著者

八代 隆政

出版者

文教大学言語文化研究所

雑誌

言語と文化 = Language and Culture (ISSN:09147977)

巻号頁・発行日

no.10, pp.88-124, 1998-02-01

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Ahmad Nadim Qasmi (1916—) is an effective Urdu short story writer as well as a poet and a journalist in Pakistan, who has generally maintained an unblemished personal reputation. The Urdu (and Hindi) short story as it exists today is a literary phenomenon of recent origin. Its present development owes much to the inspiration of the West. The short story in Urdu originated with Premchand (1880—1936), universally considered as one of the greatest fiction writers of modern India. Premchand brought it out of the world of dreamland and fantasy and introduced to this form the living truth of human existence. He portrayed the life of the Indian peasant in Uttar Pradesh in his novels and short stories with understanding and sympathy for their poverty and suffering, their superstitions and weakness.Only two years after the creation of the Union of Soviet Writers, Marxist intellectuals in India under the leadership of Sajjad Zahir called the first All-India Progressive Writers' Conference in Lucknow on April 10, 1936. Premchand, who imbibed the spirit of socialism in his final years, presided over the Progressive Writers' Movement's first session shortly before his death in 1936.The Urdu short story in the period after 1936 branched into two different lines: the sociological story, represented by Bedi, Krishan Chandar and Qasmi; and the psychological story, dominated by themes of sex, as best seen in the writings of Manto, Ismat Chughtai and Mumtaz Mufti. After Premchand, Ahmad Nadim Qasmi emerged as one of the best short story writers in Urdu. Imtiaz Ali Taj has rightly called Qasmi the "Premchand of Punjab." As a versatile writer, Ahmad Nadim Qasmi has written extensively both in prose and verse, depicting the rural life of the Punjabi with all its romance and poverty, and touchingly capturing the grandeur of nature in contrast with the sad plight of the village dweller. His interest in rural life sprang initially from his search for romance in the rustic, but later he began depicting rural actuality in all its beauty and misery, a fact which has tended to permeate his writing with a missionary zeal. Qasmi showed a deep sympathy for the peasant folk in their misery and poverty, for he saw beneath their rags a certain dignity, worth, and regard for humanity.In this paper an attempt has been made to describe Qasmi's life, thought and the process of his self-reformation, and to evaluate the characteristics of his works in the fifteenth collection of short stories "Nila patthar" (Blue stone) published in 1980.

著者

八代 隆政

出版者

文教大学言語文化研究所

雑誌

言語と文化 = Language and Culture (ISSN:09147977)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.10, pp.88-124, 1998-02-01

---

Ahmad Nadim Qasmi (1916—) is an effective Urdu short story writer as well as a poet and a journalist in Pakistan, who has generally maintained an unblemished personal reputation. The Urdu (and Hindi) short story as it exists today is a literary phenomenon of recent origin. Its present development owes much to the inspiration of the West. The short story in Urdu originated with Premchand (1880—1936), universally considered as one of the greatest fiction writers of modern India. Premchand brought it out of the world of dreamland and fantasy and introduced to this form the living truth of human existence. He portrayed the life of the Indian peasant in Uttar Pradesh in his novels and short stories with understanding and sympathy for their poverty and suffering, their superstitions and weakness.Only two years after the creation of the Union of Soviet Writers, Marxist intellectuals in India under the leadership of Sajjad Zahir called the first All-India Progressive Writers' Conference in Lucknow on April 10, 1936. Premchand, who imbibed the spirit of socialism in his final years, presided over the Progressive Writers' Movement's first session shortly before his death in 1936.The Urdu short story in the period after 1936 branched into two different lines: the sociological story, represented by Bedi, Krishan Chandar and Qasmi; and the psychological story, dominated by themes of sex, as best seen in the writings of Manto, Ismat Chughtai and Mumtaz Mufti. After Premchand, Ahmad Nadim Qasmi emerged as one of the best short story writers in Urdu. Imtiaz Ali Taj has rightly called Qasmi the "Premchand of Punjab." As a versatile writer, Ahmad Nadim Qasmi has written extensively both in prose and verse, depicting the rural life of the Punjabi with all its romance and poverty, and touchingly capturing the grandeur of nature in contrast with the sad plight of the village dweller. His interest in rural life sprang initially from his search for romance in the rustic, but later he began depicting rural actuality in all its beauty and misery, a fact which has tended to permeate his writing with a missionary zeal. Qasmi showed a deep sympathy for the peasant folk in their misery and poverty, for he saw beneath their rags a certain dignity, worth, and regard for humanity.In this paper an attempt has been made to describe Qasmi's life, thought and the process of his self-reformation, and to evaluate the characteristics of his works in the fifteenth collection of short stories "Nila patthar" (Blue stone) published in 1980.

著者

鬼山 信行

出版者

文教大学

雑誌

言語と文化 = Language and Culture (ISSN:09147977)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.12, pp.23-37, 2000-03-01

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Sentences like "Kodomowa netero"("A child should sleep" or "Sleep!") have third person subjects. When the sentence is uttered, one who corresponds to the description "Kodomo"(a child) is the person who can hear it. As forced not to be second person, (s)he cannot do or say something as a hearer. The speaker cannot order something in uttering the sentence, because (s)he utters it as if there were no hearer. The sentence is uttered not as command but as a recognizing. In Nitta's terminology, its modality should be called as Toihandan (should-be judgment). This modality belongs to the Nobetate (saying), which is distinguished from Hatarakikate, Hyoshutu and Toikake. Other kinds of sentences, which have third person subjects and verbs in Meireikei (ordering form) are also the Toihandan sentences. In Nitta (1991), Ganbo (desire) sentences are placed in Hyoshutu. But the sentences have no agent, and don't expect that there are hearers. So Ganbo sentences should be placed in Nobetate. Perhaps they have toihandan modality. If we put them in Nobetate, Hyoshutu sentences have first person agents only, and are contrasted clealy to Hatarakikake sentences which have second person agents.

著者

加藤 一郎

出版者

文教大学大学院言語文化研究科付属言語文化研究所

雑誌

言語と文化 = Language and Culture (ISSN:09147977)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, pp.48-64, 2002-03-01

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En decembro 1945, la juna germanino Irma Grese(SS-Aufseherin), estis ekzekutita kiel la militokriminalino. Tio estis post nur 6 monatoj de la malvenko de Naziista Germanio kaj estis antaŭ ĉirkaŭ 1 jaro de la ekzekutoj de la pligravaj militokriminaloj. Kial oni sendis al pendigilo tiun ĉi junan germaninon, kiu estis ne grava poliskisto kaj militisto?

著者

星野 常夫

出版者

文教大学

雑誌

言語と文化 = Language and Culture (ISSN:09147977)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.6, pp.73-80, 1993-07-01

著者

山口 雄輔

出版者

文教大学

雑誌

言語と文化 = Language and Culture (ISSN:09147977)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.6, pp.101-103, 1993-07-01

著者

中村 修也

出版者

文教大学大学院言語文化研究科付属言語文化研究所

雑誌

言語と文化 = Language and Culture (ISSN:09147977)

巻号頁・発行日

no.15, pp.175-143, 2003-03-01

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I examined the record in the Muromachi age on the tea. It is historical materials of Kyohgaku-shiyohshoh『経覚私要鈔』. The result showed that bath and tea party "林間茶湯" were not being set in the tea between forests. And, the work of which the Furuichi-family "古市一族" was important was also proven in the culture of the tea of Nara. Especially 古市澄胤 was important, and the culture of the tea was made to develop by his cultural property more. In the future, it is necessary to study the Furuichi-family more well-informed.

著者

加藤 一郎

出版者

文教大学

雑誌

言語と文化 = Language and Culture (ISSN:09147977)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.12, pp.115-132, 2000-03-01

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La Holokaustistaj histriistoj rigardas la 'Konfeson' de Kurt Gerstein kiel unu el la plej gravaj dokumentoj, kiuj pruvas la kriminarojn de Naciista Germanio, precipe, la 'gasajn cambrojn'. Sed, la franca studanto Henri Roque atente teksto-kritikis tiun 'Konfeson' kaj eltrovis multajn kontraudirojn kaj malrealacon en tiu 'Konfeso'. Li estis donita doktoreco de Nanta Universitato favore al sia studo. Ofendigite de la revisionistaj opinioj en lia studo, la Holokaustista premanta grupo devigis la francan registaron nulligi lian doktorecon.

著者

加藤 一郎

出版者

文教大学大学院言語文化研究科付属言語文化研究所

雑誌

言語と文化 = Language and Culture (ISSN:09147977)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, pp.97-113, 2003-03-01

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Dum la dua mondmilito Josef Kramer laboris kiel SS koncentreja ofcisto en diversaj koncentrejoj, inklusive de Dachau, Mauhausen kaj Auschwitz. Ekde decembro de 1944 li estis la komandanato de Bergen=Belsena Koncentrejo. Liberiginte tiun ĉi koncentrejon, la anguloj arestis lin. La brita milita tribunalo juĝis, komdamnis kaj ekzekutis lin kiel la respondeculon de "la masivaj gasaj ekzekutoj" kaj "la masivaj murdoj kaŭze de malsato kaj epidemio". Sed, ĉu la Belsena tribunalo povis pruvi lian respondecon?

著者

八代 隆政

出版者

文教大学言語文化研究所

雑誌

言語と文化 (ISSN:09147977)

巻号頁・発行日

no.11, pp.66-91, 1998

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Pashto, one of the official languages of Afghanistan, belongs to the Eastern group within the Iranian branch of Indo-European family of languages. It has been long recognized also as the most important language of the North-West Frontier Province in Pakistan. An estimated number of Pashto speakers in Afghanistan and Pakistan is approximately 25 million. Although many features vary widely in Pashto and few of their isoglosses coincide, it can be divided into the two major varieties on the basis of the phonemic and phonological features. The two groups are "Soft Pashto", or southwestern dialects spoken around Kandahar, and "Hard Pashto", or northeastern dialects spoken around Peshawar. Characteristic of Hard Pashto are the two phonemes, velar /x/ and /g/, respectively corresponding to retroflex spirants /s[下付きの点あり]/ and /z[下付きの点あり]/ in Soft Pashto.In this paper, focused on Peshawar dialect that has been most directly exposed to Indo-Aryan influence, e.g. Urdu and Punjabi, some of phonological and morphological features of this dialect are presented such as Indo-Aryanised phonemic system and inflections of nouns, personal pronouns and adjectives.

著者

八代 隆政

出版者

文教大学大学院言語文化研究科付属言語文化研究所

雑誌

言語と文化 (ISSN:09147977)

巻号頁・発行日

no.13, pp.104-140, 2000

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In the discussion of Pashto, two major dialectal groupings are considered – "Soft Pashto" or southwestern dialects spoken around Kandahar, Afghanistan; and "Hard Pashto" or northeastern dialects spoken in the Peshawar area, Pakistan. The latter has been most directly in contact with western Indian languages, e.g. Urdu and Punjabi.This report presents the results of my linguistic survey in Peshawar, including new data of Yusufzai dialects based on my field work. Then similarities and differences between Urdu and Pashto will be identified. It is intended as a beginning rather than an end-point.

著者

ビン・ジャムビ ジャファール 福田 倫子

出版者

文教大学大学院言語文化研究科付属言語文化研究所

雑誌

言語と文化 (ISSN:09147977)

巻号頁・発行日

no.24, pp.84-104, 2011

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The process of communication with the local people is very important when a student is studying abroad. Not only do they need language skills to communicate but also the skill to identify the differences in the cultural and custom background of the local people. When people from different cultural backgrounds are engaged in communication, it is widely known as cross-cultural communication. The success of any cross-cultural communication depends on producing an interaction that does not carry too much miscommunication between two different cultures.This study focused on the communication behavior of Malaysian students and their interaction in Japanese society. The purpose of this study is to identify whether cross-cultural factors caused communication breakdowns during the process of communication between Malaysian students and Japanese people (students and lecturers). The results showed that the more the student interacted in Japanese society, the less often cross-cultural communication breakdowns occurred. However, when taking into account the duration of their stay in Japan, the study suggests that there is no significant difference in mean scores. Perhaps an in-depth study should be done to look into this matter empirically.An implication of the study calls for encouragement and guidance to be given to foreign students to interact as much as possible with Japanese people so that communication skills can be learned directly from the interaction.

著者

ビン・ジャムビ ジャファール 福田 倫子

出版者

文教大学大学院言語文化研究科付属言語文化研究所

雑誌

言語と文化 (ISSN:09147977)

巻号頁・発行日

no.24, pp.84-104, 2011

---

The process of communication with the local people is very important when a student is studying abroad. Not only do they need language skills to communicate but also the skill to identify the differences in the cultural and custom background of the local people. When people from different cultural backgrounds are engaged in communication, it is widely known as cross-cultural communication. The success of any cross-cultural communication depends on producing an interaction that does not carry too much miscommunication between two different cultures.This study focused on the communication behavior of Malaysian students and their interaction in Japanese society. The purpose of this study is to identify whether cross-cultural factors caused communication breakdowns during the process of communication between Malaysian students and Japanese people (students and lecturers). The results showed that the more the student interacted in Japanese society, the less often cross-cultural communication breakdowns occurred. However, when taking into account the duration of their stay in Japan, the study suggests that there is no significant difference in mean scores. Perhaps an in-depth study should be done to look into this matter empirically.An implication of the study calls for encouragement and guidance to be given to foreign students to interact as much as possible with Japanese people so that communication skills can be learned directly from the interaction.

著者

加藤 一郎

出版者

文教大学

雑誌

言語と文化 (ISSN:09147977)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.8, pp.16-54, 1996-02

著者

山口 雄輔

出版者

文教大学

雑誌

言語と文化 (ISSN:09147977)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.6, pp.101-103, 1993-07

著者

任 利

出版者

文教大学

雑誌

言語と文化 (ISSN:09147977)

巻号頁・発行日

no.27, pp.135-153, 2014

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The purpose of this study is to reveal the existence of sexism hidden in the illustrative sentences in a modern Chinese dictionary. By analyzing the usage of male and female third personal pronouns appearing in the illustrative sentences, we found that a man and a woman tended to be depicted differently in stereotypical ways. Male third personal pronouns were used more frequently than female ones in the dictionary. Women were described negatively in the example sentences more often than men. In some examples, women were evaluated positively but only in a narrow range of criteria, such as in physical apprearance or personality.

著者

八代 隆政

出版者

文教大学言語文化研究所

雑誌

言語と文化 (ISSN:09147977)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.10, pp.88-124, 1998-02

---

Ahmad Nadim Qasmi (1916—) is an effective Urdu short story writer as well as a poet and a journalist in Pakistan, who has generally maintained an unblemished personal reputation. The Urdu (and Hindi) short story as it exists today is a literary phenomenon of recent origin. Its present development owes much to the inspiration of the West. The short story in Urdu originated with Premchand (1880—1936), universally considered as one of the greatest fiction writers of modern India. Premchand brought it out of the world of dreamland and fantasy and introduced to this form the living truth of human existence. He portrayed the life of the Indian peasant in Uttar Pradesh in his novels and short stories with understanding and sympathy for their poverty and suffering, their superstitions and weakness.Only two years after the creation of the Union of Soviet Writers, Marxist intellectuals in India under the leadership of Sajjad Zahir called the first All-India Progressive Writers' Conference in Lucknow on April 10, 1936. Premchand, who imbibed the spirit of socialism in his final years, presided over the Progressive Writers' Movement's first session shortly before his death in 1936.The Urdu short story in the period after 1936 branched into two different lines: the sociological story, represented by Bedi, Krishan Chandar and Qasmi; and the psychological story, dominated by themes of sex, as best seen in the writings of Manto, Ismat Chughtai and Mumtaz Mufti. After Premchand, Ahmad Nadim Qasmi emerged as one of the best short story writers in Urdu. Imtiaz Ali Taj has rightly called Qasmi the "Premchand of Punjab." As a versatile writer, Ahmad Nadim Qasmi has written extensively both in prose and verse, depicting the rural life of the Punjabi with all its romance and poverty, and touchingly capturing the grandeur of nature in contrast with the sad plight of the village dweller. His interest in rural life sprang initially from his search for romance in the rustic, but later he began depicting rural actuality in all its beauty and misery, a fact which has tended to permeate his writing with a missionary zeal. Qasmi showed a deep sympathy for the peasant folk in their misery and poverty, for he saw beneath their rags a certain dignity, worth, and regard for humanity.In this paper an attempt has been made to describe Qasmi's life, thought and the process of his self-reformation, and to evaluate the characteristics of his works in the fifteenth collection of short stories "Nila patthar" (Blue stone) published in 1980.

著者

中村 修也

出版者

文教大学

雑誌

言語と文化 (ISSN:09147977)

巻号頁・発行日

no.27, pp.188-174, 2014

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Tokijiku-no-Kakunokonomi is defined as immortal fruits, which were brought from the land of the dead by Tajimamori. So it was Tachibana fruit in the Heian period. But they are only legend because Tokijiku-no-Kakunokonomi were trees around the emperor's tomb. They symbolized eternal life because they are evergreen trees. Tajimamori is one of the clans that take care of the emperor's tomb. This legend teaches us that evergreen trees were planted around the Japanese ancient tomb.

著者

城生 佰太郎

出版者

文教大学

雑誌

言語と文化 (ISSN:09147977)

巻号頁・発行日

no.25, pp.24-45, 2012

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There is one textbook with quite a low level about Japanese sounds. For example: (1)It doesn't distinguish even between the difference of the International Phonetic symbols and the Roman alphabet notation. (2)It doesn't understand the right accent of the Tokyo dialect. (3)It confuses a syllable and Mora. (4)It misunderstrands when shown like phonology and it ignores the level having to do with phonetics. Future Japanese sound education should make an effort to reconsider the education which leans on abstract phonological theory and teaching learners sound facts tightly from level having to do with phonetics.

著者

大久保 由紀 八藤後 忠夫

出版者

文教大学大学院言語文化研究科付属言語文化研究所

雑誌

言語と文化 (ISSN:09147977)

巻号頁・発行日

no.17, pp.1-29, 2004

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An investigation for 279 university students, resulted in the following conclusions.1) Resistance to "abusive language" was shown to be significantly higher in the control group than in the object group. The working hypothesis was formed from this result.2) High resistance in the object group was significantly shown only in the "the nursing family".3) Both object and control groups had a high resistance score of toward language on "physical region". A low resistance score was also confirmed both groups on language concerning "the region on the actions of the partners" and "the region on the inner matters of the partner".4) In all inter-group comparisons, Resistance to the language use concerning "people who are not so intimate with the subject" was significantly high. Especially in cases of "dispute".5) University students of nursing and psychology and welfare (the object group) had low resistance. However, it is be not appropriate to postulate their lack of their sensitivity toward "abusive language" from this.