著者

大舘 大學

出版者

北海道立北方民族博物館

雑誌

北海道立北方民族博物館研究紀要 (ISSN:09183159)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.21, pp.65-94, 2012 (Released:2020-03-31)

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The sable is an important animal for fur trade in the world since the ancient time in Eurasia. Therefore, it is important to review the names for the sables in various languages in Eurasia to investigate the transmission of words for the sables. In the present paper, to give basic information for the transmission and transformation of the words for the sable in Eurasia, words for the sable and 3 other species of marten (Martes sp.), weasels, and squirrels in Eurasian languages were investigated. In East Asia, the sable is called in various words. The sable was called “furuki ” (or fuluki) in ancient Japan (ca. 8 to 13 c.). It is called “hoinu ” -like words in Ainu language, “dambi ” with modifiers or other words in Korean, “bulgan ”-like words in Mongolic languages, and “segep ”-like words in Tungusic languages, and “diao ” with modifiers in Chinese. In the regions of central-western Eurasia where the sable is (was) distributed, the sable is called in words of “bulgan ”-like words in Mongolic languages, those of “kish ”-like words in Turkic languages, “nukse ”-like words in Finno-Ugric languages, and “sobol ” in Russian. In Iranian languages, the sable is fundamentally called in “samur ”. The word “samur ” is spread in central-western Asia and southeastern Europe. In northern-western Europe, the sable is called in “sobol ”-like words. In Eurasian languages, martens are sometimes called in the words related with squirrels. Especially, it is not worthy that squirrels are called “uluki ” -like words in Tungusic languages.

著者

野口 泰弥 大島 稔

出版者

北海道立北方民族博物館

雑誌

北海道立北方民族博物館研究紀要 (ISSN:09183159)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, pp.85-110, 2019-03-29 (Released:2019-08-19)

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In June in 1942, Japanese army invaded and occupied Attu and Kiska islands of the Aleutian Islands. In those days 42 Unangan (Aleut) people and two white man and woman lived on Attu Island. Some islanders died in the period of the Japanese occupation. On September in 1942, Japanese Army transferred these islanders (except one white woman) to Otaru city of Hokkaido prefecture in Japan and detained them until the end of war. In Otaru, Tuberculosis was going around among islanders so many people died. After the war, survivors returned to the U.S. However, the U.S. government didn’t allow them to return to Attu Island. This is the reason why Attu Island is now an uninhabited island. This text is a report on Unangan (Aleut) people of Attu Island which was written by Karl Kaoru Kasukabe(春日部薫: 1913-1995)during WWII. He followed Japanese Army as interpreter and attended “Aleutian Islands Campaign.” During his military service, Kasukabe researched culture and language of Attu people. The original text was handwritten between 1942 and 1943 and is housed in Hokkaido University Library (Identification No. 572.9/KAS/別シ). Generally speaking, ethnographic records about Attu islanders have been very rare. This text includes detailed ethnographic information about culture, history, and language of Attu people and partly includes important description about the background of Aleutian Islands Campaign. Therefore, this text is worth publishing for future study.

著者

中村 絵美

出版者

北海道立北方民族博物館

雑誌

北海道立北方民族博物館研究紀要 (ISSN:09183159)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.31, pp.071-084, 2022-03-25 (Released:2022-07-01)

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The Hokkaido Museum of Northern Peoples houses one Ainu garment and one Tamasai (Ainu necklace) which were donated by one of the Ainu people, SHIBA Haru (birth date unknown -1963) to a researcher, TANIMOTO Kazuyuki (1932-2009). The author has been conducting research on local photographs taken in Hokkaido, particularly taken in the Oshamambe area. Our research group including the author has confirmed that the photographs and the postcard's pictures from the Meiji period (1868-1912) to around the 1950s show not a few scenes of rituals and commemorative photos shoots of the Ainu people of Oshamambe wearing traditional garments. In this paper, the author first shows photographs of these two materials as above from the museum and then identifies each artifact by the photographs. Thus the author clarifies the areas where the materials were used, the approximate dates of use, and the wearing situation of Ainu people including the donor. In addition, the auther argues that there is a close relation between the materials of the Hokkaido Museum of Northern Peoples and the Ainu clothing collections of Oshamambe town regarding their situations in which they are used by cross-referencing and analyzing the materials and the photographs.

著者

風間 伸次郎

出版者

北海道立北方民族博物館

雑誌

北海道立北方民族博物館研究紀要 (ISSN:09183159)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.20, pp.25-54, 2011 (Released:2020-04-30)

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In this paper the oral literature (folklore texts) of Tungusic languages will be analysed mainly on the basis of the author’s field materials. The following problems will be considered: § 2) the variety of stories (folktales, l egends, and myths, § 3) the characters in the stories, § 4) the rhetoric,§ 5) the similarities between Tungusic folktales and neighbors’(Ainu andJapanese).

著者

増井 寛也

出版者

北海道立北方民族博物館

雑誌

北海道立北方民族博物館研究紀要 (ISSN:09183159)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.26, pp.129-141, 2017 (Released:2020-01-31)

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Xie Sui(謝遂)'s Zhigong Tu(職貢図),“the picture scroll of tribute to Qing (清)empire ” is composed of 301 paintings of the peoples in and around Qing empire. Every painting has its own explanation written in Manchu and Chinese. Particularly Manchu version of the explanations is worth studying ethnologically as well as linguistically. In this paper, in order to provide information on the peoples of Amurland and Sakhalin, I will translate Manchu explanations about seven peoples of Guandong(関東) area, namely Oronco, Kilen, Kuye, Fiyaka, Kiyakara, Nadan hala, and Heje.

著者

大舘 大學

出版者

北海道立北方民族博物館

雑誌

北海道立北方民族博物館研究紀要 (ISSN:09183159)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.21, pp.65-94, 2012

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The sable is an important animal for fur trade in the world since the ancient time in Eurasia. Therefore,it is important to review the names for the sables in various languages in Eurasia to investigate the transmission of words for the sables. In the present paper, to give basic information for the transmission and transformation of the words for the sable in Eurasia, words for the sable and 3 other species of marten (Martes sp.), weasels, and squirrels in Eurasian languages were investigated. In East Asia, the sable is called in various words. The sable was called "furuki" (or fuluki) in ancient Japan (ca. 8 to 13 c.). It is called “hoinu" -like words in Ainu language,"dambi" with modifiers or other words in Korean, "bulgan"-like words in Mongolic languages,and "segep" -like words in Tungusic languages, and "diao" with modifiers in Chinese. In the regions of central-western Eurasia where the sable is (was) distributed,the sable is called in words of "bulgan"-like words in Mongolic languages, those of "kish"-like words in Turkic languages, "nukse"-like words in Finno-Ugric languages, and "sobol'" in Russian. In Iranian languages, the sable is fundamentally called in "samur". The word "samur" is spread in central-western Asia and southeastern Europe. In northern-western Europe,the sable is called in "sobol"-like words. In Eurasian languages, martens are sometimes called in the words related with squirrels. Especially,it is note worthy that squirrels are called "uluki" -like words in Tungusic languages.

著者

種石 悠

出版者

北海道立北方民族博物館

雑誌

北海道立北方民族博物館研究紀要 (ISSN:09183159)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.31, pp.043-058, 2022-03-25 (Released:2022-07-01)

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As part of the Hokkaido Museum of Northern Peoples research project on the prehistoric period in 2021, I conducted a survey on Okhotsk Culture of Okushiri Island from July 6 to 8, 2021. On July 6, I conducted a field survey of the Miyatsu and Aonae Sand Dune sites, which are Okhotsk cultural sites, and on July 7 and 8, I observed the excavated materials, mainly pottery. Here I would like to report on the results of this research and give some insights into Okhotsk Culture of Okushiri Island, which remains largely unexplored. The fact that the Okushiri Island-specific characteristics are frequently observed in the application techniques of Okhotsk type pottery, and that they continue to be observed from the Towada type period to the Chinsenmon type and Early Haritsukemon type periods, suggests that the Aonae Sand Dune site was not a seasonal camp for the northern Hokkaido group, but one of the settled centers of Okhotsk Culture period in the southern Hokkaido Sea area. The formation of this site is thought to have been a result of pottery production. As shown by the pottery, the formation of this base is thought to have started in the Susuya type period, or the stage of the establishment of the Okhotsk Culture. As for the Susuya type pottery, it appears to be of a type commonly found in the Hokkaido region, so the theory that Sakhalin Island was the camp site of a group with a mother village there is also untenable. In addition, there are no traces of large settlements on Sakhalin Island that could have been the mother village of seasonal migration during the Susuya and Towada type periods. The excavation of jar-shaped pottery unique to the eastern part of Hokkaido from the Aonae Sand Dune site indicates that the Okhotsk people of Okushiri Island interacted not only with groups in the northern part of Hokkaido, but also with groups in the eastern part of Hokkaido, and that this site, with its good natural harbor, functioned as a base for exchange.

著者

ペヴノフ アレクサンドル・ミハイロヴィッチ ボンダレンコ・高瀬 オクサーナ 呉人 惠

出版者

北海道立北方民族博物館

雑誌

北海道立北方民族博物館研究紀要 (ISSN:09183159)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.31, pp.059-069, 2022-03-25 (Released:2022-07-01)

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Paleo-Asiatic refers to non-Altaic and non-Uralic languages. At present, Chukchi Kamchatkan and Eskimo-Aleut are language families, while Nivkh and Ainu are isolate languages. Manchu-Tungusic languages are concentrated in the Amur River basin (only Even, Uilta, and Sibe are entirely outside it). The Manchu-Tungusic basic protolanguage split up about two thousand years ago in the area, the center of which was probably the Lesser Khingan Range. It makes sense to distinguish three historical Manchu-Tungusic language varieties: basic, intermediate, and final protolanguages. Lexical borrowings from Paleo-Asiatic languages are 1) in some modern Manchu-Tungusic languages (exclusive borrowings from Yukaghir and Chukchi-Kamchatkan in Even, from Nivkh in Negidal and Uilta, from Chukchi-Kamchatkan languages in Udege), 2) in the Amur-Sakhalin area languages (borrowings from Nivkh), 3) borrowings from Chukchi-Kamchatkan languages in the ancestor of Evenki, Even, Negidal, and Solon, 4) borrowings from Chukchi-Kamchatkan languages in the Manchu-Tungusic intermediate protolanguage, to which go back Oroch, Udege, Evenki, Even, Negidal, and Solon, 5) in the basic Manchu-Tungusic protolanguage there might be one lexical borrowing from the ancestor of the Nivkh language. Early contacts between the Manchu-Tungusic languages and the Chukchi-Kamchatkan languages were over several centuries, probably somewhere in the basins of the northern tributaries of the Amur River. With a very limited number of lexical borrowings from the Paleo-Asiatic languages into the Manchu-Tungusic ones, the borrowing of some words belonging to the basic lexicon seems surprising.

著者

赤嶺 淳

出版者

北海道立北方民族博物館

雑誌

北海道立北方民族博物館研究紀要 (ISSN:09183159)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, pp.001-030, 2020 (Released:2021-01-31)

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This article deals with the history of whaling in Norway, and provides an overview of the current situation of coastal minke whaling in the northern part of Norway and the commodity chain of minke whale meat in Norway. The first section briefly illustrates the history of whaling in Norway: how Norway developed the modern method in the mid-19th century, and how Norway developed pelagic whaling in the Antarctic Ocean in the early 20th century. While modern whaling had its roots in seal hunting for its fur and blubber, pelagic whaling in the Southern Ocean was exclusively for the oil. Aside from the pelagic whaling for oil, Norway has practiced small scale coastal whaling for meat since the late 1920s. When IWC decided to put the Moratorium in place in 1982, Norway objected to this decision, which allowed Norway to continue its commercial whaling. Using various secondary statistical data, I explore the current situation of minke whaling in Norway, that started in 1993 when Norway resumed commercial whaling after the voluntary moratorium set in 1988. Based on data gathered from my fieldwork, a case study of one whale meat processing company, operating in Lofoten Islands, Norland county, is also discussed. The characteristics of coastal whaling in Norway can be summarized as: 1) domestic demands for minke whale meat is about 600 tons, 2) whale meat processing industry heavily depends on seasonal migrant workers from eastern Europe, 3) supply of whale meat has been decreasing since 2015, 4) this is probably due to low price of whale meat, and 5) major processors target Japanese sashimi market for their products, which may cause structural changes in minke whaling in Norway in the future.

著者

大島 稔 野口 泰弥

出版者

北海道立北方民族博物館

雑誌

北海道立北方民族博物館研究紀要 (ISSN:09183159)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.32, pp.001-029, 2023-03-24 (Released:2023-06-01)

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Hokkaido Museum of Northern Peoples houses the “Hattori Collection”, which includes a lot of materials of Attu dialect of Aleut (Unangan) language and Aleut culture. Takeshi Hattori (1909-1991), a well-known linguist as the expert of the Nivkh language, researched the Aleut language in 1943 at Otaru city in Hokkaido, Japan. In those days, all Aleuts of the Attu island were interned in Otaru because of Aleutian Islands campaign between the Japanese and U.S. Army. This paper reveals Hattori’s grammatical study of Aleut by transcribing and editing several materials (T-227-8, T-227-10 and a portion of T-227-11a). These materials are handwritten memorandums and mainly focus on Aleut grammar. There are two styles of phonetic notation and writing in these materials. We presume that style A was used by Hattori and style B was used by his informant. We edited these materials and added the editors’notes. These materials will support our understanding of Hattori’s study and future studies of the Aleut language.

著者

ヴァルテール フィリップ 渡邊 浩司

出版者

北海道立北方民族博物館

雑誌

北海道立北方民族博物館研究紀要 (ISSN:09183159)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.18, pp.009-028, 2009 (Released:2020-06-30)

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The goose and the bear form, at first sight, a strange couple. For a zoologist, they don’t belong to the same family. But with regard to the mythical thought, they are kindred. If we compare various stories inherited from popular traditions from Siberia to Europe, we can recognize an interesting pattern showing that the mother (the sister or the wife) of the bear is a migratory bird like the goose. According to popular songs of the Mansi people in territories of Russia along the Ob River, the bear nicknamed “Beast of broad” is practically a son of the grebe. In Greek and Roman mythology, Apollo, associated with the swan, possesses a bearish nature through his twin sister Artemis, whose name contains the bear element; what is more interesting, one variant text says that his aunt Asteria was a quail. Concerning the legendary Greek king Odysseus (Ulysses), it isn’t just an accident that the name of his wife Penelope means “ marine duck ”, for this Greek hero is certainly a bear’s son, as R. Carpenter has demonstrated. In the Celtic World, the name King Arthur signifies the bear, and the name of his mother Ygraine is based on an old Irish word “gigren” (Goose). In northern Europe, Völundr’s poem relates the story of the artisan Völundr who lives a life such as a bear, and his wife is one of the three valkyries (swan-maiden). In Finnish mythology, Kalevala explains how the bear was borne by a virgin which lives in the air and looks like a bird. Why has mythical thought positioned the bear and the migratory bird in the same genealogy all over the world? The key to solving this enigma resides in the hibernation of the bear and in the migration of several kinds of birds like the goose. In fact, in ancient civilizations, people considered the bear and the goose not only as rulers of time and seasons but also as mediums capable of linking the earth to the other world.

著者

宮本 花恵

出版者

北海道立北方民族博物館

雑誌

北海道立北方民族博物館研究紀要 (ISSN:09183159)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, pp.093-106, 2020 (Released:2021-01-31)

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In 1804, Russian envoy Nikolai Petrovich Rezanov sailed to Nagasaki, where he demanded diplomatic relations and trade with Japan. However, the Shogunate rejected their request. Dissatisfied, the Russians attacked Japanese strategic points of Etorofu Island and Karafuto (Sakhalin Island) in 1806 to 1807, and the shogunate forces there were defeated. The shogunate ordered the Tohoku lords to protect the northern region. Takano Uta Tomoaki was also one of the people ordered to guard Ezochi (Hokkaido). He was samurai in the Sendai domain. In 1808, he was commanded to protect Kunashiri Island. What's unique is that he and his men read waka poems as the Russian threat loomed

著者

谷本 一之

出版者

北海道立北方民族博物館

雑誌

北海道立北方民族博物館研究紀要 (ISSN:09183159)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, pp.001-017, 2006 (Released:2020-06-30)

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The current paper is to verify the performances of European and native people who interchange civilities on the deck of whaling ships and exploratory research ships. Also the study is to identify their induction to the racial ingenuity and their admission into their indigenous traditions. The information, mainly obtained from voyage logs, expeditionary reports and missionary diaries is collated with modem research findings.

著者

笹倉 いる美

出版者

北海道立北方民族博物館

雑誌

北海道立北方民族博物館研究紀要 (ISSN:09183159)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.32, pp.089-097, 2023-03-24 (Released:2023-06-01)

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2022年1月1日から2022年12月31日までの間に発行された、北方地域に関する単行本、論 文、研究報告、翻訳、一般雑誌記事、新聞記事など印刷物になったもの、インターネット に掲載されたものを著編者自身から受けた情報をもとに掲載している。また、これまでの 補遺にあたるものも掲載している。凡例・著編者名の50音順、発行年月日順に次の項目を 掲載している。 凡 例 ・ 著編者名(ローマ字著編者名)、所属・役職、発行年月日、共著編者名、「論文名」、編 集者名、『書名』、巻号数、発行所:発行地、該当頁 ・ 数字は書名に使われる場合も含めてアラビア数字に統一している。 原則として著編者、共著者の所属は2022年12月現在のものである。 編集にあたりまして、問い合わせに快く回答くださいました研究者のみなさまに心から 感謝申し上げます。

著者

山田 祥子

出版者

北海道立北方民族博物館

雑誌

北海道立北方民族博物館研究紀要 (ISSN:09183159)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.31, pp.085-115, 2022-03-25 (Released:2022-07-01)

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Prof. IKEGAMI Jirō (Professor Emeritus, Hokkaido University; 1920-2011) is a linguist who conducted extensive studies on northern languages from the 1940s to the 2000s. He made remarkable contributions especially to the study of the Tungusic languages. Many of his published works are descriptive studies on Manchu and Uilta (formerly known as Orok) among the Tungusic languages. Hokkaido Museum of Northern Peoples has a collection of Prof. IKEGAMI's former library materials, donated by his bereaved family. This collection is called Ikegami Bunko. The present article provides a list of all 158 notebooks in the Ikegami Bunko that he used in his research and studies. In cases where the contents are related to Prof. IKEGAMI's publications, the references have been added so that they can be checked against them. This is the first step in making the contents of Prof. IKEGAMI's notebooks widely known, and it aims to provide clues for those who are interested to access the notebooks in future. It is hoped that further information will be added through future research and studies.

著者

齋藤 玲子

出版者

北海道立北方民族博物館

雑誌

北海道立北方民族博物館研究紀要 (ISSN:09183159)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.12, pp.069-076, 2003 (Released:2020-08-31)

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This paper is a note on how the Japanese settlers used fur clothing in Hokkaido from the Meiji to Showa era. This custom was said to be a continuation from the Tohoku and Hokuriku districts of Japan. Such working wear as caps, mittens, vests, seats for sitting on snow/ ground were often made from dog skin. The dog skins were supplied from not only Hokkaido, but were also abundantly imported from Manchuria and Korea. Although the production method and the marketing system are uninvestigated themes, it is considered that there are some relationships with indigenous people and their culture.

著者

近藤 祉秋

出版者

北海道立北方民族博物館

雑誌

北海道立北方民族博物館研究紀要 (ISSN:09183159)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, pp.7-31, 2019-03-29 (Released:2019-08-19)

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In this paper, I describe a history of indigenous salmon fishing technologies and management issues in the Upper Kuskokwim region, Alaska, U.S.A. As a traditional food, salmon has been an important part of culture for the Upper Kuskokwim Athabascan people. Intensive contacts with non-Natives in the early 20th century brought some changes to Upper Kuskokwim people’s subsistence technologies including fishwheels, which made it possible to obtain large amount of salmon efficiently in siltladen main streams of the Upper Kuskokwim tributaries. Conflicts with non-Native wildlife management regime began after Alaska's statehood when the State banned salmon fishing technology which involves blocking the entire width of a river or stream. As a result, Upper Kuskokwim people were forced to abandon their fishing weirs and fences at Salmon River since the late 1960s. After a decade or so, subsistence salmon fishing with rods and reels resumed at Salmon River. Nowadays, Salmon River Culture Camp has been organized by Nikolai Village Council to revitalize their fishing traditions. Since the 2010s, severe decline of king salmon populations in Alaska and Yukon has become a serious issue in indigenous societies of the areas. Local people think that commercial fishing (including bycatch) in high sea negatively affects the king salmon populations, while some others point out that increased activities by beavers and low-level of water in interior rivers might have been causing disruption of salmon's upstream migration. Through my observation of people's activities in salmon spawning areas, I argue that making a small opening to beaver dams (instead of totally destroying them) may actually benefit spawning salmon populations.

著者

風間 伸次郎

出版者

北海道立北方民族博物館

雑誌

北海道立北方民族博物館研究紀要 (ISSN:09183159)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.20, pp.25-54, 2011

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In this paper the oral literature (folklore texts) of Tungusic languages will be analysed mainly on the basis of the author's field materials. The following problems will be considered: § 2) the variety of stories (folktales, l egends, and myths, § 3) the characters in the stories, § 4) the rhetoric,§ 5) the similarities between Tungusic folktales and neighbors'(Ainu andJapanese).

著者

笹倉 いる美

出版者

北海道立北方民族博物館

雑誌

北海道立北方民族博物館研究紀要 (ISSN:09183159)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, pp.105-026, 2005 (Released:2020-07-31)

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This paper will present Dr. Hattori's records which show the situation of the Nivkh (Gilyak) language research in 1937-1943. Dr. Hattori Takeshi (1909-1991), a Nivkh(Gilyak) language linguist, traveled in Karafuto (Sakhalin) in Showa 12 (1937). Those days, the southern part of Sakhalin island from north latitude 50 degrees was the Japanese territory. The indigenous peoples as Nivkh, Uilta and others, except Ainu, mostly lived in Otasu of Shisuka (now Poronaisk) suburbs. Dr. Hattori went to Otasu and made a field work. Based on the data gathered in the travel, Dr. Hattori pursue the exact research on Nivkh (Gilyak) language with the support of the Nihon Gakujyutsu Shinko-kai in 1940-1943 In 1994, Dr. Hattori's collection of books, notebooks, voice tapes, microfilms, and photos was filed and stored in the Hokkaido Museum of Northern Peoples. The account of a travel had been filed to a Karafuto-related binder (reference number N-175). The reference numbers of draft of the Nivkh (Gilyak) language research are T544-l and T545-l.

著者

野口 泰弥 近藤 祉秋

出版者

北海道立北方民族博物館

雑誌

北海道立北方民族博物館研究紀要 (ISSN:09183159)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.26, pp.1-30, 2017

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Hokkaido Museum of Northern Peoples (thereafter, HMNP) has so far collected two copper knives with a Y-shaped handle, which are attributed to Athabascan/ Dene cultures. In this paper, we compare them with similar items housed in other museums and examine the distribution and usage of such knives. The materials we use in our analysis include historical records, drawings and photographs during the period between the end of l8th centu1y and early 20th century. We point out the possibility that the Hare Indian may have used knives with a Y-shaped handle. We also discuss such knives as prestige goods in addition to their practical advantage as a hunting implement. Researchers of indigenous North American metallurgy have already suggested that both practicality and prestige were attributed to Athabascan copper artifacts in general until the former half of the 20th century. The prior studies tend to focus on copper as trade items when they discuss prestige of such materials. In this paper, we argue that Athabascan copper knives can be considered as practical-yet・prestigious goods not only because copper was considered precious trade items but also because it enabled people to hunt grizzly bears and other potentially dangerous animals. In Athabascan societies, where hunting and fishing are primary modes of subsistence, traditional spear hunting of grizzly bears used to bring a fame to successful hunters, and it was the Y-shaped handle of Athabascan copper knives that ensured the bear hunters safety. In the last chapter, we analyze one of the knives housed in HMNP to shed light on its uniqueness among other Athabascan knives.