著者

下村 裕子 徳本 廣子 関田 節子 佐竹 元吉 徳川 斉正 徳川 眞木 合田 幸広

出版者

日本生薬学会

雑誌

生薬學雜誌 : shoyakugaku zasshi : the Japanese journal of pharmacognosy (ISSN:13499114)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.67, no.2, pp.41-58, 2013-08-20

参考文献数

79

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The gallipot found as the heirloom of the Mito-Tokugawa family has the unclear label "Usaien" and contains a small amount of dry black preparation. It is historically clear that Ieyasu Tokugawa, who was the founder of the Edo Shogunate, used it. Fortunately, the "Korean Wazaikyokuho", which was a formulary of natural medicines, has been found as one of the valuable possessions of Kunozan Toshogu, where Ieyasu Tokugawa is enshrined and the formulary contains the "Usaien" formula. It is of interest to reveal the components of the preparation from the viewpoints of historiography and pharmacognosy. Therefore, by utilizing the "Usaien" formula as a clue, we started microscopic analyses to reveal the crude drug components of the historical dry black preparation. First we found this preparation contained a lot of pollens which were thought to be of multiple origins. This indicated the preparation was a kind of honey paste. Furthermore, the successive analyses on the basis of the morphological characteristics of elements of the crude drugs led to the identification of 52 crude drugs (herbal origins: 35, animal origins: 14 and minerals: 3) as the components. The reference formula in the "Korean Wazaikyokuho" consisted of 58 crude drugs and of them 2 volatile ones, 2 sarcous ones, mercury and calomel have remained unidentified, because of difficulty of confirmation by microscopic analyses or insufficient information the origin of their crude drugs. Since most of the crude drug components of the "Usaien" formula were identified in the dry black preparation, we thought the shogun, Ieyasu Tokugawa, used the formula for his health care.

著者

小曽戸 洋

出版者

日本生薬学会

雑誌

生薬學雜誌 (ISSN:13499114)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.61, no.2, pp.68-78, 2007-08-20

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Crude drugs are natural products which over the years of human experience have come to be regarded as medicine. Of course, if one does not understand their history, one cannot understand their significance as medicine. Since crude drugs exist because of the experience of human beings, the sciences of pharmacopoeia and natural products are inherently different. In the study of crude drugs it is therefore important to consider their history as well. Since the middle of the 20th century, there have been a series of archaeological discoveries in China and Japan relating to traditional pharmacopoeia. These discoveries are important historical data, which provide reliable information about the origins of the pharmacopoeia. Regrettably however, this new knowledge, brought to light by these recent discoveries, is not reflected in the "Commentary of the Japanese Pharmacopoeia". This paper contains new knowledge about the 100 kinds of crude drugs listed in the "Japanese Pharmacopoeia Fifteenth Edition".

著者

山本 豊 笠原 良二 平 雅代 武田 修己 樋口 剛央 山口 能宏 白鳥 誠 佐々木 博

出版者

一般社団法人 日本生薬学会

雑誌

生薬学雑誌 (ISSN:13499114)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.75, no.2, pp.89-105, 2021-08-20 (Released:2022-09-10)

参考文献数

9

被引用文献数

1

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The survey on the variety, amount and producing countries of crude drugs for medicinal use was conducted among member companies belonging to Japan Kampo Medicines Manufacturers Association in fiscal 2017 and 2018. The results showed that total amount of use and number of items of crude drugs were 25,326 tons of 263 items in 2017, and 26,391 tons of 264 items in 2018, respectively. Comparing production ratios among countries, Japan, China and the other countries produced 10.0%, 83.2% and 6.8% of total amount of use in 2017, respectively. Similarly, each ratio turned to 10.4%, 83.6% and 6.0% in 2018.

著者

川原 信夫 酒井 英二 糸数 七重 佐竹 元吉 合田 幸広

出版者

日本生薬学会

雑誌

生薬學雜誌 (ISSN:13499114)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.60, no.1, pp.39-50, 2006-02-20

被引用文献数

4

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本研究は食肉の風味を形成する食感, 味, 香りについて次の新知見を加えたものである。食肉の熟成による軟化の主原因の一つとみられるアクチン・ミオシン構造体のゆるみ現象が, 筋原線維のMg-ATPase 活性のKCl濃度依存性と最大活性値の増大となって観察されることを示し, おのおのが筋肉酵素カテプシンB, D, H, L, の共同作用とグリセルアルデヒド-3-リン酸脱水素酵素の筋原線維への不可逆的結合で起こることを明らかにした。これに際し, 骨格筋カテプシンB, D, Hの高純度精製法を確立した。カテプシンLは新規酵素として発見したもので, 他所で同時期に発見された肝臓の新規酵素との類似性から, 両酵素はカテプシンLと命名された。食肉の熟成中に遊離アミノ酸が増加し, 味と加熱香気の向上に寄与する。この遊離アミノ酸の増加はおもに筋肉中性アミノペプチダーゼ類の作用によることを示し, 4個以上のアミノ酸からなるペプチドはおもに新たに発見したアミノペプチダーゼCとHの共同作用によって分解されることを明らかにした。わが国では黒毛和牛の脂肪が赤身によく交雑した霜降り肉が最もおいしいと評価されている。その主原因は該牛肉を酸素共存下で熟成後, 加熱することで生成する脂っぽい甘い芳香 (和牛香と命名) であることを示し, 本香を構成する香気成分を明らかにした。各種の食肉を食したときの畜種の判別に寄与する官能的主因子は香りであり, 味の寄与はきわめて小さいことを示した。

著者

堀井 周文 小此木 明 高橋 隆二 鎌倉 浩之 袴塚 高志 合田 幸広

出版者

一般社団法人 日本生薬学会

雑誌

生薬学雑誌 (ISSN:13499114)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.74, no.1, pp.46-57, 2020-02-20 (Released:2021-03-11)

参考文献数

29

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Our previous studies [Horii, C., et al., Shoyakugaku Zasshi, 68(1), 9-12 (2014); Shoyakugaku Zasshi, 69(2), 59-65 (2015); Shoyakugaku Zasshi, 68(2), 65-69, (2014); Shoyakugaku Zasshi, 73(2), 73-83 (2019)], in which bioequivalence between the Kakkonto /Shoseiryuto decoction and its extract preparation was evaluated, revealed that some components can be marker compounds for bioequivalence but not others. In this study, we selected Hachimijiogan containing benzoylmesaconine, benzoylhypaconine, and 14-anisoylaconine specified as marker compounds by the Japanese Pharmacopoeia for quantification for quality control, and evaluated these components as possible marker compounds for bioequivalence.Six healthy adult males were randomly divided into two groups, and an oral administration crossover study was performed. Changes in the plasma concentrations of 10 components (benzoylmesaconine, benzoylhypaconine, 14-anisoylaconine, alisol A, alisol A monoacetate, alisol B, alisol B monoacetate, loganin, morroniside, and paeoniflorin) were evaluated. As a result, the plasma concentration of each component in both the decoction and extract preparation varied among blood collection sites. A t-test revealed a significant difference (p<0.01) in the plasma concentration of benzoylhypaconine 4 h after administration, a significant difference (p<0.05) in the plasma concentration of alisol A monoacetate 1 h after administration, and a significant difference (p<0.05) in the plasma concentration of loganin 4 h after administration, for the decoction and the extract. However, significant differences in the plasma concentrations of other constituents were not noted for the decoction and extract.Alisol B and alisol B monoacetate could not be quantified due to an inadequate SN ratio (SN rate 10 or more). Analysis of variance for 8 components after excluding alisol B and alisol B monoacetate showed a significant difference (p<0.05) in the area under the blood concentration-time curve (AUC0-8) for benzoylmesaconine in the subjects’ neck. The preparation, time and subjects did not differ significantly as a factor, so the statistical power (1-β) was calculated (except for alisol B and alisol B). Both the peak plasma concentration (Cmax) and AUC0-8 values for all 8 components had inadequate (< 80%) statistical powers (1-β).Next, the number of subjects needed to achieve sufficient statistical power was estimated based on the obtained results. The statistical powers of both Cmax and AUC0-8 were adequate (≧ 80%) when the number of subjects (1 group) was ≧ 24 (1 group) for benzoylmesaconine, ≧ 25 for 14-anisoylaconine, and ≧ 24 for alisol A. On the other hand, the statistical power was inadequate even when the number of subjects was 61 (1 group) for benzoylhypaconine, alisol A monoacetate, loganin, paeoniflorin, or morroniside.The contents of alisols have been reported to vary in Alisma Tuber. Considering conversion due to metabolism, alisol A is also difficult to use as a marker compound. Therefore, in this prescription, benzoylmesaconine and 14-anisoylaconine may be appropriate marker compounds.

著者

大西 真里子 渡邉 尚子 岡村 勝正 村田 和也 野口 和真 松田 秀秋

出版者

日本生薬学会

雑誌

生薬學雜誌 : shoyakugaku zasshi : the Japanese journal of pharmacognosy (ISSN:13499114)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.66, no.2, pp.71-76, 2012-08-20

参考文献数

20

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Alopecia areata is one of the most common forms of alopecia and an effective treatment strategy has long been wanted. Several studies have shown that interferon-γ (IFN-γ) is implicated in the pathogenesis of alopecia areata. In this manuscript, we report on an in vitro screening method based on the restoration of cell proliferation against the cell growth inhibition induced by IFN-γ. The proliferation of the human squamous-cell-carcinoma cell line DJM-1 was suppressed by treatment of IFN-γ and the cytotoxicity was ameliorated by anti-human IFN-γ antibody. From the screening of ten extracts prepared from crude drugs related to treatments of alopecia and thermal burn, the extract of dried leaves of Ginkgo biloba (GB-ext) showed the most potent activity at 60.5% of inhibition at 100μg/mL among the samples tested. Furthermore, the seasonal transition manner of the rescue activities of GB-ext was investigated to reveal that the activity increased as the leaves grew. Surprisingly, the fallen leaves showed most potent activity. In addition, a preliminary experiment on the mechanism of the activity was performed using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction to demonstrate that GB-ext samples suppressed the expression of mRNA for HLA-DRA. These results suggest that the leaves of G. biloba can be a candidate material for the treatment of alopecia areata and the development of an effective screening method was achieved. The identification of the active principle and further investigation on the mechanism of the rescue activity are now underway.

著者

袴塚 高志 鎌倉 浩之 渡辺 淳子 香取 征典 松本 和弘 石丸 順之 諸田 隆 合田 幸広

出版者

一般社団法人 日本生薬学会

雑誌

生薬学雑誌 (ISSN:13499114)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.74, no.2, pp.89-97, 2020-08-20 (Released:2021-09-08)

参考文献数

7

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Dry extract preparations of Kampo medicines for prescription were approved for use approximately 40 years ago in Japan. Presently, most Kampo medicines are prepared in the form of granules with a few being prepared as tablets or capsules. Granule formulations are generally unsuitable for the elderly due to their bulky nature. Although patients and Kampo manufacturers have expressed a need for the introduction of more acceptable granule alternatives, their introduction has been a challenge due to the lack of guidelines based on bioequivalence evaluations for medicines that include multiple chemical components. For resolving this issue, the researchers at the National Institute of Health Sciences initiated a study in 2009 funded by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. Several ingredients in Kampo extract products and corresponding standard decoctions were detectable and measurable in human plasma, and some compounds have been reported to be promising candidates for application in bioequivalence evaluations of Kampo formulations. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the potential to assess bioequivalence between kakkonto extract granules and tablets on the basis of the “Guidelines for Bioequivalence Testing of Generic Drugs (partial revision, PFSB/ELD Notification No. 0229010 dated February 29, 2012).”We investigated the pharmacokinetics of ephedrine and pseudoephedrine, which are ingredients derived from Ephedra Herba in kakkonto formulations, following the oral administration of kakkonto extract granules (one pack) and kakkonto extract tablets (eight tablets). The study was conducted as a two-group, two-period, and open-label crossover study in healthy Japanese volunteers. The plasma concentrations of ephedrine and pseudoephedrine following the administration of the drugs were measured using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Subsequently, we calculated their pharmacokinetic parameters and evaluated their bioequivalence. Analysis of variance using the area under the plasma concentration time curve (AUC) and the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of both ingredients revealed that while AUC indicated bioequivalence, Cmax values were significantly different. Plasma concentration levels in both formulations were similar in most volunteers and differed among some volunteers, which was attributed to a high number of tablets per dose as opposed to intra-individual variation. We concluded that ephedrine and pseudoephedrine in kakkonto extracts are good marker compounds for the evaluation of bioequivalence in different forms of kakkonto products. Our results suggest that the marker compounds exhibiting similarity in pharmacokinetic parameters following the administration of Kampo extract granules and the corresponding standard decoction could be applied as markers for the evaluation of bioequivalence between already-approved Kampo extract granules and novel Kampo products based on the same extract as that of granules.

著者

奥津 果優 門岡 千尋 小城 章裕 吉﨑 由美子 二神 泰基 玉置 尚徳 髙峯 和則

出版者

一般社団法人 日本生薬学会

雑誌

生薬学雑誌 (ISSN:13499114)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.71, no.1, pp.41-48, 2017-02-20 (Released:2018-08-21)

参考文献数

20

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“Shinkiku” is a traditional digestive drug prepared by the fermentation of wheat and some herbs with fermentative microbes. Shinkiku is manufactured in China and Korea, and also used in Japanese Kampo medicine as a component of Hangebyakujutsutemmato. However, there are currently no quality standards for shinkiku, and thus, the quality of shinkiku has considerable variation depending on its manufacturer. Although these variations would be partially derived from the differences in fermentative microbes, there are no studies about microbial diversities or chemical constituents in commercial shinkiku. Thus, we investigated the microbial diversity and chemical constituents of 15 commercial shinkiku samples to standardize its quality. PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of 16S rDNA and ITS1 sequences revealed that different microbes such as Lactobacillus sp. and Candida sp. were present in each shinkiku sample. On the other hand, most shinkiku samples showed amylase (12/15 samples) and lipase activities (9/15 samples) that behave as digestants. In addition, all samples commonly contained ferulic acid (>10 nmol/g), which has anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activities. Thus, enzyme activities and ferulic acid were suggested to be one of the candidates for use as reference standards for the quality control of shinkiku. Exceptional shinkiku samples without enzyme activities showed a baked brown color, and ferulic acid content was inversely related with the brightness color of shinkiku (R2=0.47). Therefore, it seems that color indices would be effective to predict the quality of shinkiku such as enzyme activities and ferulic acid.

著者

酒井 英二 飯田 修 川原 信夫 邑田 仁 佐々木 隆宏

出版者

日本生薬学会

雑誌

生薬学雑誌 (ISSN:13499114)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.69, no.2, pp.48-52, 2015-08

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Chasteberry, the fruit of Vitex agnus-castus, has been used in Europe from ancient times for medicinal purposes, and is described in De Materia Medica by an ancient Greece physician, Pedanius Dioscorides. Currently, chasteberry is listed in European pharmacopoeia and its medicinal products are widely distributed in the European market. A Japanese regulation on the marketing authorization application for pharmaceutical products including those with European herbal drugs as their active ingredients was promulgated by the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare in March 2007, and a pharmaceutical product containing chasteberry has been put on the market recently. Since there are several crude drugs derived from the plants belonging to the same genus as chasteberry, the morphological investigation of chasteberry has been performed in order to differentiate it from other crude drugs of the same genus.

著者

國方 敏夫 河野 恵三 牛尾 慎平 木村 英人 小川 智史 福田 恵温

出版者

日本生薬学会

雑誌

生薬學雜誌 (ISSN:13499114)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.65, no.1, pp.43-49, 2011-02-20

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Polyphenolic compounds have been shown to have growth inhibitory action on Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). Previously, we demonstrated that seed shells of the Japanese horse chestnut (Aesculus turbinata BLUME) are rich in polymerized polyphenol compounds. In this study, we have examined the effects of polyphenolic compounds from the seed shells of the Japanese horse chestnut on adherence of H. pylori to MKN 45 cells, a human stomach cancer cell line. Polyphenolic compounds, which are composed of monomeric forms of (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin and polymeric proanthocyanidins, reportedly inhibited the colony formation of H. pylori on agar plates (minimal inhibitory concentration: 180μg/ml). Interestingly, the polyphenolic compounds also inhibited adherence of H. pylori to MKN 45 cells at concentrations that showed no growth inhibitory action on H. pylori. When the polyphenolic compounds were further fractionated by gel filtration chromatography depending on the degrees of polymerization, fractions including polymeric proanthocyanidins exhibited higher inhibitory effects compared with a fraction containing lower-molecular weight compounds. MKN 45 cells reportedly produced IL-8 spontaneously, and IL-8 production was increased by H. pylori infection. We found that polymeric proanthocyanidins significantly and dose-dependently reduced the H. pylori-induced IL-8 production as well as the spontaneous IL-8 production. Our results raise the possibility that polymeric proanthocyanidins contained in the seed shells of the Japanese horse chestnut may prevent infection and inflammatory responses by H. pylori.