著者

稲垣 大紀 イナガキ ダイキ Daiki INAGAKI

雑誌

東洋英和大学院紀要

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2, pp.121-135, 2006-03-15

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This thesis summarizes fact-finding studies and the history of disputes concerning the Nanking Massacre that broke out in 1937. The center of the dispute today concerns the scale of damage (the number of those killed) in the massacre, but there is more to it than that. The author made a thorough investigation into the truth of the atrocity by tracing its cause back to the Second Shanghai Incident and focusing attention upon the Nanking occupation and post-conquest activities by the Japanese Army. The author estimates the number of people slain to be approximately 40,000 at the maximum, and discusses the essence of and questions raised by the subject matter by taking account of the history of relevant disputes to date.

著者

小坂 和子

出版者

東洋英和女学院大学

雑誌

東洋英和大学院紀要 (ISSN:13497715)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.4, pp.45-51, 2008

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アイヌ文化において、 「神(カムイ)の世界」と「人間の世界」の相互透過性には、中沢の「対象性」理論が機能していることが認められる。この二者関係の心理的変転のなかに、無意識由来の「交流不可能なるエネルギー対象」の出現がみられる。生活することの主体としての意識が、全体性のバランスを回復する方向性にあって、これを受け入れ、享受し、送り届ける、という内的作業の象徴的意味を拡充させつつ、分析心理学的考察を試みた。

著者

飽戸 弘 アクト ヒロシ Hiroshi AKUTO

雑誌

東洋英和大学院紀要

巻号頁・発行日

vol.6, pp.1-14, 2010-03-15

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In 1980's books and articles on the impacts and influence of TV reporting about politics on politicalattitudes and voting behavior were published in the U.S. By contrast, there were very few articles onMedia and Politics in Japan. Although there will be many reasons for this difference, one of the mostimportant would be the severe restrictions on TV use in the field of political reporting in Japan in comparisonwith that in the U.S. As a result, it was thought that the impact and influences of TV reportingon the political attitudes and voting behavior were huge in the U.S., in contrast to Japan.As the quantity and quality of TV reporting on politics increased and improved, the influences ofTV reporting on politics were discussed in comparison with reporting by other media, such as newspaperand magazine. TV reporting with sound and images is usually more interesting and easy to understandin comparison to print media. Thus, TV reporting is supposed to have more educational functionthan print media. At the same time, TV reporting on politics often deals with the private life and scandalsof politicians and gossip in the political world. It seems to make people more skeptical and cynicalabout politicians and politics as a whole.Another important change is observed in the field of variety programs on TV. Recently, variety TVprograms, basically programs for entertainment, often pick up political topics and invite politicians asguests and commentators. Such a trend seems to reinforce the merits and demerits of TV reporting inthe field of politics as discussed above.We selected 15 representative info-variety programs and conducted public opinion polls all overJapan on the impact and influences of these TV programs on the political consciousness of the people.The reasons are not yet clear but there are many different impacts and influences of these various infovarietyTV programs, which suggest many interesting research topics in the future.

著者

陶山 義雄

出版者

東洋英和女学院大学

雑誌

東洋英和大学院紀要 (ISSN:13497715)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.3, pp.43-56, 2007-03-15

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"Do not give dogs what is holy; and do not throw your pearls before swine, lest they trample them underfoot and turn to attack you. "Matthew 7:6 (RSV) This enigmatic aphorism, which appears in the New Testament only in Matthew (a second form is also preserved in Thomas 93:1~2) has frequently been discussed because of its inimical nature and in the context of the Sermon on the Mount, or of the Gospel of Matthew. This saying betrays Jewish esoteric instructions to set them apart from the Gentiles : namely the holy rituals of the Jews must not be profaned by dogs and swine (gentiles). If the author of the Gospel received this saying from independent source material either oral or written, it must have been transmitted in the Jewish Christian community where he was raised. Matthew 7:6 is significantly so dissimilar to the teachings of Jesus, and of the contents of the Gospel of Matthew, that it is regarded as the crux interpretum. The first half of the saying, "Do not give what is holy to the dogs..." is cited in the Didache: The Teaching of the Twelve Apostles 9:5. In order to sanctify their rite of eucharist, the author of this Christian instructional manual asserts that the unbaptized are dogs and are not accepted at the table of the Lord's Supper. The difficulty is whether the author of Matthew held intolerant sectarian beliefs and set it in the Sermon on the Mount. U. Luz and several other scholars abandoned their efforts on its interpretation, because it had no apparent connection to the rest of the Gospel of Matthew. A majority of the scholars, however, regard 7:6 functioning as a footnote to the preceding pericope, vv. 1~5 ("Judge not"). By placing 7:6 after the stern precept of not judging others, the evangelist attempts to neutralize extreme interpretations of the saying. From those (dogs and swine) who are not ready to accept the authentic teaching of Jesus (what is holy=pearls), it must be kept secret. This essay attempts to shed new light on 7:6 from the perspective of the Golden Rule (7:12). The author of this essay will investigate the evangelist's editorial work, and clarify what he intended to convey. The author of Matthew places this prejudiced sectarian aphorism prior to the Golden Rule : 1. An Intolerant Custom to be transformed (Dogs and Swine) by the Golden Rule (7:6) 2. Exhortation to Constant Pursuit and Prayer in Response to the Grace of God, the Father (7:7~11) 3. The Golden Rule (7:12) Presumably the evangelist grew up among Jewish Christians, therefore he could share the esoteric view of 7:6, but as the Christianity and its gospel message spread into the gentile world, he recognized the need of a more accepting and open fellowship. In order to respond to the situation of his community, the evangelist seemed to have two goals : one primarily for the Jews, and another for the gentiles (Matt.15:21~28). He sought to overcome the intolerance of the Jewish Christians, and transform it to embrace world mission. This explains why he concludes his Gospel with the Great Commission of the risen Christ for world mission (28:16~20). and This also clarifies the section on Galilee of the Gentiles (Matt.4:15; Isaiah 9:1~2), where Jesus started his ministry. Likewise, the Gospel of Matthew describes astrologers, undoubtedly gentile, from the East who came to worship the infant Jesus when he was born (2:1~12). After 7:6 is seen through the Golden Rule, the esoteric saying fits in well with the entire message of the Sermon on the Mount as follows : The Scene and the Audience (5:1~2) I. Invitation to the Blessings of Jesus (Beatitudes) (6:3~12) II. Remarkable Features of the Followers (Christians) (5:13~16) Discipleship as the Salt of the Earth (5:13), and the Light of the World (5:14~16) III. Christian Righteousness (5:17~6:18) 1. Prologue (A Greater Righteousness Supplanting an Old Jewish One) (5:17~20) 2. Exposition of the Greater Righteousness (5:21~6:18) A. The New Orders versus the Old Commandments (5:21~5:48) i) Against Anger (5:21~26) ii) Against Adultery and Divorce (5:27~32) iii) Against Oaths (5:33~37) iv) Against Retaliation (5:38~42) v) Love of One's Enemies (5:43~48) B. The New Rituals versus the Old Ones (6:1~6:18) i) On Giving to Charity (6:1~4) ii) On Prayer (6:5~15) (The Lord's Prayer6:9~13) iii) On Fasting (6:16~18) IV. The Christian Ethics (6:19~7:11) 1. Serve God, and not Mammon (6:19~24) 2. The Highest Way of Life (Responding Life to the Care of God) (6:25~34) 3. Unlimited Pursuit of Internal Sanctions (7:1~5) 4. An Intolerant Custom to be Transformed (7:6) 5. Exhortation to Constant Pursuit and Prayer in Response to the Grace of God (7:7~11) Concluding Summary THE GOLDEN RULE (7:12) V. Finale (7:13~27) 1. Enter this Narrow Gate for Salvation, or Else to Destruction (7:13~14) 2. Beware of the False Prophets(7:15~16) 3. How to tell Good Trees (Prophets) from the False Trees (7:17~20) 4. Final Judgment (The Kingdom of Heaven, or Hell) (7:21~23) 5. Concluding Exhortation with the Parable of the Two Houses (the House Built on Rock, and the House Built on the Sand) (7:24~27) Concluding Rubric: Reaction of the Crowds 7:28~29 Adherence to the Golden Rule has the potential to end hostilities, enmities, or strife by intolerant religious sects throughout the world. We learn this from the survey of Matthew 7:6 as the author of Matthew places it before the Golden Rule.

著者

小山 友 Tomo OYAMA

出版者

東洋英和女学院大学大学院

雑誌

東洋英和大学院紀要 (ISSN:13497715)

巻号頁・発行日

no.9, pp.95-112, 2013

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The rise of the new radical right in Western European political parties started in the late 1980s and is now expanding across Europe. While causes of the rise of the new radical right vary in each county, a common characteristic of many radical right parties is their exclusive stance toward the immigration issue. Has the expanding support for these radical right parties across Europe resulted from anincreasing sense of xenophobia among European citizens against immigrants? Or has it resulted from the radical right parties' usual tactic of gaining public support by expressing negative opinions on the immigration issue in order to acquire political legitimacy? This paper aims to clarify the rise of the radical right in the Netherlands in and after 2000. Focusing on two parties, Lijst Pim Fortuyn and Partij voor de Vrijheid, the study identifies characteristics of the radical right in Netherlands. Especially, it reviews and examines changes in Dutch society, including globalization and the expansion of the EU since the 1990s, in order to trace structural changes in the Dutch political system and examine the ways in which such changes are linked to the rise of the radical right. The paper also examines causes of the expansion of public support for the new radical right: whyit has been able to gain public support by proclaiming itself to be anti-immigration and anti-Muslim, despite the fact that most radical right candidates have historically been avoided by most citizens and treated as fringe candidates since the Second World War. In addition, the paper clarifies how the immigration issue in Dutch society has affected the radical right and how the radical right has gainedthe support of voters, including the arguments used by the radical right to acquire political legitimacy for its anti-immigration and anti-Muslim stance.

著者

稲垣 大紀

出版者

東洋英和女学院大学

雑誌

東洋英和大学院紀要 (ISSN:13497715)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2, pp.121-135, 2006-03-15

---

This thesis summarizes fact-finding studies and the history of disputes concerning the Nanking Massacre that broke out in 1937. The center of the dispute today concerns the scale of damage (the number of those killed) in the massacre, but there is more to it than that. The author made a thorough investigation into the truth of the atrocity by tracing its cause back to the Second Shanghai Incident and focusing attention upon the Nanking occupation and post-conquest activities by the Japanese Army. The author estimates the number of people slain to be approximately 40,000 at the maximum, and discusses the essence of and questions raised by the subject matter by taking account of the history of relevant disputes to date.

著者

山元 恵理子 ヤマモト エリコ Eriko YAMAMOTO

雑誌

東洋英和大学院紀要

巻号頁・発行日

vol.4, pp.67-80, 2008

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Japan and Russia are in dispute over the Northern Territories (Etorofu, Kunashiri, Shikotan, and the Habomai Shoto) in the Chishima Archipelago held by Russia since 1945. Although this issue will be solved by the governments of both Japan and Russia, there has also been since 1992 a system of so-called "Interchange without Passports / Visas", or unofficial diplomacy by citizens of Japan and Russia in the Northern Territories. This system has been crowned with great success, especially after the Hokkaido Tohooki Earthquake occurred in 1994. The first group to deliver necessities of life to Russians in Shikotan was not the Russian government, but the group of Japanese former residents. Since that time, the Russian residents have changed their sentiment and now say that they may be able to live a life together there. We can say that this "Interchange without Passports / Visas" has helped to improve their mental infrastructure. This thesis is not only makes use of the academic analysis of the former research, but it is also based on original interviews of former residents, diplomats, Russian residents, and Japanese teachers. Moreover, it reflects the author's own inspection, conducted through participation in the "Interchange without Passports / Visas" in 2005 and 2006.

著者

Sippel Patricia

出版者

東洋英和女学院大学

雑誌

東洋英和大学院紀要 (ISSN:13497715)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.3, pp.23-41, 2007-03-15

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1909年(明治42年)夏、秋田県内の3新聞社が、東京などの新聞雑誌記者十数名を秋田県に招待した。目的は、秋田県の経済的・文化的な状況を実際に見て、読者に伝えてもらう機会を提供することであった。一行のうち新渡戸稲造、中野正剛、永田新之允など15名が約束通り体験記を記し、これは同年『知られたる秋田』として刊行された。この秋田観光記者団はいくつかの観点から興味深い。第一、全国的に傑出した記者らの旅行記が即座にアピールされた点である。第二、秋田県の近代経済・文化の発展のつぶさな観察にある。第三に最も興味深いのは、1909年の観光は、近代日本における中心(中央政権・主要都市)と地方の関係についての問題を提起するという点である。明治時代の秋田を含め東北地方として知られるようになった6県は、全国的にあまり認識も理解もされていなかった。中央政府や専門家らは東北地方の経済成長が遅いことを懸念し、いわゆる「東北問題」について論じた。東北地方内の識者は自立と繁栄をもたらす発展モデルを見出して「後進」のイメージを払拭しようと必死になった。本稿は、1909年の秋田観光とは、秋田県の指導者らが「東北問題」の根強い認識を克服するために講じた試みであったとを論ずる。彼らは「問題」ある地方の一部としての秋田に対するネガティブな認識を払拭し、豊かな自然と目覚ましい産業発展というポジティブな認識に変えようとした。世界中の経済先進国で地方の生き残りが議論されている今日、1909年の秋田観光は、地方が活力を持つことは当然でも簡単でもなく、地方の内外における多大な努力の成果であったことを語っている。

著者

島 創平

出版者

東洋英和女学院大学

雑誌

東洋英和大学院紀要 (ISSN:13497715)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1, pp.43-51, 2005-04-01

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In the scene of Paul's trial before the members of Sanhedrin, Paul called out, "Brothers, I am a Pharisee, a son of Pharisees."(Acts of the Apostles 23:6). Some scholars comment on this statement as Paul's tactics. But J. Jervell says that this statement is not tactics but "Zeugnis". That is, Luke, the author of Acts, depicts Paul as a "Pharisaic Christian". So after his conversion, Paul remained faithful to the Jewish law and he had the hope in the resurrection of the dead. On the other hand, in his own letter, Paul looks on his former life as a Pharisee as "rubbish" (The Letter to the Philippians 3:8). But E. P. Sanders says that Paul did not have one single theology regarding the law. In The Letter to the Romans Paul regards the law as Sin (chapter 6). But on the other hand, for the most part he agrees with the behavior which the law requires. His own views of proper behavior, both 'ethical' and 'cultic'. were Jewish to the core. Paul the Apostle shared many of the characteristics of Paul the Pharisee. Thus, early Christianity and Judaism of those days did not always oppose each other. The relationship between them should be re-examined more carefully.

著者

飽戸 弘

出版者

東洋英和女学院大学

雑誌

東洋英和大学院紀要 (ISSN:13497715)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1, pp.13-23, 2005-04-01

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The author tries to discuss and analyze the impact and influence that mass media reporting had on the decision - making processes of people's voting behavior in the United States presidential election in 2004, primarily through the use of polling data. First, I would like to describe the various events prepared and produced by both the Democratic and Republican Parties and their campaigners and the electorates' responses to them, at the time of the primary elections in each state, at the time of the national conventions of both parties, and at the time of the three successive TV debates, focusing on the impact of these media events and their media coverage. Second, I will discuss the election results and the reporting of popular votes in November. It is said that there were considerable discrepancies between the predictions over the election tumouts by mass media and the actual tumouts. I will try to discuss some reasons of these gaps. In concluding these discussions, we can analyze the enormous impact of media on the decision - making processes of the electorate. Furthermore, through this analysis, we will be able to propose some revisions and reforms of the present system of the U.S. Presidential Election, following the discussion of a previous study on presidential election on 2000 <cf. Akuto, 2002>.

著者

栗林 忠男 クリバヤシ タダオ Tadao KURIBAYASHI

雑誌

東洋英和大学院紀要

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2, pp.1-14, 2006-03-15

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The new international legal order of the ocean has been extensively embodied in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), which was adopted at the Third U. N. Conference on the Law of the Sea in 1982 and became effective in 1994. The sovereign right and jurisdiction of a coastal state in its 200-mile exclusive economic zone (EEZ) and continental shelf has largely expanded under UNCLOS, As a result, many disputes on the maritime boundaries have occurred all over the world among states whose coasts are opposite or adjacent to each other. The East China Sea is not an isolated case. The dispute was provisionally settled between Japan and Korea by the Japan-Korea Continental Shelf (South) Agreement of 1974 with respect to the overlapping areas of their claims in the East China Sea, but no such agreement has been concluded between Japan and China in the same sea. It is provided in UNCLOS, to which both Japan and China are the parties, that the delimitation of the exclusive economic zone or continental shelf between States with opposite or adjacent coasts shall be effected by agreement on the basis of international law, as referred to in Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice, in order to achieve an equitable solution (Arts.74 and 83). Since this provision does not offer any clear legal basis for settling maritime boundary disputes, one must have recourse to international customary law and judicial judgments. Two principles of international law have been advocated for the delimitation of maritime boundaries: the equidistance principle and the equitable principle. Relying upon the former, China has claimed application of the natural prolongation theory of its land territory in order to extend its continental shelf up to the Okinawa Trough near the Okinawa Islands. On the other hand, Japan, supporting the latter principle, has consistently attempted to apply the median line, every point of which is equidistant from the nearest points on the baselines from which the breadth of the EEZ of each of the two States is measured. The conflict of the two States' positions has not yet been solved. The judicial opinions of the International Court of Justice (ICJ), as shown in many cases concerning the delimitation of maritime boundaries, seem to indicate that the theory of natural prolongation has not played a decisive role in delimiting the overlapping continental shelves, thus gradually losing its relative importance as a legal principle, and that the use of the median line has instead gained relative weight. International law is, however, in the process of development in this respect, and some tentative arrangement for a joint development of the two States may well be conducive to the peaceful and effective use of the ocean area which is extremely precious for all states facing the South China Sea. Political prudence is strongly required for the governments concerned to get over the difficulties in drawing a concrete and satisfactory line.

著者

山元 恵理子

出版者

東洋英和女学院大学

雑誌

東洋英和大学院紀要 (ISSN:13497715)

巻号頁・発行日

no.4, pp.67-80, 2008

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Japan and Russia are in dispute over the Northern Territories (Etorofu, Kunashiri, Shikotan, and the Habomai Shoto) in the Chishima Archipelago held by Russia since 1945. Although this issue will be solved by the governments of both Japan and Russia, there has also been since 1992 a system of so-called "Interchange without Passports / Visas", or unofficial diplomacy by citizens of Japan and Russia in the Northern Territories. This system has been crowned with great success, especially after the Hokkaido Tohooki Earthquake occurred in 1994. The first group to deliver necessities of life to Russians in Shikotan was not the Russian government, but the group of Japanese former residents. Since that time, the Russian residents have changed their sentiment and now say that they may be able to live a life together there. We can say that this "Interchange without Passports / Visas" has helped to improve their mental infrastructure. This thesis is not only makes use of the academic analysis of the former research, but it is also based on original interviews of former residents, diplomats, Russian residents, and Japanese teachers. Moreover, it reflects the author's own inspection, conducted through participation in the "Interchange without Passports / Visas" in 2005 and 2006.

著者

清原 舞子

出版者

東洋英和女学院大学大学院

雑誌

東洋英和大学院紀要 (ISSN:13497715)

巻号頁・発行日

no.13, pp.95-117, 2017

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The purpose of the present study is to examine aspects of creative regression from the viewpoint of ego boundary, sence of reality and superior sensation, which are supposed to be signposts of pathological regression.Based on the Graphic Rorschach test, I have newly developed a Digital Rorschach test, introducing an experimental examination for use on a tablet computer.On research focusing on artists, as the characteristic of Rorschach, the more total reaction numbers, more Dd%, less F+%, more Σc, more ΣC・SumC, more At% have appeared.As a result of using the Fisher and Cleveland (1958) "–body image boundaries score–", the artists group is found to have higher barrier and penetration scores as well. The aspects of permeable and impermeable ego boundaries were suggested by Landis (1970) as the "–resilience of boundaries–".Furthermore, as a result of dividing artists into three groups (musicians, painters, and performers), the musician group has a mostly equal B score and P score, the painter group has a higher B score, and the performer group has a higher P score. Also, it has been suggested that P score is related to concept-dominance – blot-dominance by D.G.R.In previous research, as the classified result of the concept-dominance of normal-adults, "the balance or imbalance between blot and concept" has mostly dominated. In this study, however, the Mx type "mixture imbalance between blot and concept," –which is not usually seen in normal-adults, has been seen in about 65 % of the artists group. The Mx type has been associated with schizophrenia.Finally, a qualitative view has been added based on the ideas of "–deviant verbalization–" and "–confabulation– ".

著者

島 創平

出版者

東洋英和女学院大学大学院

雑誌

東洋英和大学院紀要 (ISSN:13497715)

巻号頁・発行日

no.11, pp.1-9, 2015

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Nero, the 5th Roman emperor, has often been regarded as a "tyrant". He was the first persecuter of Christians in A.D. 64 when a major fire broke out in the City of Rome. Tacitus, the Roman historian, reports that in order to deny the rumour that Nero himself had orderd the fire to be set , Nero ascribed the crime to Christians and punished them cruelly. However, Tacitus also says that Christians were convicted not so much on the count of arson as for "hatred of the human race" (Annales, 15.44). To consider the question why Christians were persecuted by Nero, we must depend mainly on the descriptions of Roman historians ─ Tacitus and Suetonius. These historians lived in the early part of the 2nd century, when the distinction between Christianity and Judaism had became more apparent. But in the days of Nero's reign, the middle of the 1st century, the distinction was not so apparent. Christianity was regarded as a sect of Judaism. In The Acts of the Apostles, Christianity was called "the sect of the Nazarenes" by an anti-Christian Jew (Acts, 24.5). On the other hand, early Christian missionary work caused division and discord among Jewish people and often provoked disturbance between people who accepted the Christian faith and those who rejected it. In the reign of Claudius, Jews were expelled from Rome because they often created disturbances at the instigation of "Chrestus" (Suetonius, Claudius, 24.4). The Christian people of the Neronian days were thus regarded as a Jewish splinter group and troublemakers who often caused disturbances. Therefore, it is more accurate to view the persecution of Christians by Nero as persecution of a particular Jewish sect ─ "the sect of Nazarenes".

著者

重宗 弘子

出版者

東洋英和女学院大学

雑誌

東洋英和大学院紀要 (ISSN:13497715)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.5, pp.107-119, 2009-03-15

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Although Black Americans had long served in the racially segregated United States Army prior to World WarII, there were no Black pilots in the Army Air Force (AAF) or its immediate predecessor, the Air Corps. TheAAF resisted previous efforts to enlist Black airmen with the claim that there were no Black pilots in theUnited States. Previous efforts to enlist Black airmen were met with the claim within the War Departmentand the AAF in general that Black Americans lacked the aptitude to be military pilots. It was not until thepassage of the Selective Training and Service Act of 1940 that the AAF, along with other military services,was required to enlist Black males in proportion to their percentage (about 10 percent) of the total population.According to Charles Dryden, Tuskegee Airmen were individuals who were involved in the so-calledTuskegee Experiment by the U.S. War Department to train Black Americans to fly and to maintain airplanesin flying condition, from 1941 to 1946, including persons stationed or employed at Tuskegee Army Air Fieldand / or Moton Field, in various roles and statures: flying officers, nonflying officers, nurses, aviation cadets,noncommissioned officers, enlisted men and women, and civilians. However, according to LeRoy Gillead, theperiod definition is not from 1941 to 1946, but from 1939 to 1949. It was in 1939 that Black Americans werepromoted in aviation through Public Law 18 and the Civil Pilot Training Act. Further, 1949 was the year inwhich many Tuskegee Airmen left Lockborne Air Force Base and were transferred to white Air Force Base.Black Soldiers in World War II had to fight against enemies overseas and discrimination within the UnitedStates. In 1939, there were 1359 white officers in the Army, but only 5 Black officers. Three were chaplainsand the other two were Benjamin Davis, Sr. and Benjamin Davis, Jr. Almost 1000 Black Americans finishedPilot Training. 450 Black Pilots and many Black Ground Supports went overseas in combat roles. TheTuskegee Airmen who remained in the United States fought against discrimination in incidents such as theFreeman Field Incident. The Tuskegee Airmen fought for the advancement of the status of Black Americans20 years before the Civil Rights Movement in the United States.

著者

石津 珠子

出版者

東洋英和女学院大学大学院

雑誌

東洋英和大学院紀要 (ISSN:13497715)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, pp.17-25, 2018-03-15

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The purpose of this paper is to clarify the significance of aesthetic education in art education.In general, art education has two aspects:, to get artistic skill for art works and, to cultivate personality through art.Contemporary concepts of aesthetic education rely heavily on Friedrich von Schiller’s treatise on aesthetic theory “Uber die asthetische Erziehung des Menschen, in einer Reihe von Briefen written in 1795”.We have usually a tendency to emotional feeling and rationality thinking in action.Since the ancient Greece and Rome eras, we have traditional thought of the whole human being, that is “kaloka gatia.”, “arma bella”, and “schone Seele.”.The concept of the harmony of the human being lead to the conception of aesthetic human transformation through aesthetic education in Schiller’s treatise.Schiller’s ideas exerted various influences on art education. One example is the work of Herbert Read, whose “Education Through Art was published in 1943”.The aesthetic education theory of Rudolf Seitz was also influenced by Schiller’s theory. His concept of theory is basic in very practice and creative action. Especially in childhood, a lot of experience with sensibility becomes very important basis of creativity, and makes an aesthetic human transformation through aesthetic education.

著者

鍵和田 聖子

出版者

東洋英和女学院大学

雑誌

東洋英和大学院紀要 (ISSN:13497715)

巻号頁・発行日

no.1, pp.53-72, 2005

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This is a study of mandalas unique to Esoteric Buddhism and the influence they had on religious developments in Japan, especially in terms of movements toward a union of Buddhism and Shintoism. Several sites of esoteric Buddhism are examined, including Koyasan, Hieizan, Kumano, and stone images of the Buddha found in Oita Prefecture. Since ancient times, natural phenomen, especially mountains, were considered as gods or kami in Japan. This polytheistic nature of Shinto agreed with Buddhism, and allowed Japanese to believe that the Buddha could be identified with the Japanese gods.This identification between Buddhist deities and nature influenced the themes portrayed in Buddhist iconography, particularly the mandala. The lack of a sense of the absolute also contributed to change in the construction of mandalas. Furthermore, these "emblems of the other world" were somewhat more malleable in Japan, perhaps because Japanese themselves felt so close to the other world. In was through this indigenization of the mandala that we can see the indigenization of Buddhism, that is the transformation of Buddhism into a Japanese religion.

著者

宮崎 正康

出版者

東洋英和女学院大学

雑誌

東洋英和大学院紀要 (ISSN:13497715)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.7, pp.41-57, 2011-03-15

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The purpose of this article is to help junior high school students understand the age when the Manchurian Incident occurred.The Kwantung army responsible for the defense of Manchurian railway caused the Manchurian Incident. Not only the Kwantung army but also the majority of the military felt strong dissatisfaction with domestic affairs and the diplomacy of the Hamaguchi Cabinet. The Hamaguchi Cabinet returned tothe gold standard at the time when the World Economic Crisis had occurred, and as a result the Showa era panic became intense. The unemployed increased while the Showa era panic was deteriorating, workers' salaries decreased, and the incomes of farmers had decreased especially. In the military, there were many drafted farmers. It was transmitted to the military that farmers' lives were very severe from these recruits,and the military came to have a strong criticism of the economic policy of the Hamaguchi Cabinet.Moreover, the Hamaguchi Cabinet took the policy of international cooperation that cooperated with America and Europe in diplomacy. However, the military thought that America and Europe were trying to rule Asia,and tried to limit the military force in Japan. Consequently it became impossible to oppose America and Europe by the policy of international cooperation of the Hamaguchi Cabinet.The Kwantung army thought that they were able to oppose America and Europe by occupying the whole of Manchuria, and enlarging the financial strength and the military force in Manchuria based on the plan of Japan. In addition, the Kwantung army thought that it would become easy to live for the farmers, and the development of Manchuria would be possible, if farmers who had decreased their incomes sharply in the Showa era panic were made to migrate to Manchuria. It is not easy at all to make junior high school students understand the age over which powers of the world fought using military force like this. However, it is thought that junior high school students' understanding will advance and they will come to be able to discuss this age if an appropriate teaching material is given. This article presents such an appropriate teaching material and proposes the method of teaching to junior high school students.

著者

岡井 崇之

出版者

東洋英和女学院大学

雑誌

東洋英和大学院紀要 (ISSN:13497715)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.8, pp.25-37, 2012-03-15

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The purpose of this study is to consider the relationship between media discourse and socialchange. I examine them in theoretical aspect, and then I would like to provide new analytical framework. First, I review some discussions in media studies and sociology to analyze social change. Although the effects of mass media on social and cultural change have been discussed within mass communication theory, it has been considered that it is difficult to measure them strictly. Recently, the approach of discourse analysis has become increasingly important in media studies. But the focus on media discourse has shown a lack of interest in macro factors. It is also pointed out that social change theory in sociology raises many theoretical questions. Second, I suggest new perspectives in the study of discourse analysis, including the conversationalization of discourse and global discourse that articulates micro discourse and the macro structure of society. By the concept of the conversationalization of discourse, Fairclough suggested important implicationsfor the ideology of conversation and social change towards entertainment. On the other hand, Machin & Van Leeuwen have focused on globalization as discourse, analyzing the three aspects of genre, language, and image from the perspective of style and format. As a result, the following results were obtained: 1) Global media formats enter localities through a number of routes. Local media may copy global formats. 2) Media genre formats and technologies are increasingly globalized and homogenized. Such genres, formats, and technologies are not neutral containers of content. They carry meaning and value themselves. 3) In the above discussion, it is important that social change is traced to consumer capitalism. Finally, I concluded that that the accumulation of case studies in the context of Japanese society is important.

著者

Sippel Patricia

出版者

東洋英和女学院大学

雑誌

東洋英和大学院紀要 (ISSN:13497715)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.7, pp.1-20, 2011-03-15

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本稿はカナダ・メソジスト教会婦人伝道会社に派遣され、東洋英和女学校の初期を形成した三人の女性伝道者たちの異文化交流に焦点を当てる。創立者であるマーサー・J・カートメル(1845-1945)の滞在期間は病気により短いものとなった。イライザ・スペンサー・ラージ(1855-1933)は、校舎において目の前で夫を殺害され、後には日本におけるカナダ・メソジスト伝道運動を脅かすほどの闘いに挑むこととなる。そしてアグネス・ウィントミュート・コーツ(1864-1945)は、当初伝道のために精力的な活動をするも、来る戦時期には長きにわたる疎外と孤独な死が彼女を待ち受けていた。書簡、報告書、議事録を紐解いていくことで、日本という生活環境そして布教の地でカナダ人伝道者たちが経験した国際交流の複雑さを素描する。