考慮することで,移動メカニズムを把握できる可能性が示唆された.

著者

松村 健史 守村 融 新谷 哲也 横山 勝英

出版者

公益社団法人 土木学会

雑誌

土木学会論文集B1(水工学) (ISSN:2185467X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.73, no.4, pp.I_1039-I_1044, 2017 (Released:2018-02-28)

参考文献数

9

被引用文献数

2 3

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複雑な平面形状を有する筑後川感潮河道を対象として三次元流動シミュレーションを構築し,大潮期の塩水遡上の特徴について検討を行った.2002年9月の観測データを用いて精度検証し,水位,塩分,流速のいずれも十分な再現性があることを確認した.三次元計算の結果,本川・筑後川と比べて支川・早津江川における塩水の遡上・後退運動は活発でないことがわかった.これは,支川の河道距離が本川に比べ長く,また河道は蛇行し,川幅が途中で狭まっていることが原因と考えられる.さらに,本川においても導流堤の存在により,左右岸で塩水の挙動が異なり,左岸側澪筋において,水深が深いために塩水運動が活発であるとことが分かった.三次元流動シミュレーションにより河道地形が塩水遡上の時空間変動におよぼす影響を理解することができた.

著者

横山 勝英 大村 拓 鈴木 伴征 高島 創太郎

出版者

公益社団法人 土木学会

雑誌

土木学会論文集B1(水工学) (ISSN:2185467X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.67, no.4, pp.I_1453-I_1458, 2011 (Released:2012-03-14)

参考文献数

9

被引用文献数

1 1

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The spatiotemporal distribution of seawater intrusion in the Chikugogawa estuary was analyzed, and its relationship with the temporal variation of phytoplankton and engraulid fish, Coilia nasus, was discussed. The Chikugogawa estuary is vertically well mixed for most of the year, and a salt wedge is observed only when the tidal range decreases to 2 m or less. We found that the ratio of chlorophyll-a to pheophytin-a during the semilunar cycle varied according to the change in the mixing conditions in the estuary. Further, the number of sampled estuarine fish was related to the salinity and tidal range within the estuary; the fish was caught when the salinity was low and the tidal range was large. It is necessary to regulate the fresh water discharge in the estuary in order to maintain a low-salinity region that is suitable for the migration of fish and their spawning areas to the downstream of the river mouth barrage.

著者

板川 暢 樋口 陽平 一ノ瀬 友博 横山 勝英

出版者

社団法人 日本造園学会

雑誌

ランドスケープ研究(オンライン論文集) (ISSN:1883261X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.10, pp.37-46, 2017-02-09 (Released:2017-02-24)

参考文献数

32

被引用文献数

1

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This survey monitored the quantity and distribution of egg clutches of Tohoku salamander (Hynobius lichenatus) in the tsunami inundated lowland area from the period 2012 to 2015, looking at the case of Moune district, Kesennuma city, Miyagi prefecture, Japan. After the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake, lowland area almost changed into wetlands by erosion and land subsidence, and seawater ran into a part of the lowland. Lots of egg clutches were found in the whole area in 2012. However several egg clutches deposited in brackish-water were dead. After 2013, the number of egg clutches declined, and the distribution moved inland. The number of egg clutches roughly increased in 2015, indicating the meta-population of Tohoku salamander’s resilience against temporary disturbance caused by the tsunami. Models of relations analyzed between the numbers of egg clutches in each year showed larger population had higher resilience and the numbers of dead egg clutches had negative correlation to the total numbers of egg clutches in late years. Results indicated that the environmental changes after the tsunami had more severe impacts on the population’s survival. However the population of Tohoku salamander had resilience under the natural state. This resilience may be weakened by man-made induced environmental changes and habitat loss from the tsunami recovery and reconstruction works. Hence, the need for conservation and monitoring was suggested.