著者

小曽戸 洋

出版者

日本生薬学会

雑誌

生薬學雜誌 (ISSN:13499114)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.61, no.2, pp.68-78, 2007-08-20

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Crude drugs are natural products which over the years of human experience have come to be regarded as medicine. Of course, if one does not understand their history, one cannot understand their significance as medicine. Since crude drugs exist because of the experience of human beings, the sciences of pharmacopoeia and natural products are inherently different. In the study of crude drugs it is therefore important to consider their history as well. Since the middle of the 20th century, there have been a series of archaeological discoveries in China and Japan relating to traditional pharmacopoeia. These discoveries are important historical data, which provide reliable information about the origins of the pharmacopoeia. Regrettably however, this new knowledge, brought to light by these recent discoveries, is not reflected in the "Commentary of the Japanese Pharmacopoeia". This paper contains new knowledge about the 100 kinds of crude drugs listed in the "Japanese Pharmacopoeia Fifteenth Edition".

著者

ツェンク M. H. 田端 守

出版者

日本生薬学会

雑誌

生薬學雜誌 (ISSN:13403443)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.50, no.2, pp.86-102, 1996-04-20

被引用文献数

2

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This review includes the history of opium in Europe, China, and Japan, isolation of morphine, and subsequent synthesis of heroin, and the re-evaluation of morphine as an unsurpassed analgesic, with reference to its medicinal, cultural and political impacts upon human societies. Also, the emphases are made on the drug abuse, narcotics control problems and medical treatment of drug addicts. Furthermore, the review refers to the latest information about the whole process of morphine biosynthesis and the present situation of opium production.

著者

久保 道徳 山崎 美保 松田 秀秋 我藤 伸樹 小谷 竜也

出版者

日本生薬学会

雑誌

生薬學雜誌 (ISSN:13403443)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.59, no.1, pp.22-27, 2005-02-20

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The effect of a fruit-juice concentrate of Japanese apricot (Japanese apricot concentrate, Ume-ekisu) on improving blood fluidity was examined. Whole blood passage time measured by a micro channel array flow analyzer (MC-FAN) of the Japanese apricot concentrate (200 mg/kg, p.o.)-treated rats was shorter than that of the non-treated control rats. Thus Japanese apricot concentrate showed an improving effect on rat blood fluidity. Furthermore, it was found that the Japanese apricot concentrate showed inhibitory effects on the collagen-, arachidonic acid- and ADP-induced platelet aggregations and on the thrombin-induced conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin. Citric acid and mumefural were identified as the main platelet aggregation inhibitory principles of Japanese apricot concentrate.

著者

川原 信夫 酒井 英二 糸数 七重 佐竹 元吉 合田 幸広

出版者

日本生薬学会

雑誌

生薬學雜誌 (ISSN:13499114)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.60, no.1, pp.39-50, 2006-02-20

被引用文献数

4

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本研究は食肉の風味を形成する食感, 味, 香りについて次の新知見を加えたものである。食肉の熟成による軟化の主原因の一つとみられるアクチン・ミオシン構造体のゆるみ現象が, 筋原線維のMg-ATPase 活性のKCl濃度依存性と最大活性値の増大となって観察されることを示し, おのおのが筋肉酵素カテプシンB, D, H, L, の共同作用とグリセルアルデヒド-3-リン酸脱水素酵素の筋原線維への不可逆的結合で起こることを明らかにした。これに際し, 骨格筋カテプシンB, D, Hの高純度精製法を確立した。カテプシンLは新規酵素として発見したもので, 他所で同時期に発見された肝臓の新規酵素との類似性から, 両酵素はカテプシンLと命名された。食肉の熟成中に遊離アミノ酸が増加し, 味と加熱香気の向上に寄与する。この遊離アミノ酸の増加はおもに筋肉中性アミノペプチダーゼ類の作用によることを示し, 4個以上のアミノ酸からなるペプチドはおもに新たに発見したアミノペプチダーゼCとHの共同作用によって分解されることを明らかにした。わが国では黒毛和牛の脂肪が赤身によく交雑した霜降り肉が最もおいしいと評価されている。その主原因は該牛肉を酸素共存下で熟成後, 加熱することで生成する脂っぽい甘い芳香 (和牛香と命名) であることを示し, 本香を構成する香気成分を明らかにした。各種の食肉を食したときの畜種の判別に寄与する官能的主因子は香りであり, 味の寄与はきわめて小さいことを示した。

著者

和田 啓爾

出版者

日本生薬学会

雑誌

生薬學雜誌 (ISSN:13403443)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.50, no.3, pp.195-203, 1996-06-20

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From edible and medicinal plants, several active principles that affected the metabolizing enzyme systems were isolated. A toxic substance, 4-0-methylpyridoxine (MPN), responsible for "gin-nan food poisoning" was isolated from the seeds of Ginkgo biloba L. (Ginkgoaceae). MPN causes food poisoning through not only antagonizing vitamin B_6 (in the body) but also inhibiting the formation of 4-aminobutanoic acid (GABA) from glutamate in the brain. The MPN levels in the sera of the patients with gin-nan food poisoning may be determined by HPLC, which may be used for chemical diagnosis of gin-nan food poisoning. Two characteristic terpenoids, bilobalide and ginkgolide A in G. biloba, shortened the anesthetics (hexobarbital and urethane, i.p.) induced sleeping time in mice. Bilobalide has an anticonvulsant effect, especially on the MPN-induced convulsions. Those effects are considered to be due to induction of the hepatic drug metabolizing enzyme (cytochrome P450), by repeated oral administration of bilobalide. Several limonoids from the citrus plants shortened the sleeping time induced in mice by urethane, and induced the liver glutathione S-transferase (GST) in mice. The relationship between the structures and the effects of limonoids on both sleeping time and induction of liver GST was discussed. Columbin from columbo root and β-caryophyllene and α-humulene from Pinus densiflora also affected the sleeping time induced in mice by anesthetics. Their effects on hepatic drug metabolizing enzymes were also studied.

著者

田川 智恵 中澤 慶久 田頭 栄治郎 上田 太郎 山口 康代 大原 豊実 鬼塚 重則 西部 三省

出版者

日本生薬学会

雑誌

生薬學雜誌 (ISSN:13403443)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.59, no.3, pp.117-120, 2005-06-20

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In order to clarify the mechanism of the antihypertensive effect of Eucommia leaf (Eucommia ulmoides Oliver) extract (ELE), ELE was partitioned into two fractions, water eluted fraction (H_2O ext.) and methanol eluted fraction (MeOH ext.)(Eueommia leaf glycoside), by using a Diaion HP-20 column. The antihypertensive effects of ELE and two fractions were investigated by their intravenous (i.v.) administration to SHR. Transient antihypertensive effects were shown in ELE and MeOH ext. and their effects were respectively attenuated by i.v. injection of atropine, suggesting that the antihypertensive effects of both ELE and MeOH ext. might be mediated via the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. On the other hand, H_2O ext. showed the sustained antihypertensive effect which was not attenuated by i.v. injection of atropine. This result suggested that two types of components which have different mechanisms of antihypertensive effect are contained in ELE.

著者

Hashimoto Takaharu Aga Hajime Tabuchi Akihiko Shibuya Takashi Chaen Hiroto Fukuda Shigeharu Kurimoto Masashi

出版者

日本生薬学会

雑誌

生薬學雜誌 (ISSN:13403443)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.52, no.6, pp.518-520, 1998-12-20

被引用文献数

3

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An ethanol extract from Brazilian propolis had antibacterial activity on Helicobacter pyroli, from which two active fractions were obtained by silica gel column chromatography. From one fraction, an anti-H. pylori compound was isolated which was identified as 4-hydroxycinnamic acid (p-coumaric acid: 1), and from the other fraction, 3-prenyl-4-hydroxy-cinnamic acid, 3-prenyl-4-dihydrocinnamoloxycinnamic acid, and 3,5-diprenyl-4-hydroxycinnamic acid were isolated, whose anti-H. pylori activities expressed as the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) in μg/ml, were 15.6〜31.3, 62.5, 125, and 250, respectively. 4-Hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives are likely to be major anti-H. pylori compounds in Brazilian propolis.

著者

國方 敏夫 河野 恵三 牛尾 慎平 木村 英人 小川 智史 福田 恵温

出版者

日本生薬学会

雑誌

生薬學雜誌 (ISSN:13499114)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.65, no.1, pp.43-49, 2011-02-20

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Polyphenolic compounds have been shown to have growth inhibitory action on Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). Previously, we demonstrated that seed shells of the Japanese horse chestnut (Aesculus turbinata BLUME) are rich in polymerized polyphenol compounds. In this study, we have examined the effects of polyphenolic compounds from the seed shells of the Japanese horse chestnut on adherence of H. pylori to MKN 45 cells, a human stomach cancer cell line. Polyphenolic compounds, which are composed of monomeric forms of (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin and polymeric proanthocyanidins, reportedly inhibited the colony formation of H. pylori on agar plates (minimal inhibitory concentration: 180μg/ml). Interestingly, the polyphenolic compounds also inhibited adherence of H. pylori to MKN 45 cells at concentrations that showed no growth inhibitory action on H. pylori. When the polyphenolic compounds were further fractionated by gel filtration chromatography depending on the degrees of polymerization, fractions including polymeric proanthocyanidins exhibited higher inhibitory effects compared with a fraction containing lower-molecular weight compounds. MKN 45 cells reportedly produced IL-8 spontaneously, and IL-8 production was increased by H. pylori infection. We found that polymeric proanthocyanidins significantly and dose-dependently reduced the H. pylori-induced IL-8 production as well as the spontaneous IL-8 production. Our results raise the possibility that polymeric proanthocyanidins contained in the seed shells of the Japanese horse chestnut may prevent infection and inflammatory responses by H. pylori.

著者

橋爪 崇 田中 敬子 直川 和弘 山下 善樹 野口 衛

出版者

日本生薬学会

雑誌

生薬學雜誌 (ISSN:13403443)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.52, no.5, pp.385-389, 1998-10-20

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From 41 cultivars of medicinal Paeonia lactiflora harvested in 1991, twelve cultivars, which gave higher root yield and more beautiful flowers, were selected, and these cultivars were cultivated for four years from 1992 to 1996. The root yield and the paeoniflorin and tannin contents in these cultivars harvested in 1996 were compared with those parent cultivars harvested in 1991. It becomes clear that the root yield was considerably affected by the weather and other cultivation conditions, whereas the amounts of chemical components were less affected. A significant correlation was observed between the paeoniflorin content and the tannin content in the root. It is possible to obtain a better cultivar by repeating the same procedure.