著者

青山 雅史

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地學雜誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.111, no.4, pp.583-593, 2002-08-25

参考文献数

25

被引用文献数

4 1

---

Mean annual air temperature (MAAT), mean annual surface temperature (MAST), bottom temperature of winter snow cover (BTS), and morphometric parameters of rock glaciers indicate the states of the rock glacier activities in the Yari-Hotaka mountain range, Northern Japanese Alps. The air temperature conditions at the Mountain Hut Minamidake suggest that this monitoring site belongs to the discontinuous permafrost zone. The BTS and MAST values at the North and South Okiretto rock glaciers indicate the occurrence of permafrost. BTS and MAST at the Tenguppara I rock glacier indicate the absence of permafrost. At the North Minamisawa rock glacier, MAST was slightly above 0 °C, accordingly degrading permafrost that possibly exists in this rock glacier. These rock glaciers are not moving at present, as inferred from the morphologic and vegetational characteristics of these rock glaciers. These results suggest that the North Minamisawa, North Okiretto, and South Okiretto rock glaciers are of the inactive type, and Tenguppara I rock glacier is of the fossil type. The other rock glaciers in this mountain range are of the fossil type, as inferred from collapse and subdued forms, and extensive vegetation cover.

著者

古村 孝志 武村 俊介 早川 俊彦

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地學雜誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.116, no.3, pp.576-587, 2007-08-25

参考文献数

15

被引用文献数

5 9

---

Large and prolonged shaking with long-period ground motions having periods of about 7 sec were observed in central Tokyo during the Off Niigata-ken Chuetsu, Japan, M6.8 earthquake on 16 July, 2007. The observed ground motions from a dense nationwide strong motion network (KNET and KiK-net) demonstrate clearly that the long-period ground motions consist of Rayleigh waves, which developed at the northern edge of the Kanto Basin and were induced by conversion from the S waves radiating from the earthquake source. The amplitude and the duration of the long-period surface waves were enhanced dramatically as they propagated in the Kanto Basin, which has a thick cover of sedimentary rocks overlaying rigid bedrock. Observed ground motions of long-period signals at the center of Tokyo from the 2007 Off Niigata-ken Chuetsu event correlated well with observations from the Chuetsu earthquake on 23 Oct. 2004 (<I>M</I> 6.8). By analyzing waveform data from the main shock and aftershocks of the 2007 Off Niigata-ken Chuetsu earthquake and the Chuetsu earthquake in 2004, it is found that the long-period surface wave having a dominant period of about 7 sec at the center of Tokyo is developed efficiently by a large earthquake with a magnitude greater than about M6.5-7, but it is not developed by small earthquakes of less than about <I>M</I>6.5.

著者

新井 智一

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.116, no.2, pp.275-286, 2007-04-25 (Released:2009-11-12)

参考文献数

18

被引用文献数

2 2

---

In Japan, several American air force bases have raised the problem of aircraft noise pollution. This paper considers how municipalities around American air force bases have dealt with this problem. The study clarifies the relationship between aircraft noise pollution and compensation received in the municipalities around Yokota Air Force Base, an American air force base located near Tokyo, and the political actions taken by the municipalities against such pollution.Yokota Air Force Base was established in 1945. The functions of this base had expanded by the 1960s, so aircraft noise pollution intensified. Only Akishima City Council adopted many resolutions against aircraft noise. Aircraft noise pollution was not eliminated. Some inhabitants of Akishima City went to court to require the United States of America not to fly at night.The aircraft noise pollution intensified in Akishima City and Mizuho Town, which are located in the area where the runway of the base was extended. The national government has granted the municipalities subsidies as compensation for aircraft noise pollution. Fussa City, Musashi-Murayama City, and Mizuho Town have received large national subsidies. These municipalities did not adopt many resolutions against aircraft noise.The national government has increased the subsidies since 1974 in exchange for the consolidation of American air force bases in the Kanto Region into Yokota Air Force Base. The public finances of Akishima City have depended on subsidies because of urbanization.The compensation provided by the national government has been based on territoriality, although the pollution is unterritoriality. The political actions of the municipalities around the base have been segmented so aircraft noise pollution has not been eliminated.

著者

久田 英子

出版者

学術雑誌目次速報データベース由来

雑誌

地學雜誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.110, no.1, pp.1-16, 2001

被引用文献数

1

---

The Vredefort Dome, located in the central part of the Witwatersrand Basin in South Africa, is the type locality for pseudotachylite. Pseudotachylite at the Vredefort Dome is generally regarded to be of impact origin. Pseudotachylites which are closely associated with faults are, however, also known to be common along the northern and northwestern edges of the Witwatersrand Basin. In order to compare pseudotachylites from the Vredefort Dome and from the surrounding Witwatersrand Basin, different studies were undertaken in the past. Mode of occurrence, microscopic textures, geochemical analyses and chronological measurements of pseudotachylites are briefly reviewed in this paper.<BR>In the Vredefrot Dome, pseudotachylites are commonly observed except in the central part of its core. In the surrounding Witwatersrand Basin, they are reported from drill core sections and in underground workings. The matrix in pseudotachylite from the Vredefort Dome is mostly a recrystallized melt phase, while those from the surrounding Witwatersrand Basin seem to be composed of clastic material. Pseudotachylites both from the Vredefort Dome and the surrounding Witwatersrand Basin are geochemically closely related to their host rocks. Although evidence for more than one generation of pseudotachylite has been presented, both in the Vredefort Dome and the surrounding Witwatersrand Basin, it is widely believed that most of them were formed as a result of the Vredefort impact event (<I>ca</I>. 2.0 Ga). Other fault rocks reported from the surrounding Witwatersrand Basin are older than the pseudotachylites and therefore not related to their formation.

著者

山野 明男

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.107, no.1, pp.25-48, 1998-02-25 (Released:2009-11-12)

参考文献数

26

被引用文献数

1

---

This research examines the changing process of farming on reclaimed land, as seen from the changing farming conditions of each settler, in the context of national land reclamation, which took place after the Second World War when agricultural production was increasing.As a case study, I researched the background of 136 settlers who started farming in 1962 on Nabeta Reclaimed Land, Aichi Prefecture, situated at the mouth of Kiso River. I examined the following 3 points : (1) settlement conditions of Nabeta Reclaimed Land, (2) the influence of Typhoon hazards from Ise Bay on the farming behavior of settlers and (3) the influence of urbanization from the metropolitan area Nagoya. The results are as follows : 1) There occurred some differences in farming among settlers, depending upon the time of settlement, their native places, the land condition of their farm and their successors. The difference in farming was most greatly influenced by land conditions based on the time of settlement.2) The changing process of farming in Nabeta Reclaimed Land can be divided into 3 periods : 1 st period (commencement of farming), 2nd period (change in farming) and 3 rd period (settlement of farming).3) The farming conditions of settlers diversified gradually over 3 periods : 1 st period→2 nd period→ 3 rd period (Fig. 11). In the 1 st period, conditions were classified into thetype, mainly composed of field husbandry and animal husbandry. In the 3rd period, conditions could be classified into 4 patterns : field husbandry, animal husbandry, part-time farming and abandonment of farming. These were farming patterns that had been already started during the 2 nd period.4) In comparison with other reclaimed lands in Japan, the following can be considered as regional characteristics of Nabeta Reclaimed Land.First, about 20 percent of all settlers were close relatives of those people who were killed by Typhoon Ise Bay. They were less interested in farming, compared to normal settlers, and quite a few of them gave up farming when farming became diversified.Second, about 10 percent of cultivated land (an area of 302 ha) in Nabeta Reclaimed Land turned out to be owned by residents in Nagoya City. Further, settlers have been unable to make the most of accessibility to big markets, because of the lack of community integration in reclaimed land villages and because of the poor performance of specializing in one farm product.

著者

大橋 聖和 竹下 徹 平内 健一

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.129, no.4, pp.473-489, 2020-08-25 (Released:2020-10-02)

参考文献数

108

被引用文献数

2 3

---

Knowledge of the strength of faults in the continental upper crust is critical to our understanding of crustal stress states, coseismic faulting, and lithospheric deformation. In this paper, we investigate time- and displacement-dependent fault-zone weakening (softening) over geological time caused by the hydrothermal alteration of rock, the development of faulting-related structure and fabric, and changes in the relevant deformation mechanisms. In the shallow portion of the continental seismogenic zone (< 5 km), hydrothermal alteration induced by comminution and fluid flow along fault zones progressively enriches weak phyllosilicates. The development of phyllosilicate-aligned fabric with increasing shear strain leads to an effective weakening with increasing cumulative fault displacement. In the deep portion of the seismogenic zone (> 5 km), frictional–viscous flow occurs in combination with friction contributed by phyllosilicates and the dissolution–precipitation of clasts after the introduction of water, phyllosilicates and anastomosing fabrics all increasing with greater fault displacement. In addition, the water weakening of quartz and feldspar is an important softening process in the deeper portion of the seismogenic zone (> 10 km). The smoothing of fault-zone topography by the shearing of irregularities and asperities, as well as the thickening of the fault zone, leads to a reduction over time in the bulk frictional resistance of a fault as displacement increases. These time- and displacement-dependent weakening processes of fault zones give rise to diverse strength and stress states of the crust depending on its maturity and may provide clues to reconciling the stress–heat flow paradox of crustal faults.

著者

鎌田 浩毅

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地學雜誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.108, no.6, pp.734-740, 1999-12-01

参考文献数

4

著者

鎌田 浩毅

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地學雜誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.105, no.1, pp.Plate1-Plate2, 1996

著者

源

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.44, no.1, pp.50b-52, 1932-01-15 (Released:2010-12-22)

著者

宇根 寛 青山 雅史 小山 拓志 長谷川 智則

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.124, no.2, pp.287-296, 2015-04-25 (Released:2015-05-14)

参考文献数

20

被引用文献数

5 6

---

The 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake brought severe damage caused by wide-ranging soil liquefaction across the Tohoku and Kanto districts. In Abiko City, Chiba Prefecture, heavy liquefaction damage occurred in a small area, which was not accurately predicted by the existing liquefaction hazard map. The authors consider the reason to be land history, such as landform development and artificial landfill, which was not taken into account in the assessment of liquefaction risk. Accordingly, Abiko City has revised the hazard map to take account of micro-landform classifications using land condition maps, old edition maps, and aerial photographs with the assistance of the Geospatial Information Authority's support team.

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.3, no.7, pp.386-387, 1891-07-25 (Released:2010-12-22)

著者

寺田 寅彦

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.6, pp.471-479, 1915-06-20 (Released:2010-10-13)

著者

保柳 睦美

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.77, no.4, pp.193-222, 1968-08-25 (Released:2009-11-12)

被引用文献数

2 4

---

The name of Tadataka INÔ (1745-1818), who carried out the survey of the almost entire islands of Japan and made excellent maps of Japan in the end of Edo period, became popular all over the country since the Tokyo Geographical Society erected a bronze memorial monument in the Shiba Park, Tokyo in 1889, which was re-established in the same site with a newly designed beautiful stone monument in 1965.INÔ's Map officially presented to the Takugawa Government in 1821 compiled after his death by his pupils consisted of those of three scales : large scale (1 : 36, 000, 214 sheets), middle-scale (1 : 216, 000, 8 sheets) and small-scale (1 : 432, 000, 3 sheets). Despite its excellency, they were stored in the Library of the Tokugawa Government, only a few limited number of people were allowed to see them, and INÔ's Map proved its usefulness since the Meiji Restoration. These maps served as the basis and the most important data to meet the urgent needs of accurate maps, charts and statistical figures of the Japanese Islands.However, INÔ's Map has an unfortunate history behind it. After it was handed over from the Tokugawa to the Meiji Government, a fire broke out in part of the Imperial Palace in 1873 and destroyed all the maps. INÔ's descendants presented the preserved copies to the Government and they were kept in the Library of the Tokyo Imperial University, while the fire caused by the Kantô Earthquake in 1923 destroyed the Library. In consequence, the number of INÔ's Map which are extant is very small and fragmental today and yet careful studies of these maps, INÔ's books and documents revealed some points which have never been fully appreciated in his achievements, and the followings are the abstracts of these main points.(1) INO's motive for undertaking the survey of Japan was the determination of the length of one degree of latitude, which he carefully determined as 28.2 ri (110.85 km) with extraordinary accuracy at that time. However, “Map of the Eastern Part of Japan” presented to the Tokuwawa Government in 1804 was so elaborate, so accurate, so detailed and so beautiful and gave even an impression of a work of art that the Government appointed him as an official and ordered him to continue the survey, which he carried out with extraordinary persistence and skill. Fig. 2 shows the distribution of INÔ's routes of survey, which was carefully drawn from the maps of middle-scale and his records and the total distances of surveyed lines amounted to 33, 724 km. In addition he traveled several times between Edo and Kyôto (Tôkaidô) as well as Kyôtô and Shimonoseki (Sanyô-dô), so that the total distances of his travel were more than 40, 000 km, which he accomplished when he was fifty-six to seventy-two years of age.The mapped areas are strictly restricted to those of the actually surveyed and certainly known. Therefore, many parts far distant from the roads and the coast left unmapped because the surveys were not conducted. These are some of evidences of INÔ's scientific mind underlying his map-drawing.(2) The Tokugawa Government's needs to the maps were the accurate drawing of configuration of the coastline of the Japanese Islands as well as the detailed distances of important towns along the Tôkai-dô, the Sanyô-dô, and along the northern part of Kyûshû. INÔ's main aims were the determination of latitudes and, if possible the longitudes, of important towns along the most important zone of Japan at that time, that was along the Tôkai-dô and the Sanyô-dô. INÔ's Map met these needs quite well, following basically what is called the method of traverse with great care, and he also adopted astronomical observations.

著者

小澤 一仁

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.117, no.1, pp.146-167, 2008-02-25 (Released:2010-02-10)

参考文献数

61

被引用文献数

8 8

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The vicinity of the oceanic Mohorovicic discontinuity, transitional zone between the oceanic crust and mantle, is characterized by the common occurrence of dunite consisting mostly of olivine with small amounts of chromite. The most plausible formation mechanism of such dunite is believed to be an open-system reaction between pyroxene-bearing mantle peridotites, residues of partial melting, and basaltic silicate melts, partial melting products and the main ingredient of the oceanic crust. It is, therefore, important to specify the reaction stoichiometry and rates of influx and separation of basaltic melt involved in the reaction to better understand the formation mechanism of the transitional zone. Geological, petrological, and geochemical observations of ancient oceanic crust-mantle sections (ophiolites) and dredging and drilling of the current ocean floors provide key information for constraining the reaction processes. The status quo of studies on ophiolites and the ocean floor related to this subject is reviewed.

著者

小藤 文次郎

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1, no.8, pp.347-354, 1889-08-25 (Released:2010-10-13)

著者

小藤 文次郎

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1, no.9, pp.415-419, 1889-09-25 (Released:2010-10-13)

著者

小藤 文次郎

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1, no.6, pp.241-248, 1889-06-25 (Released:2010-10-13)

著者

小藤 文次郎

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1, no.7, pp.291-294, 1889-07-25 (Released:2010-10-13)

著者

小藤 文次郎

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1, no.10, pp.467-471, 1889-10-25 (Released:2010-10-13)

著者

鈴木 啓助 佐々木 明彦

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.128, no.1, pp.9-19, 2019-02-25 (Released:2019-04-03)

参考文献数

10

被引用文献数

7 8

---

Mountainous areas are quite sensitive to global-scale environmental changes, such as warming. Therefore, the effect of global warming on these meteorological elements is a critical issue. However, Mt. Fuji Weather Station, which was once a symbol of meteorological observation in mountainous areas, has remained unmanned since August 2004. Of the other observation sites of the Japan Meteorological Agency, Nobeyama, at 1350 m.a.s.l. elevation, is the highest. When evaluating the effects of a global-scale warming event on regional-scale environmental change in the Japanese Alps at a high elevation of 1350 m.a.s.l., it must be noted that the lack of meteorological observation data at high elevations impedes any evaluations of the effects of warming on the ecological system and water resources in mountainous ranges. A network of 14 meteorological observatories has been developed by Shinshu University in the Japanese Alps, which have already started recording observations. The highest observation site is Mt. Yari, at 3125 m.a.s.l.. Observation data from these sites are sent to a computer at the laboratory via a data communication mobile telephone network or a phone line throughout the year. These meteorological observation data are available on the laboratory website in quasi-real time. The interannual variability of annual mean temperature and snow depth in the Japanese Alps region are discussed.