著者

石橋 敬太郎

出版者

岩手県立大学盛岡短期大学部

雑誌

岩手県立大学盛岡短期大学部研究論集 = Bulletin of Morioka Junior College Iwate Prefectural University (ISSN:13489720)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.20, pp.17-23, 2018-03

著者

石橋 敬太郎

雑誌

言語と文化 (ISSN:13475967)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.3, pp.1-8, 2001-01-31

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Critics tend to examine if witchcraft in Macbeth reflected real 'evil' in Jacobean England. As for this problem, Peter Stallybrass concludes that the witchcraft was not a reflection of a real 'evil' but the social strategy to strengthen the patriarchy of King James. James was a deputy of God, and needed witches as his enemy so that he could control his society. His conclusion seems to be influential in understanding this play. The problem is that Macbeth and Banquo regard witchcraft as an illusion, and are skeptical about witchcraft beliefs. Their skepticism means subversion of the James's constitution. In fact, the development of modern scientific ideas in this period encouraged scientists to subvert the idea of occult philosophy, which supported the politics of Renaissance England. This modern science also threatened the government control over the society. Jean Bodin, a politic theorist, and James found the religious and political subversion in the revolutionary awareness of the scientists, and suppressed them. Two kinds of attitudes to the witchcraft belief conflicted between the government and modern scientists in the period when Shakespeare wrote Macbeth. The dramatist presented this conflict in the play through the action of Macbeth. He questioned the politics of James. The present paper examines the witchcraft belief in Macbeth, considering the development of modern science from empiric science in the 1580s to the experimentalism Francis Bacon proposed in his essay in 1620. It may be given as a conclusion that the play shows that the protagonist always threatened the politics of James by doubting the witchcraft beliefs in the period.

著者

石橋 敬太郎

出版者

一般財団法人 日本英文学会

雑誌

英文学研究 支部統合号 (ISSN:18837115)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.6, pp.53-60, 2014

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In his play Bussy dAmbois (c. 1604), George Chapman created a hero who takes an unyielding stand against courtiers at Henry III's court and governs himself by the law of his own reason. More important in the play is that Guise and Monsieur appear as ministers of fate and providence. The French courtiers are controlled by stoic moral doctrine, the belief in the rationality of Nature. According to the stoics, God imparted a rational design to the degrees of Fate which govern Nature. In Chapman's play, the French courtiers believe that human nature is created within the divinely ordered scheme. For Bussy D'Ambois, however, human nature is constructed from the law of his own reason, not from the supernatural existences of fate and providence. Bussy challenges the providential view of human nature conceived by Guise and Monsieur. What is the nature of the element that made Chapman embody the hero's idea of human nature in a sharp contrast with that of the French courtiers? To examine this problem, I would like to focus on interrogation of the stoic view of human nature by intellectuals in the early Jacobean period. In the time when Bussy d'Ambois was composed, it was believed among the stoics that natural law emerges from the universe as "encoded" in creation with order, value and purpose. In virtue of his rational capacity, man synchronizes with this teleological design and discovers within it the main principles of his own moral law. The most famous exponent of such view was Richard Hooker, a divine of the Church of England in Elizabethan period. He combined with it a version of Christian providentialism. In the play, Bussy claims that rational man is a law unto himself, preserving a higher degree of virtue than law can legislate. He governs himself by the law of his own reason. There is a remarkable parallel between the portrait of Bussy and Sir Francis Bacon's portrait of human nature. In Bacon's view, the ontological basis of human beings was nature as the intrinsic principle-intellectual reason-within himself, not derived from God. Considering human nature as intellectual reason, he attempted to free people from the stoic traditional authorities, such as church and sacred kingship. In this sense, the hero's view of nature in the play serves as the precise inversion of Hooker's positive dependence of man upon God-man within nature created by God. To illustrate the conflict between the two human natures, it is important that Bussy's love for Tamyra is gained by obedience to reason. With his refusal of stoicism, the play's supernatural dimension works against fate and providence. In particular, Behemoth and his spirits are shown to be incompetent. But Guise sees the hero's interrogation of providentialism creating an arbitrary order that jeopardizes all "law", especially the idea of kingship itself. By the actions of Guise and Monsieur, finally, Bussy dies in a scene which begins with repudiations of teleology, providence and natural law to be found anywhere in stoicism of the early Jacobean period. An idea of fate and providence in human nature is still preserved at Henry III's court. However, the effect is too detached to praise Guise and Monsieur's providentialism. Actually, Bussy is transmogrified into a new star in the "firmament," an abiding reminder of his repudiations of stoic view, at the end of the play. Strongly aware of Bacon's human nature, therefore, Chapman illustrated the conflict between the two human natures seen in early Jacobean period. In doing so, the dramatist explored the significance of the hero striving to insulate himself from the stoic view of human nature by his self-fashioning in order to become a law unto himself.

著者

石橋 敬太郎

出版者

一般財団法人日本英文学会

雑誌

英文學研究 (ISSN:00393649)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.91, pp.41-46, 2014-12-01

著者

加藤 行夫 田中 一隆 山下 孝子 英 知明 佐野 隆弥 辻 照彦 勝山 貴之 石橋 敬太郎 杉浦 裕子 真部 多真記 西原 幹子 松田 幸子 本山 哲人 岡本 靖正

出版者

筑波大学

雑誌

基盤研究(B)

巻号頁・発行日

2011-04-01

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本研究では、主として英国初期近代(エリザベス朝およびジェイムズ朝)の演劇作品および当時の役者・劇団・劇場の総合研究を「歴史実証主義的立場」から新たに検証し直す作業を行なった。とくに「デジタルアーカイヴズ」を多用して、定説と考えられてきた既存の概念・理論を、現存する公文書や有力な歴史的基礎資料を根幹とした「検証可能な方法」で再検討し直すことを最大の特徴とした。この研究手法により、当時の劇作家、幹部俳優、劇場所有者、印刷出版業者等をはじめとした「演劇世界全般の相関的ネットワーク構築」の特徴的なありようを、演劇理論や劇作家と劇団研究、個々の劇作品とその出版等を通して追究した。

著者

石橋 敬太郎 吉原 秋 熊本 早苗 細越 久美子 キャトリン エヴァンズ クリスティン ウィンスカウスキー 草場 英子 吉原 修

出版者

岩手県立大学

雑誌

岩手県立大学盛岡短期大学部研究論集 (ISSN:13489720)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.9, pp.43-53, 2007-03