著者

伊藤 守 藤田 真文

出版者

日本マス・コミュニケーション学会

雑誌

新聞学評論 (ISSN:04886550)

巻号頁・発行日

no.39, pp.120-147, 1990-04-30

著者

生田 正輝

出版者

日本マス・コミュニケーション学会

雑誌

新聞学評論 (ISSN:04886550)

巻号頁・発行日

no.9, pp.135-138, 1959-03-30

著者

殿木 圭一

出版者

日本マス・コミュニケーション学会

雑誌

新聞学評論 (ISSN:04886550)

巻号頁・発行日

no.25, pp.134-136, 1976-08-31

著者

野村 一夫

出版者

日本マス・コミュニケーション学会

雑誌

新聞学評論 (ISSN:04886550)

巻号頁・発行日

no.36, pp.29-41,193-194, 1987-04-30

---

Journalism theory seems to face a theory-constructive crisis today. The paradigm conflict with theory of information environments and the tendency to be absorbed into mass communication theory have placed Journalism theory as 'working theory.' That is precisely the reason why I propose reconstructing journalism theory a social theory which considers journalism a ideal principle of society. The weakness of journalism theory is that it has failed to grasp the relation between mass media and audience. To improve this weakness, it is necessary to rearrange journalism theory for audience behavior. In this regard, 'uses and gratifications' approach serves as a reference. It suggests two points at issue as follows, (1)Audience behavior is subjective and active significant action. (2)Audience behavior is essentially self-reflective, that is to say, andience reflect through mass media. In short, audience behavior is a social process of reflection of communicative subject. G.H. Mead clarified that the social process of reflection was a layered process based on the levels of communicative subject forming layered interactions. Mead's theory shows us as follows, (1)A subject of jounalism is reflective one, and he makes a chain of communicative subject from individual to 'self-conscious society.' To understand this, it is necessary to introduce sociological perspective for analyzing the audience-people.(2)Jounalism theory has to study 'meaning' in the Mead's sense, i.e.reflective knowledge grasped subject-correlatively. (3)As a inside consequence of this point, the duty of journalism theory is criticizing discom-munication as non-reflective Proeess. (4)An ideal of journalism is construction of'universe of discourse.' The pursuit of ideal condition of society should be also the duty of journalism theory. In this paper, it is attempted to reconstruct journalism theory from the standpoint of audience and setting communication concept as reflective process in its crucial zone and it is the first step toward reconstruction of journalism theory as'theory of sociological reflection'. And this project would lead a journalism theory to a critical theory to which resists suppressing power on social reflection of audience, i.e.communicative subject.

著者

池松 文雄 吉野 源三郎 日高 六郎 生田 正輝

出版者

日本マス・コミュニケーション学会

雑誌

新聞学評論 (ISSN:04886550)

巻号頁・発行日

no.9, pp.1-26, 1959-03-30

著者

三上 俊治

出版者

日本マス・コミュニケーション学会

雑誌

新聞学評論 (ISSN:04886550)

巻号頁・発行日

no.35, pp.74-91, 292-291, 1986-04-30

---

The theory of mass society was born in the nineteenth century in Europe and developed as a critical theory on modern industrialized society from a macroscopic viewpoint. The historical development of the theory can be devided into the following six phases : (1) "aristocratic" theories in the nineteenth century, (2) "democratic" criticism towards the totalitarian state in Germany and Italy after World War I, (3) critical theories on post World War II American society, (4) theoretical debate on the nature of "Mass Society" in 1950's Japan, (5) decline of the "Mass Society" theory and the rise of other new theories such as theories of the Post-Industrial Society, and (6) revival of the theories of "Mass Society" in 1980's Japan. Recent discussions on "Mass Society" can be viewed from two approaches. One is the theory of "the new middle mass" by Y.Murakami, and the other is the theory on "consumption culture" asserted by marketing practioners. According to Murakami, social class or stratification has become unstructured and the value system has changed drastically along with the rapid economic growth in the 1960's. This has resulted in the dominance of a "new middle mass" whose political attitude is generally conservative. Murakami's discussion neglects the manipulative aspect of media use and as a result shows a conservative bias. Proponents of the consumption culture approach focus on the rise of a new generation which prefers sensitivity to reason and tends to express themselves through differentiated lifestyles, resulting in diverse consuming behavior. Their discussion pays little attention to the negative aspects of consumption culture. Although these new "mass society" theories overestimate the structural change in contemporary matured mass society and underestimate the influence of mass media, we should learn much from them, because they might provide the basis for constructing the macroscopic structural model which explains the impact of media upon individuals and society.

著者

三上 俊治

出版者

日本マス・コミュニケーション学会

雑誌

新聞学評論 (ISSN:04886550)

巻号頁・発行日

no.35, pp.92-101, 1986-04-30

著者

後藤 文康

出版者

日本マス・コミュニケーション学会

雑誌

新聞学評論 (ISSN:04886550)

巻号頁・発行日

no.35, pp.120-131, 290-289, 1986-04-30

---

In the late 1950s when Japan was runinng at full speed toward becoming an economic power, a new type of people began to emerge. They drastically changed the framework of the "masses" which until then referred to the "general working class, including labours and farmers." The masses situated in the lower part of the traditional pyramid-shaped society have come to occupy the central and major part of the present oval-shape society. The masses in this society were highly educated and shared almost equal health. Along with the emergence and expansion of the new "masses, " the newspaper was forced to change in order to arise their interest. The first noticeable change was the increase of news and information on home and community life, sports and leisure. It was then followed by an increase in international news items and the expansion of readers' columns. In this period, when the goal of average-people was to improve their standard of living in the same way that others were doing, the task for the newspaper was to understand and respond to such needs and to point out frictions and contradictions. Challenged to fulfill this task, newspapers, the national papers in particular, competed with each other in increasing their number of pages. It was then in the middle of the 1970s that the newspapers have again witnessed a change in the masses. In the so-called "mature" society, people were no longer easily satisfied with homogenized information. The word "bunshu(diverse and divided masses)" was even coined. The newspaper could no longer mass-produce standardaized news only. In order to meet diversified demands, newspapers then have chosen the strategy of multiple-option. Pages on specific topics like health and medical care were increased and separate editions which could be termed 'living journal' were issued. Newspapers from this stage, however, have become often puzzled by the "whimsical" masses who seemed to have become more inquisitive and curious. Protection and consideration for human rights and privacy are thus the biggest problems that newspapers face at present. Nevertheless, it is obvious that the masses, whether they undergo another change or not, will continue to be the key factor in the survival of the newspaper. This is so not only from the financial point of view but also in opinion formation. How should the newspaper fulfill its mission by not losing support from the masses? The author proposes the concept of "paternal journalism, " which entails : cool and mature judgement, broad viewpoint, generosity, self-restraint, rich knowledge, protection of the weak from the strong, and strength …all of which are required by the present-day masses to actualize what may be called the ideal journalism.

著者

黒川 貢三郎 鶴木 眞 谷藤 悦史 田中 愛治

出版者

日本マス・コミュニケーション学会

雑誌

新聞学評論 (ISSN:04886550)

巻号頁・発行日

no.39, pp.167-188, 1990-04-30

著者

和田 洋一

出版者

日本マス・コミュニケーション学会

雑誌

新聞学評論 (ISSN:04886550)

巻号頁・発行日

no.27, pp.123-127, 1978-06-30

著者

村上 孝止

出版者

日本マス・コミュニケーション学会

雑誌

新聞学評論 (ISSN:04886550)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.40, pp.291-304,369-37, 1991

---

In Japan, the courts have been making rules which deal with the concerns for the right to take or publish photographs of people on the one hand, and the protection of privacies on the other. In the 1950's, the issue arose out of arrests of persons, whose photographs were taken without consent and who protested with violence. They asserted that they had the right not to be photographed. In 1969, the Supreme Court recognized and declared the right fo refuse to be a photograph without consent as the general principle and pointed out some exceptions. In civil cases, publication needs consent as well. The other rules have not come out yet for a long time. However, they have gradually become clear because of redent popularity of photo weekly magazines. In Germany, the problem between the rigrt of privacy and the right to photograph had been discussted at the end of the previous century. And then "das Recht am eigenen Bilde", or the right to one's own picture was created as a kind of copyright law. However, it regulates only publication. Therefore, taking someone's picture without consent is not prohibited. And now it is a source of troubles concernig of privacy and the photograph. At that time in the United States, the problem between the photograph and it's publication was brought forward by the Warrenr Brandeis' argument "The Right to Privacy". Since then, the rules have developed through numerous law suits. The rule in the U. S. is similar to Japanese rule. But ours a little differ from the U. S. rule in that it generally requires consent to take someone's photograph. Our rule, the so-called Third Rule conerning photograph and it's publication, has the purpose of obtaining compromise with the freedom of the Press. Nowadays, problems of photographs arise in many countries. In my view, Japanese rule is effective in dealing with them.

著者

土屋 礼子

出版者

日本マス・コミュニケーション学会

雑誌

新聞学評論 (ISSN:04886550)

巻号頁・発行日

no.41, pp.184-199, 317-316, 1992-05-20

---

Following the publication of major newspapers addressed to the intelligentsia, there emerged a number of popular papers which were mainly directed toward the general public by the extensive use of furikana on the Chinese characters. These popular papers were relatively cheap and widely read, added an entertainment aspect to other papers, and functioned as a means of developing a new style of written Japanese. The ultimate objective of the present study is to clarify the development process of the new style of the language adopted by three representative popular papers, Yomiuri Shinbun, Tokyo Eiri Shinbun and Kanayomi Shinbun, during the period from 1875 to 1880. For this purpose, this study attempts to identify the nature and characteristics of regular readers by analyzing 8,352 letters from approximately 3,700 readers. Major findings of the present study are as follows: (1) Nearly half the letters were in fact contributed from regular readers, who accounted for a small proportion of the public. However, more than 70 percent of the contributors were residents of Tokyo, especially from the downtown sections of Asakusa, Nihonbashi, Fukagawa, and Shitaya. Of the 59 contributors for whom details could be ascertained, 57 were male and about half were merchants while the other half were of samurai origin and now professionally engaged in journalism or public service. (2) Regular contributors formed an informal support group for these papers and often gathered at the publisher in order to have direct communication. Their letters functioned as a source of news for other readers. More importantly, the conversation within the group was often directly written up as letters, thus preparing the way for the formation of a new style of written Japanese language.

著者

早川 善治郎 奥野 昌宏 八田 正信

出版者

日本マス・コミュニケーション学会

雑誌

新聞学評論 (ISSN:04886550)

巻号頁・発行日

no.27, pp.53-67, 1978-06-30

著者

福井 淳 ウイリアム ホーズレー 川嶋 保良

出版者

日本マス・コミュニケーション学会

雑誌

新聞学評論 (ISSN:04886550)

巻号頁・発行日

no.37, pp.273-274, 1988-04-30

著者

後藤 将之

出版者

日本マス・コミュニケーション学会

雑誌

新聞学評論 (ISSN:04886550)

巻号頁・発行日

no.33, pp.231-244, 1984-06-01

著者

林 紘一郎

出版者

日本マス・コミュニケーション学会

雑誌

新聞学評論 (ISSN:04886550)

巻号頁・発行日

no.33, pp.98-100, 1984-06-01