著者

菊地 利夫

出版者

The Human Geographical Society of Japan

雑誌

人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.11, no.6, pp.485-498,579, 1959-12-30 (Released:2009-04-28)

参考文献数

13

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The explanation which the village itself moved is generally recognized about the movement of the villages in Kujukuri-Hama coastal region, Boso Peninsula. That is, in this region the villages consist of three types, the Furumura village which was situated on the hill, the Shinden village and the Naya village, and they are different from each other in the time of the establishment, so that the Furumura village was established in the middle ages, the Shinden village was established by the middle of the modern ages and the Naya village was established in the last time of the modern ages, one hundred and several decades ago. In the history of those establishments the villages have the relationship with each other, which the Furumura village cultivated the Shinden and there the Shinden Village was established afresh, and moreover both the Furumura village and the Shinden village moved to the Naya village.In this paper, the new materials which were unable to be pointed out in the former explanation are reported, based on our investigation of the villages. It is as follows. In the history of the sardine fishery along. Kujukuri-Hama coast since the begining of the modern ages, 5 heavy catch periods of the sardine fishery and 5 poor catch periods of it between the heavy catch periods are found. Through its history the Naya village was formed at the 2nd heavy catch period of the sardine fishery, 300 years ago and thereafter it was forced to move to the place nearer the coast by the Shinden village at the following 2nd poor catch time and at the same time the Shinden village developed at the former trace of the moved Naya village. Such movement of the Naya village may be explained by such way that the Naya village itself moved from the former site to the later site. On the other hand, the Naya village greatly developed at the 3rd and 4th heavy catch periods of the sardine fishery and has got the present form. This development of the Naya village is owing to the movement of the villagers from the Furumura village and the Shinden village at the latter period of the modern ages. This development of the Naya village is mostly unable to be explained by the movement of the village itself, but by the movement of the villagers which means not only the movement of the number of the villagers but the movement of the social combination of the village community. Thus, the villages along Kujukuri-Hama coast have got the present form, repeating the changes that they changed into the fishery village at the heavy catch period of the sardine fishery and changed into the farm village at the poor catoh period.

著者

菊地 利夫

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

地理学評論 (ISSN:00167444)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.5, pp.193-202, 1954-05-25 (Released:2008-12-24)

参考文献数

19

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Geographers and historians have studied “Shinden” Settlemeats (or newly reclaimed lands) developed by wealthy merchants and landowners or by feudal lords and the Shogunate, but no one has reported as to those lands reclaimed by vassals (or lower class Samurai). Yet there are numerous examples in the economically stagnant regions of north-eastern and south-western Japan. This study deals with “Shinden” settlement in the domain of the Hirosaki clan (located in the western part of present Aomori Prefecture) where 522 settlements, viz. 62% of the total number of all settlements, were of this sort. Reclamation by vassals of the I irocaki clan was commenced in 1620 when an ordinance encouragting the roclamation of waste land was issued (by feudal lord) in order to rehabilitate the rural areas devastated by fare pine in 1618. Reclamation by vassals was prohibited in 1661. In the initial stage, the carrying out of the reclamation did not require very much expense, for waste land favourable for development and labor (the second and. third sons of farmers) were readily obtainable. Thus, either a lower class vassal or a wealthy merchant or landowner could take part in this type of development. “Shinden” settlement was accomplished, the person who had developed the land was given a portion of the newly reclaimed paddy fields and appointed a vassal (if he was merchant or landowner) or promoted to the next higher rank (if lie already held the rank of vassal). The remainder of the reclaimed land was continued in the posession of the original owner. Each “Shinden” Settlement way organized with one vassal (who served as the village official) and with the farmers owing allegiance to the feudal lord. “Shinden” settlement increased rapidly owing inpart to the rise of the price of rice. In the late stage, circumstances were reversed. Much money was needed. to establish a “Shinden” settlement. Expenses needed were invested jointly by many vassals, consequently a “Shinden” settlement which was opened in this stage was organized with many vassals and a few farmers. Such “Shin den” settlement added little to. the revenue of the feudal lord. Thus as more “Shinden” settlements were opened, the settlers were confronted with a scramble for irrigation water. At the same time, the financial status of the Hirosaki elan were increasingly difficult. The situation became critical, so teat the reclamation by vassals was prohibited in 1666. In 1685, the Hirosaki clan made an administrative reform confiscating the lands of the vassals and giving them stipend of rice ann-cally. Thus the Hirosaki clan was able to acquire much more revenue and promoted the reelamation project on the Iw aki river delta plain with its own f ands, comnmandeering the farmer's labor.

著者

菊地利夫 著

出版者

大日本図書

巻号頁・発行日

1974

著者

菊地利夫著

出版者

大日本図書

巻号頁・発行日

1974

著者

菊地利夫編

出版者

明治図書出版

巻号頁・発行日

1970

著者

菊地 利夫

出版者

The Human Geographical Society of Japan

雑誌

人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.4, no.3, pp.184-197,280, 1952-07-30 (Released:2009-04-28)

参考文献数

24

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This study deals with the Shinden developed on the sand-bar at the lower Tone about 350 years ago. The author tried to illustrate the three items as follows, (1) the political-geographical meaning of this Shindien, (2) characteristics of the Shinden developed on the sand-bar of the river influenced by the river (3) the structuce of the village and the process of its disorganization.(1) The Tokugawa Clan permitted the hermits to develop the Shinden on the sand-bar of the lower Tone, the boundary with the territory of the Satake Clan. They were a group of the defeated Samurai (Japanese knights) who had fled to the Tokugawa Clan, losing their lands in the Satake Clan. The Tokugawa Clan made use of them for the match of the boundary, betwen the territory of the clan and that of the Satake Clan. Therefore, the Tokugawa sustained the Jurokushima Shinden when a dispute arose betwen the Tokugawa Clan and the Satake Clan.(2) The Jurokushima Shinden was developed to be fit for the characteristics of the Tone. As the Tone was influenced by the tide, in the rice-field developed on the sand-bar natural irrigation and drainage perfomed in accordance with flow and ebb. At first only the village was surrounded by the bank to provide against the flood but later the Tone overflowed its banks so often that the banks were built around not only the villages but also the arable lands, and water flowed in and out through the sluices.(3) As it was difficult to call for the new settlers, the structure of the village in the Shinden contracted for by the trademen. A hermit owned the arable land for 5 or 6 persons, which was distributed generally among some new settlers. According to this proportions in dividing lands, grass for manure were also allotted. But as the system of owning lands fell in disorder, this proportions came to de disregarded. And, it was poor peasants who required the change of the proprtions in distribution. The more often floods happened, and the more difficult life became, the more eagerly this claim was repeated. Thus, the proportions in distributing lands or daily necessities could be changed, and yet poor peasants had to cultivate the hermits lands in the system of statute labour as before.

著者

菊地 利夫

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

地理 (ISSN:21851697)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.3, no.2, pp.171-184, 1940-04-01 (Released:2010-03-19)

参考文献数

10

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一、除蟲菊は始め渡來作物として、次いで工業原料作物として、更に輸出農産物としてその性格を展開するに從つて、和歌山縣・瀬戸内の諸縣が南方主要生産地として、北海道北半部が北方主要生産地として成立した。二、除蟲菊の立地事情は除蟲菊生産てふ新事業の奨勵者と新事業の開拓者との相互接觸と、除蟲菊の植物的特質と密接な關係を持つ自條的條件との結合・一致である。三、除蟲菊の主要生産地成立を助長した條件は加工技術の進歩と製品・乾花の市場の獲得とによる需要の増加と、除蟲菊が農業經營内の立地競爭作物と代替せしめられたこととである。四、除蟲菊相場が高騰するや、南方主要生産地では同期作物の生産地を侵蝕して、北方主要生産地では新墾地をもつて、除蟲菊の生産地を擴張してゆく。五、南北兩主要生産地間の大なる自然的距離は、除蟲菊市場に對する自然の攪亂力を減少せしめてゐる。六、北方主要生産地に形成された從來の阪神工業者の形成した販賣組織の中に、生産者にとつて不合理であつた二點を是正すべく、産業組合が形成した販賣組織が進出してきた。終りに臨み本研究のために、種々の御教示を賜つた高等師範學校の地理學教室・農學教室の諸先生へ、又札幌・廣島・和歌山・香川の諸縣立農事試驗場の方々へ、厚く感謝の意を捧げる。又大塚地理學會大會に發表のとき諸先輩の懇切なる御教示を受けたことは論者の感激に堪えざる所である。

著者

菊地 利夫

出版者

日本地理教育学会

雑誌

新地理 (ISSN:05598362)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.5, no.3, pp.1-19, 1957-02-01 (Released:2010-02-26)

被引用文献数

1