著者

山田 昌弘

出版者

中央大学社会科学研究所

雑誌

中央大社会科学研究所年報 (ISSN:13432125)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.26, pp.15-30, 2022-09-01

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Nowadays, the number of middle-aged singles (people who have no spauses) has been increasing in Japan. According to the census of 2020, the number of single people of 50’s was over 5 million. The main reasons are the increases of unmarried rate and divorce rate. I conducted an internet survey and intervew surveys of the middle age single people to reserch about their life situations and anxiety in future. Acording to the survey, many middle age singles feel solitude, and most of them will face risks of pevety and isolation. Over half of Unmarried men living alone have noone talking with. The annual income of about half of women living with their parents is under 2 milion yen, so they depends on their parents’s income.And 75% of middle age singles feel they will die without anybody present.

著者

谷口 洋幸

出版者

中央大学出版部

雑誌

中央大学社会科学研究所年報 (ISSN:13432125)

巻号頁・発行日

no.7, pp.181-199, 2002

著者

高崎 理子

出版者

中央大学社会科学研究所

雑誌

中央大社会科学研究所年報 (ISSN:13432125)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.26, pp.175-188, 2022-09-01

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This paper aims to explore the significance and issues of the concept of “Spiritual Damage” proposed by Judge Cançade Trindade in his separate opinion of Moiwana community versus Suriname case. “Spiritual Damage” is not covered by the existing categories to date. It is an aggravated form of moral damage with a direct bearing on what is most intimate values to the human person, such as his/her inner self, beliefs in human destiny, relations with their dead. In the basis of the concept, there are values and beliefs unique to Judge Trindade of respect to individuals as international legal entities, understanding for various cultures, international courts’ image with their pedagogical role. The issues of the concept include the distinction between “Spiritual Damage” and moral damage, reparation measures, legal grounds, and the validity of judicial creativity. Given that there are many cultures and ways of thinking and identity, the new concept would evolve in the future.

著者

杉浦 郁子

出版者

中央大学出版部

雑誌

中央大学社会科学研究所年報 (ISSN:13432125)

巻号頁・発行日

no.8, pp.143-158, 2003

著者

三橋 順子

出版者

中央大学出版部

雑誌

中央大学社会科学研究所年報 (ISSN:13432125)

巻号頁・発行日

no.8, pp.159-185, 2003

著者

北原 零未

出版者

中央大学社会科学研究所

雑誌

中央大学社会科学研究所年報 (ISSN:13432125)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.21, pp.243-257, 2017-09-30

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It is natural to use separate suanames after getting married in many countries in the world. In Japan, however, they must choose single-surname(family name of a man or a woman )if they want to marry. So if they want to retain their surnames, they have no other choise but to get “de facto marriage”(common-law marriage). This paper observes why not allowed all people to retain their surnames after getting married in Japan, and, in France, the right of a married couple to use different surnames is normal ?

著者

種村 剛

出版者

中央大学社会科学研究所

雑誌

中央大学社会科学研究所年報 (ISSN:13432125)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.22, pp.159-177, 2018-09-30

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This article clarifies the formation of the concept of “dualism in the application of science and technology” in Japan. The findings are, the concept of dual-use arose in the cold war era to mean the coexistence of military and civilian purposes. In the context in which the Fink Report use the dual-use concept, it referred to the Asilomar conference in 1970s and the ELSI in 1990s. In post war, the development of nuclear weapons or the military use was dealt as “harmful misuse” whereas the peaceful activities were regarded as “good use” in Japan. And, in the statements from the Pugwash Conference and the Kyoto Conference of Scientists, and in the “Scientistʼs Charter”, the dualism in the use of science and technology was connected to the argument on social responsibility of scientists.

著者

北原 零未

出版者

中央大学社会科学研究所

雑誌

中央大学社会科学研究所年報 (ISSN:13432125)

巻号頁・発行日

no.21, pp.243-257, 2017-09-30

---

It is natural to use separate suanames after getting married in many countries in the world. In Japan, however, they must choose single-surname(family name of a man or a woman )if they want to marry. So if they want to retain their surnames, they have no other choise but to get "de facto marriage"(common-law marriage). This paper observes why not allowed all people to retain their surnames after getting married in Japan, and, in France, the right of a married couple to use different surnames is normal ?

著者

矢野 亮

出版者

中央大学社会科学研究所

雑誌

中央大社会科学研究所年報 (ISSN:13432125)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.26, pp.59-81, 2022-09-01

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This study examines the Social Department of Nagano Prefecture and the history of its establishment through material analysis based on an understanding of how society has worked in rural areas. Thus, the following points were clarified. First, in Nagano Prefecture’s administrative organization, the Social Department established in the administrative reorganization in 2010, traces its roots to the establishment of the Social Department in 1921. Second, after the abolition of the Social Department in 1938, there was no organization for society-related projects in the prefectural offices for about eight years before the establishment of the Ministry of Education and Civil Affairs in 1946 after World War II. Consequently, the Ministry of Education took over projects that were previously under the supervision of the Social Department. Third, after the Social Department was abolished in 1924, it was revived in 1926 to manage funds for the activities of Social Welfare Commissioners. Therefore, as a mechanism that underpins local social projects, the Nagano Prefectural Social Department has been one of the social security systems through repeated cycles of abolition, survival, and transformation before World War II. Hence, by referencing the Social Department, hints were obtained to elucidate how society was conceived.

著者

志田 淳二郎

出版者

中央大学社会科学研究所

雑誌

中央大学社会科学研究所年報 (ISSN:13432125)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.23, pp.269-285, 2019-09-30

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After the end of the Cold War, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)redefined its self-image as an Alliance who would be dedicated to serving international peace and stability by embracing the principles of collective defense and cooperative security. After the Russo-Georgian War (2008) and the Ukrainian Crisis (2014) on one hand, to counter Russia’s aggressive policy, NATO has strengthened collective defense postures among the member states, on the other hand, under the principle of cooperative security, it has developed partnerships with the former Soviet Republics of Georgia and Ukraine. Russia has strongly opposed to these NATO’s developments, followed by military and diplomatic tensions between the two parties. By saying so, this article concludes that today’s NATO unexpectedly faces the challenges stemmed from its collective defense and cooperative security policies.

著者

宮野 勝

出版者

中央大学社会科学研究所

雑誌

中央大学社会科学研究所年報 (ISSN:13432125)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.23, pp.1-21, 2019-09-30

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We examined which gender has more political interest in Japan through MGCFA (Multigroup Confirmatory Factor Analysis). Our observed variables are six items of political interest from our Web survey in February 2015. They are self-evaluation of political interest, three types of media use (TV, newspaper, and internet) / people (family and friends). All six items positively correlate with others and the Cronbach’s alpha is 0.772. This relation is similar in each gender. However, among items the female means are lower in four, higher in one than male’s and about the same in one. This peculiarity makes the signs of correlation between gender and each item different across items. As we can expect from the peculiar correlations, when we adapted group meanstructure model of one factor MGCFA, both the configural model and metric model fit sufficiently and Scalar Invariance model does not. Then we estimated Partial Invariance models. Models fixing one of intercepts of six items fit adequately. The four-items model by dropping two peculiar items also fits well. The difference in means between female and male depends on models. Since we do not have particular standards to fix one of the intercepts or to drop items, we did not find a persuasive way to choose one model. We conclude that the concept of political interest has some complexity and we cannot be too cautious in constructing and selecting Partial Invariance models of MGCFA.

著者

出口 雅史

出版者

中央大学社会科学研究所

雑誌

中央大学社会科学研究所年報 (ISSN:13432125)

巻号頁・発行日

no.23, pp.287-305, 2019-09-30

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The growing importance of cyber security has been accompanied by an increase in the threat of cyber attacks. The most remarkable reason for this is the superiority of cyber attacks. The cost of cyber attacks seems to be relatively lower than defense because they do not require expensive hardware; further, the possibility of facing retaliation is low. However, in recent years, the United States has examined new countermeasures, such as sanctions to deter cyber attacks. This paper will investigate how and why the Obama administration introduced sanctions against cyber attacks. The article focuses, especially, on the sanctions against China, North Korea, and Russia. There are two major reasons underlying the changes in the cyber strategy of the Obama administration and specific factors for each. The purpose of the paper is to explain how the two reasons are related to the sanctions against cyber attacks introduced by the Obama administration.

著者

遠藤 孝

出版者

中央大学社会科学研究所

雑誌

中央大学社会科学研究所年報 (ISSN:13432125)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.21, pp.179-197, 2017-09-30

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The concept of “multitude” occupies an important position in Antonio Negri’s theory.This concept is hard to understanding. Negri discusses that multitude is related to post-Fordism, real subsumption of society under capital, immaterial labor, bio-politics and bio-power. In his discusses bio-politics connects real subsumption and immaterial labor, moreover, it makes multitude as political subjects. The multitude is not classified in the existing social category. Pursuing his writings, for instance Empire, Multitude, and Commonwealth, this article aims to clear the concept of “multitude”.

著者

佐々木 正道

出版者

中央大学社会科学研究所

雑誌

中央大学社会科学研究所年報 (ISSN:13432125)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.21, pp.141-163, 2017-09-30

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In contemporary society, mobility in urban areas has increased and people have greater opportunity to meet and communicate with strangers. In such situations we typically rely on such things as reputation, personal networks and/or past performance to determine whether or not a person is trustworthy. Occasionally, people also rely on trust stereotypes. The present study, using correspondence analysis for eight nationsʼ data sets on trust, found that three clusters emerge in determining whether or not to trust others before a first meeting. The cluster formed by a combination of “being introduced by friend(s),” “fame or a good reputation,” “performance record” and “word-of-mouth communication or information obtained from other(s)” is the most important cluster; followed by a cluster formed by “high social or occupational status” and “high level of educational background”; and finally a cluster formed by sharing the same birthplace or being graduates of the same school. We call these three clusters the ʻfame and personal network factor,ʼ the ʻhigh achieved status factorʼ and the ʻsame birthplace and school factor,ʼ respectively. Our findings indicate that people in Finland as a nation have a high level of trust. The United States, Japan, and Taiwan are found to be nations of high to middle-level trust, and the Czech Republic is found to be a nation of middle-level trust, all with regard to the fame and personal network factor as the most important in determining a personʼs trustworthiness before ever meeting them. Russia is seen as middle-level trust and Turkey as low-level trust for the high achieved status and same birthplace and school factors. Our findings also indicate that the relationships between gender and the three factors are rather weak among the seven nations. With respect to the fame and personal network factor and the high achieved status factor, males are more closely associated in some nations, while females are more closely associated in the remaining nations.Finland shows no relationship with regard to gender. For the same birthplace and school factors, males rather than females relate with it. Finally, as for the relationship between age and the three factors, the young age strata (i.e., aged 20 to 49) regards the fame and personal network factor as the important among six of eight nations and the older age strata( i.e., 50 and above) regards the high achieved status factor as most important among five nations. Also, the older age strata regards the same birthplace or school and the high achieved status factors as most important in three nations. Overall, the present study supports some of the theoretical discussions and previous experimental findings reported by sociopsychologists.

著者

石川 晃弘

出版者

中央大学社会科学研究所

雑誌

中央大学社会科学研究所年報 (ISSN:13432125)

巻号頁・発行日

no.23, pp.131-147, 2019-09-30

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In 1968, a challenging action arose in Czechoslovakia to reform the existing but dysfunctional socialist system, called "Prague Spring". This was initiated and promoted firstly by the progressive leaders of the Communist Party and then involved a great number of publics nation-widely, accompanying the call for "Revival of Socialism" toward "Socialism with a Human Face". This movement, however, was interfered and collapsed by the political and military forces of the Soviet Union and her followers. Main concern in this paper is to raise a supposition: If the militant pressure against the action toward the reformation would not be practised by the Soviet Union, the movement would have led to a success in realizing the system reformation? According to the author's hypothesis, the success would be doubtful, but the basic ideas and experiences in "Prague Spring" might have contributed to a successful system transformation and a peaceful shift to the new system at and after "Velvet revolution" by saving the social cost at transition.

著者

宮野 勝

出版者

中央大学出版部

雑誌

中央大学社会科学研究所年報 (ISSN:13432125)

巻号頁・発行日

no.21, pp.21-42, 2016

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We examined political trust in Japan, especially, politician trust through two Internet surveys in 2015 and 2016. We tried to measure politician trust by three slightly different approaches: ANES type questionnaire, WVS type questionnaire, and Anchoring Vignettes type questionnaire. First, we showed that politician trust is low irrespectable of the questionnaire type. Second, our data suggested that politician trust is lower than government trust and system trust. Third, we searched the explanation for politician mistrust and found that income level and media use besides several subjective variables have substantive correlations with politician trust. The causal order among these variables is not yet clarified.

著者

塚越 健司

出版者

中央大学出版部

雑誌

中央大学社会科学研究所年報 (ISSN:13432125)

巻号頁・発行日

no.21, pp.259-275, 2016

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In this paper, we consider the activities of hacker's social movement through the history of hacker culture and philosophy in modern times. Some social movements of contemporary hackers are called hactivism, but if hactivism aims for social reform, people's support needs to be acquired it. Therefore, this paper considers the principle of winning the trust of citizens from the viewpoint of "justness and legitimacy" according to the theory of Giddens and Max Weber. Futhermore, through consideration of Wikileaks and bitcoin, we point out that there are many problems in hactivism.

著者

星野 智

出版者

中央大学出版部

雑誌

中央大学社会科学研究所年報 (ISSN:13432125)

巻号頁・発行日

no.20, pp.1-14, 2015

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Recently many asylum seekers from Syria moved toward European countries, especially, Germany and applied for refugee status. According to the German ministry of Internal Affairs, the number of asylum seekers that entered into Germany in 2015 amounts to 1.1 million. But on the other hand, new right-wing populist party supported by many people who object to entering refugee is rising in Germany. It is the Alternative für Deutschland (AfD). This article aims at reviewing the rise of right-wing populist parties in Germany from the post World War Ⅱ period to the present. Particularly we intend to focus on the the rise and its internal fragmentation of AfD.

著者

北原 零未

出版者

中央大学出版部

雑誌

中央大学社会科学研究所年報 (ISSN:13432125)

巻号頁・発行日

no.21, pp.243-257, 2016

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It is natural to use separate suanames after getting married in many countries in the world. In Japan, however, they must choose single-surname(family name of a man or a woman )if they want to marry. So if they want to retain their surnames, they have no other choise but to get "de facto marriage"(common-law marriage). This paper observes why not allowed all people to retain their surnames after getting married in Japan, and, in France, the right of a married couple to use different surnames is normal ?