著者

武井 成実

出版者

成城大学常民文化研究会

雑誌

常民文化 = Jomin bunka (ISSN:03888908)

巻号頁・発行日

no.40, pp.41-79, 2017-03

著者

池田 浩貴

出版者

成城大学

雑誌

常民文化 (ISSN:03888908)

巻号頁・発行日

no.38, pp.206-181, 2015-03

---

Now it is becoming the accepted view that the Kamakura shogunate has gradually introduced Onmyodo from Kyoto since Minamoto no Yoritomo ruled as the first shogun, and utilized its divination and ritual methods for the shogunate government based on conventional research. When unusual natural phenomena such as natural disasters, celestial motion, strange behavior of animals, appearances of strange lights or cryptid birds and so on occurred, the Kamakura shogunate followed established procedures to prevent further disasters by holding Onmyodo ceremonies or making offerings to Tsurugaoka Hachimangu depending on the results of divination by Onmyoji about the meaning of the phenomena. Most previous research in this field has focused on Onmyoji or measures taken by shogunate government. In this paper, however, I investigated the abnormal natural phenomena called "kwai-i (strangeness)", which lead the shogunate government to take political procedures, based on Azuma Kagami as a main text. Especially I focused on two strange behaviors of animals, "Kicho-gunhi" (flight of yellow butterflies in groups) and "Sagi-kwai" (specter of herons). Kicho-gunhi occurred mainly at Tsurugaoka Hachimangu and were recorded before or after three wars including the Battle of Oshu (between the Kamakura shogunate and Oshu Fujiwara), Battle of Wada (rebellion of Wada Yoshimori) and Battle of Hoji (rebellion of Miura Yasumura). The articles of Azuma Kagami about Kicho-gunhi seem to include some falsifications. It is doubtful whether all of the Kicho-gunhi cases actually occurred, but even so it is certain that the phenomenon reminded people of occurrence of battles and was regarded as foreboding of battles in the Kamakura period. Sagi-kwai occurred at Shogun Gosho (shogun palace). It was regarded as bad omen and foreboding of Battle of Wada and the famine in the Kanki era. Unlike other kinds of kwai-i, the shogunate government shot herons as a countermeasure against Sagi-kwai without depending on the divination by a Onmyoji.Now it is becoming the accepted view that the Kamakura shogunate has gradually introduced Onmyodo from Kyoto since Minamoto no Yoritomo ruled as the first shogun, and utilized its divination and ritual methods for the shogunate government based on conventional research. When unusual natural phenomena such as natural disasters, celestial motion, strange behavior of animals, appearances of strange lights or cryptid birds and so on occurred, the Kamakura shogunate followed established procedures to prevent further disasters by holding Onmyodo ceremonies or making offerings to Tsurugaoka Hachimangu depending on the results of divination by Onmyoji about the meaning of the phenomena. Most previous research in this field has focused on Onmyoji or measures taken by shogunate government. In this paper, however, I investigated the abnormal natural phenomena called "kwai-i (strangeness)", which lead the shogunate government to take political procedures, based on Azuma Kagami as a main text. Especially I focused on two strange behaviors of animals, "Kicho-gunhi" (flight of yellow butterflies in groups) and "Sagi-kwai" (specter of herons). Kicho-gunhi occurred mainly at Tsurugaoka Hachimangu and were recorded before or after three wars including the Battle of Oshu (between the Kamakura shogunate and Oshu Fujiwara), Battle of Wada (rebellion of Wada Yoshimori) and Battle of Hoji (rebellion of Miura Yasumura). The articles of Azuma Kagami about Kicho-gunhi seem to include some falsifications. It is doubtful whether all of the Kicho-gunhi cases actually occurred, but even so it is certain that the phenomenon reminded people of occurrence of battles and was regarded as foreboding of battles in the Kamakura period. Sagi-kwai occurred at Shogun Gosho (shogun palace). It was regarded as bad omen and foreboding of Battle of Wada and the famine in the Kanki era. Unlike other kinds of kwai-i, the shogunate government shot herons as a countermeasure against Sagi-kwai without depending on the divination by a Onmyoji.

著者

荒木 生

出版者

成城大学常民文化研究会

雑誌

常民文化 = Jomin bunka (ISSN:03888908)

巻号頁・発行日

no.42, pp.43-55, 2019-03-31

著者

鈴木 権人

出版者

成城大学

雑誌

常民文化 (ISSN:03888908)

巻号頁・発行日

no.34, pp.47-67, 2011-03

著者

綿谷 翔太

出版者

成城大学

雑誌

常民文化 = Jomin bunka (ISSN:03888908)

巻号頁・発行日

no.38, pp.55-74, 2015-03

---

Koshin is a folk belief, it was born by Sanshi-setsu (thought to be that there are insects that governs the life in the body) was brought over from China during the Heian period in Japan. It was developed independently in Japan through the Middle Ages and early modern period. When it comes to the early modern period, Koshin was largely prevalent among the Edo townsmen and suburbs of farmers. And develop into various forms in relation to the common people of faith such as Buddhism and Shinto. Also from this period, so that the stone pagoda called Koshinto is built in various places. Mid 18th century, the Buddhist sect Nichiren was also associated with Koshin. Shibamata Taishakuten (Daikyoji) appears as the center of the faith, this temple is as prevalent through the 19th and early 20th century. In this paper I will classify the Koshinto that replicates the principal image of Shibamata Taishakuten as "Shibamata type Koshinto". In addition, as a faith-area they remain, to pick up the Miura Peninsula is the major distribution areas of Shibamata type Koshin tower. And, as the reason why the faith of Shibamata Taishakuten remained in the far away land, and take up the Edogawa of water transportation that utilizes the coast of Shibamata region, we consider the process of faith of propagation.

著者

高木 まどか

出版者

成城大学

雑誌

常民文化 = Jomin bunka (ISSN:03888908)

巻号頁・発行日

no.38, pp.180-154, 2015-03

---

This study examines the discourse that visitors' social position did not make sense in Yoshiwara of Edo, using Yujo hyoban-ki, which is one of the classifications of a story book Kanazoshi, in this paper. In the Edo period, there were some districts of licensed brothels, such as Shinmachi in Osaka, Shimabara in Kyoto, and Yoshiwara in Edo. Previous studies often explained that these brothel districts were places beyond the social order that visitors' social statuses did not make sense. Although there were also some positions contrary to such explanation, the dispute in a scientific meaning has not arisen between different positions. Moreover, each dispute does not show clear basis and is not necessarily an empirical discussion. In this paper, I focus on the difference in positions and the insufficient demonstration in such previous studies. Then, I'll consider why the opinions about the treatment of a visitor's status in brothel districts are divided, and how the visitor's status was in fact treated in brothels. In considering these, I use Yujo hyo-banki, which is one of the classifications of Kanazoshi, as the primary historical sources. Although Yujo hyo-banki is a document which describes the reputation of each prostitute, there are some description of visitors' aspects finely, which observe visitors' actual conditions in brothels. In this paper, I verify how visitors' social positions in brothel districts are treated, by mainly focusing on Yoshiwara from the second half of the 17th century to the middle of the 18th century, when many description about visitors to the brothels are seen in Yujo hyo-banki.

著者

小山 由

出版者

成城大学

雑誌

常民文化 = Jomin bunka (ISSN:03888908)

巻号頁・発行日

no.38, pp.1-31, 2015-03

---

The idea that there is a relationship between personality based on ABO blood type and the nature of each individual has been widely accepted in Japan. This understanding has been scientifically referred to as the blood type stereotype. In my previous paper, I argued that there are deficiencies in the definition and its naming. I renamed the "classification of people based on blood type," and defined it as the idea that classifies all human beings into four groups according to their blood type based on ABO blood typing. ABO blood typing attempts to match the exchange relationships among each ABO blood type with the relationships between each human group using knowledge of blood transfusions. That point needs to be noted first. For the acceptance and sustainment of this concept that people can be classified based on blood type, a number of scientific interpretations have been added primarily by psychologists. In their interpretations, classification based on blood type has been accepted. Although the idea is scientifically incorrect, people continue to believe the idea because it helps to smooth their relationships or it is deceiving their cognition. However, this interpretation has a fundamental error. The purpose of this paper is to point out the error of the traditional interpretation and to present a different interpretation. First, I will show that the traditional classification of people based on blood type is composed of imagery derived from three elements: doctrine, guru and believers. In addition, I describe the assumption that individuals are deceived by the ruses used by scammers who call themselves gurus. Next, I discuss that expressions such as 'believers,' which are frequently used in the conventional interpretation, generated the illusion that the Observer/interpreter can read an individual's inner mind. I show that the expression of the term 'believers' is a scientific problem. If it is understood as above, the context of sustainment and acceptance of the classification based on blood type can be perceived as a characteristic idea that people can easily use and is unforgettable, rather than the idea that people are deceived by the pseudo-scientific illogic of classifying individuals based on blood type. As I have shown in the previous paper, the classification of people based on blood type belongs to an image of the relationships among ABO blood types that can also be applied to people, and the idea of classification based on blood type has no scientific credibility. The conventional interpretation was generated by the stereotype that humans can be easily fooled by pseudo-scientific thinking.

著者

小山 由

出版者

成城大学

雑誌

常民文化 = Jomin bunka (ISSN:03888908)

巻号頁・発行日

no.37, pp.1-30, 2014-03

---

The belief that there is a relationship between personality and ABO blood type has been widely accepted among people in Japan. Many researchers have studied this belief. However, the studies have given the wrong names to and definitions of the belief because they have not focused on its inherent theory. This study aims to show the actual theory for the belief while examming limitations in the previous studies. Further, the current study intends to name and appropriately define the belief. This study identifies two misinterpretations in studies by psychologists while reviewing previous studies, and confirms that those fallacies can also be seen in the interpretation of the concept of totemism. Consequently, this study indicates that the belief about blood type is linked to Claude Levi-Strauss' totemistic classification. The totemistic classification refers to the thinking that distinguishes between the human line and the totem line and matches subjects belonging to the totem line with those belonging to the human line. Based on Claude Levi-Strauss' totemistic classification, this study shows that knowledge of blood transfusions is related to the establishment of the belief about blood type, and that the belief links the relationship between each totem of ABO blood type with the relationship between each human group perceiving people as owners of each blood type. Finally, this study defines the belief as follows: by leveraging the knowledge of blood transfusion, the belief classifies all human beings into four groups according to their respective types of blood based on ABO blood typing, and matches the relationship between each ABO blood type based on blood replacement with the relationship between each human group. This study also names the belief: the classification of people based on blood type.

著者

福田 麻友子

出版者

成城大学常民文化研究会

雑誌

常民文化 = Jomin bunka (ISSN:03888908)

巻号頁・発行日

no.44, pp.85-109, 2021-03-31

著者

荒木 生

出版者

成城大学常民文化研究会

雑誌

常民文化 = Jomin bunka (ISSN:03888908)

巻号頁・発行日

no.42, pp.43-55, 2019-03-31

著者

池田 浩貴

出版者

成城大学

雑誌

常民文化 = Jomin bunka (ISSN:03888908)

巻号頁・発行日

no.39, pp.146-129, 2016-03

---

Azuma Kagami, the offi cial history book compiled by the Kamakura shogunate, has many records of bizarre behavior of various organisms.Such records were kept because unusual natural phenomena including the behavior of organisms, which occurred around the Kamakura shogunate,were believed to be omens or cautions from heaven and gods or ancestors for future events or terrible disasters. Doves were one of the mostfrequently recorded animals in Azuma Kagami and have been and still are regarded as divine messengers of Hachiman. Doves were both auspicious and evil omens. In the Kamakura era of Minamoto no Yoritomo, we can see two good omens for the Kamakuraarmy signifi ed by doves in Azuma Kagami. When central fi gures of the Taira clan were drowning themselves in the last instance of Battle of Danno-ura, it is said that two doves were fl ying over the Tairaʼs ship. In the Battle of Oshu (between the Kamakura shogunate and Oshu Fujiwara), abanner on which two doves were embroidered was brought from Kamakura to Oshu. Conversely in the era of Minamoto no Yoriie and Minamoto no Sanetomo, doves were bad signs. About two months before the forcedabdication of Yoriie, carcasses of doves were found three consecutive times in Tsurugaoka Hachimangu. Just before the assassination ofSanetomo, a gokenin had a dream in which a dove was killed. On the day Sanetomo was assassinated, a dove repeatedly twittered. After the death of Sanetomo, almost no records of doves were kept in Azuma Kagami. Thus doves were strongly linked to three shoguns ofSeiwa Genji. Doves were given the role as divine messengers of auspicious or evil omens from Hachiman to Genji in Azuma Kagami.

著者

保坂 泰彦

出版者

成城大学常民文化研究会

雑誌

常民文化 = Jomin bunka (ISSN:03888908)

巻号頁・発行日

no.40, pp.115-125, 2017-03

著者

川名 瑞希

出版者

成城大学常民文化研究会

雑誌

常民文化 (ISSN:03888908)

巻号頁・発行日

no.41, pp.11-25, 2018-03

著者

小山 由

出版者

成城大学

雑誌

常民文化 (ISSN:03888908)

巻号頁・発行日

no.37, pp.1-30, 2014-03

---

The belief that there is a relationship between personality and ABO blood type has been widely accepted among people in Japan. Many researchers have studied this belief. However, the studies have given the wrong names to and definitions of the belief because they have not focused on its inherent theory. This study aims to show the actual theory for the belief while examming limitations in the previous studies. Further, the current study intends to name and appropriately define the belief. This study identifies two misinterpretations in studies by psychologists while reviewing previous studies, and confirms that those fallacies can also be seen in the interpretation of the concept of totemism. Consequently, this study indicates that the belief about blood type is linked to Claude Levi-Strauss' totemistic classification. The totemistic classification refers to the thinking that distinguishes between the human line and the totem line and matches subjects belonging to the totem line with those belonging to the human line. Based on Claude Levi-Strauss' totemistic classification, this study shows that knowledge of blood transfusions is related to the establishment of the belief about blood type, and that the belief links the relationship between each totem of ABO blood type with the relationship between each human group perceiving people as owners of each blood type. Finally, this study defines the belief as follows: by leveraging the knowledge of blood transfusion, the belief classifies all human beings into four groups according to their respective types of blood based on ABO blood typing, and matches the relationship between each ABO blood type based on blood replacement with the relationship between each human group. This study also names the belief: the classification of people based on blood type.The belief that there is a relationship between personality and ABO blood type has been widely accepted among people in Japan. Many researchers have studied this belief. However, the studies have given the wrong names to and definitions of the belief because they have not focused on its inherent theory. This study aims to show the actual theory for the belief while examming limitations in the previous studies. Further, the current study intends to name and appropriately define the belief. This study identifies two misinterpretations in studies by psychologists while reviewing previous studies, and confirms that those fallacies can also be seen in the interpretation of the concept of totemism. Consequently, this study indicates that the belief about blood type is linked to Claude Levi-Strauss' totemistic classification. The totemistic classification refers to the thinking that distinguishes between the human line and the totem line and matches subjects belonging to the totem line with those belonging to the human line. Based on Claude Levi-Strauss' totemistic classification, this study shows that knowledge of blood transfusions is related to the establishment of the belief about blood type, and that the belief links the relationship between each totem of ABO blood type with the relationship between each human group perceiving people as owners of each blood type. Finally, this study defines the belief as follows: by leveraging the knowledge of blood transfusion, the belief classifies all human beings into four groups according to their respective types of blood based on ABO blood typing, and matches the relationship between each ABO blood type based on blood replacement with the relationship between each human group. This study also names the belief: the classification of people based on blood type.

著者

木下 聖三

出版者

成城大学

雑誌

常民文化 = Jomin bunka (ISSN:03888908)

巻号頁・発行日

no.39, pp.35-51, 2016-03

著者

小山 由

出版者

成城大学

雑誌

常民文化 (ISSN:03888908)

巻号頁・発行日

no.38, pp.1-31, 2015-03

---

The idea that there is a relationship between personality based on ABO blood type and the nature of each individual has been widely accepted in Japan. This understanding has been scientifically referred to as the blood type stereotype. In my previous paper, I argued that there are deficiencies in the definition and its naming. I renamed the "classification of people based on blood type," and defined it as the idea that classifies all human beings into four groups according to their blood type based on ABO blood typing. ABO blood typing attempts to match the exchange relationships among each ABO blood type with the relationships between each human group using knowledge of blood transfusions. That point needs to be noted first. For the acceptance and sustainment of this concept that people can be classified based on blood type, a number of scientific interpretations have been added primarily by psychologists. In their interpretations, classification based on blood type has been accepted. Although the idea is scientifically incorrect, people continue to believe the idea because it helps to smooth their relationships or it is deceiving their cognition. However, this interpretation has a fundamental error. The purpose of this paper is to point out the error of the traditional interpretation and to present a different interpretation. First, I will show that the traditional classification of people based on blood type is composed of imagery derived from three elements: doctrine, guru and believers. In addition, I describe the assumption that individuals are deceived by the ruses used by scammers who call themselves gurus. Next, I discuss that expressions such as 'believers,' which are frequently used in the conventional interpretation, generated the illusion that the Observer/interpreter can read an individual's inner mind. I show that the expression of the term 'believers' is a scientific problem. If it is understood as above, the context of sustainment and acceptance of the classification based on blood type can be perceived as a characteristic idea that people can easily use and is unforgettable, rather than the idea that people are deceived by the pseudo-scientific illogic of classifying individuals based on blood type. As I have shown in the previous paper, the classification of people based on blood type belongs to an image of the relationships among ABO blood types that can also be applied to people, and the idea of classification based on blood type has no scientific credibility. The conventional interpretation was generated by the stereotype that humans can be easily fooled by pseudo-scientific thinking.The idea that there is a relationship between personality based on ABO blood type and the nature of each individual has been widely accepted in Japan. This understanding has been scientifically referred to as the blood type stereotype. In my previous paper, I argued that there are deficiencies in the definition and its naming. I renamed the "classification of people based on blood type," and defined it as the idea that classifies all human beings into four groups according to their blood type based on ABO blood typing. ABO blood typing attempts to match the exchange relationships among each ABO blood type with the relationships between each human group using knowledge of blood transfusions. That point needs to be noted first. For the acceptance and sustainment of this concept that people can be classified based on blood type, a number of scientific interpretations have been added primarily by psychologists. In their interpretations, classification based on blood type has been accepted. Although the idea is scientifically incorrect, people continue to believe the idea because it helps to smooth their relationships or it is deceiving their cognition. However, this interpretation has a fundamental error. The purpose of this paper is to point out the error of the traditional interpretation and to present a different interpretation. First, I will show that the traditional classification of people based on blood type is composed of imagery derived from three elements: doctrine, guru and believers. In addition, I describe the assumption that individuals are deceived by the ruses used by scammers who call themselves gurus. Next, I discuss that expressions such as 'believers,' which are frequently used in the conventional interpretation, generated the illusion that the Observer/interpreter can read an individual's inner mind. I show that the expression of the term 'believers' is a scientific problem. If it is understood as above, the context of sustainment and acceptance of the classification based on blood type can be perceived as a characteristic idea that people can easily use and is unforgettable, rather than the idea that people are deceived by the pseudo-scientific illogic of classifying individuals based on blood type. As I have shown in the previous paper, the classification of people based on blood type belongs to an image of the relationships among ABO blood types that can also be applied to people, and the idea of classification based on blood type has no scientific credibility. The conventional interpretation was generated by the stereotype that humans can be easily fooled by pseudo-scientific thinking.

著者

高木 まどか

出版者

成城大学常民文化研究会

雑誌

常民文化 (ISSN:03888908)

巻号頁・発行日

no.41, pp.88-63, 2018-03

著者

武井 成実

出版者

成城大学常民文化研究会

雑誌

常民文化 = Jomin bunka (ISSN:03888908)

巻号頁・発行日

no.40, pp.41-79, 2017-03

著者

綿谷 翔太

出版者

成城大学

雑誌

常民文化 = Jomin bunka (ISSN:03888908)

巻号頁・発行日

no.38, pp.55-74, 2015-03

---

Koshin is a folk belief, it was born by Sanshi-setsu (thought to be that there are insects that governs the life in the body) was brought over from China during the Heian period in Japan. It was developed independently in Japan through the Middle Ages and early modern period. When it comes to the early modern period, Koshin was largely prevalent among the Edo townsmen and suburbs of farmers. And develop into various forms in relation to the common people of faith such as Buddhism and Shinto. Also from this period, so that the stone pagoda called Koshinto is built in various places. Mid 18th century, the Buddhist sect Nichiren was also associated with Koshin. Shibamata Taishakuten (Daikyoji) appears as the center of the faith, this temple is as prevalent through the 19th and early 20th century. In this paper I will classify the Koshinto that replicates the principal image of Shibamata Taishakuten as "Shibamata type Koshinto". In addition, as a faith-area they remain, to pick up the Miura Peninsula is the major distribution areas of Shibamata type Koshin tower. And, as the reason why the faith of Shibamata Taishakuten remained in the far away land, and take up the Edogawa of water transportation that utilizes the coast of Shibamata region, we consider the process of faith of propagation.Koshin is a folk belief, it was born by Sanshi-setsu (thought to be that there are insects that governs the life in the body) was brought over from China during the Heian period in Japan. It was developed independently in Japan through the Middle Ages and early modern period. When it comes to the early modern period, Koshin was largely prevalent among the Edo townsmen and suburbs of farmers. And develop into various forms in relation to the common people of faith such as Buddhism and Shinto. Also from this period, so that the stone pagoda called Koshinto is built in various places. Mid 18th century, the Buddhist sect Nichiren was also associated with Koshin. Shibamata Taishakuten (Daikyoji) appears as the center of the faith, this temple is as prevalent through the 19th and early 20th century. In this paper I will classify the Koshinto that replicates the principal image of Shibamata Taishakuten as "Shibamata type Koshinto". In addition, as a faith-area they remain, to pick up the Miura Peninsula is the major distribution areas of Shibamata type Koshin tower. And, as the reason why the faith of Shibamata Taishakuten remained in the far away land, and take up the Edogawa of water transportation that utilizes the coast of Shibamata region, we consider the process of faith of propagation.

著者

高木 まどか

出版者

成城大学

雑誌

常民文化 = Jomin bunka (ISSN:03888908)

巻号頁・発行日

no.38, pp.180-154, 2015-03

---

This study examines the discourse that visitors' social position did not make sense in Yoshiwara of Edo, using Yujo hyoban-ki, which is one of the classifications of a story book Kanazoshi, in this paper. In the Edo period, there were some districts of licensed brothels, such as Shinmachi in Osaka, Shimabara in Kyoto, and Yoshiwara in Edo. Previous studies often explained that these brothel districts were places beyond the social order that visitors' social statuses did not make sense. Although there were also some positions contrary to such explanation, the dispute in a scientific meaning has not arisen between different positions. Moreover, each dispute does not show clear basis and is not necessarily an empirical discussion. In this paper, I focus on the difference in positions and the insufficient demonstration in such previous studies. Then, I'll consider why the opinions about the treatment of a visitor's status in brothel districts are divided, and how the visitor's status was in fact treated in brothels. In considering these, I use Yujo hyo-banki, which is one of the classifications of Kanazoshi, as the primary historical sources. Although Yujo hyo-banki is a document which describes the reputation of each prostitute, there are some description of visitors' aspects finely, which observe visitors' actual conditions in brothels. In this paper, I verify how visitors' social positions in brothel districts are treated, by mainly focusing on Yoshiwara from the second half of the 17th century to the middle of the 18th century, when many description about visitors to the brothels are seen in Yujo hyo-banki.This study examines the discourse that visitors' social position did not make sense in Yoshiwara of Edo, using Yujo hyoban-ki, which is one of the classifications of a story book Kanazoshi, in this paper. In the Edo period, there were some districts of licensed brothels, such as Shinmachi in Osaka, Shimabara in Kyoto, and Yoshiwara in Edo. Previous studies often explained that these brothel districts were places beyond the social order that visitors' social statuses did not make sense. Although there were also some positions contrary to such explanation, the dispute in a scientific meaning has not arisen between different positions. Moreover, each dispute does not show clear basis and is not necessarily an empirical discussion. In this paper, I focus on the difference in positions and the insufficient demonstration in such previous studies. Then, I'll consider why the opinions about the treatment of a visitor's status in brothel districts are divided, and how the visitor's status was in fact treated in brothels. In considering these, I use Yujo hyo-banki, which is one of the classifications of Kanazoshi, as the primary historical sources. Although Yujo hyo-banki is a document which describes the reputation of each prostitute, there are some description of visitors' aspects finely, which observe visitors' actual conditions in brothels. In this paper, I verify how visitors' social positions in brothel districts are treated, by mainly focusing on Yoshiwara from the second half of the 17th century to the middle of the 18th century, when many description about visitors to the brothels are seen in Yujo hyo-banki.