文献一覧: 公益財団法人史学会 (出版者)

1 0 0 0 戦国期における山城国革島氏の活動基盤

著者: 神田千里
出版者: 公益財団法人史学会
雑誌: 史學雜誌 (ISSN:00182478)
巻号頁・発行日: vol.96, no.9, pp.1445-1468, 1557-1558, 1987-09-20

This paper concerns the Kawashima 革島 family which has been regarded in previous research as a Shoryoshu 小領主 (under-developed land proprietor), described as one of the organizers of Sengoku period ikki 一揆 (alliances for joint protest) which included jizamurai 地侍 (local magnates) and hyakusho 百姓 (free commoners). Shoryoshu are considered to have belonged neither perfectly to the bushi 武士 (warrior) classes nor completely to the common people, and therefore have been thought to have stood the "bushi" classes and the common people. In this article, the author tries to throw some light upon the conditions of the Kawashima family's attempt to accumulate, through purchase, various forms and scales of ownership over the lands scattered throughout the districts around its home region. This characteristic has been regarded as the main feature of shoryoshu in previous research. Here the author explains how the Kawashima family was able to protect its land ownership against tokusei ikki 徳政一揆 (an uprising by the people demanding return of land sold and dissolution of debts) and tokuseirei 徳政令 (an act by the Muromachi Bakufu 室町幕府 ordering the return of land sold and the dissolution of debts). To begin with, the author points out, through an analysis of Kawashima family held tochi baiken 土地売券 (land sale certificates), the fact that the land ownership of the family was protected by the Muromachi Bakufu, even during the promulgation of tokuseirei. Secondly, the soryo 惣領 (chief) of the family was a vassal of the Ise 伊勢 family, who occupied an important position in the Muromachi Bakufu government. One can easily see that this vassalage would be fairly convenient to the Kawashima family for assuring the protection of its land ownership by the Muromachi Bakufu. The author concludes, contrary to statements appearing in previous research, that the Kawashima family was not an under-developed land proprietor, but rather fully belonged to the "bushi" classes.

2009-09-16 08:19:05
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https://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/110002368985

1 0 0 0 戦国大名領下の「蔵」の機能と展開

著者: 阿部浩一
出版者: 公益財団法人史学会
雑誌: 史學雜誌 (ISSN:00182478)
巻号頁・発行日: vol.103, no.6, pp.1096-1120, 1221-1222, 1994-06-20

In this article, the author examines the relationship between feudal powers during Japan's Sengoku period (sengoku daimyo) and local society under their rule from the aspect of taxation, focussing on the function and actual operation of "kura" 蔵 (storehouses), which were the centers for the collection, inventory control and fiscal allocation of taxes. In the first chapter, the author offers the case of kura in the territory of the Gohojo 後北条 family in order to examine their fundamental role during the period. The Gohojo established kura at all of the castles in its territories, including the family's main residence, for covering its fiscal expenditures, particularly okuradashi 御蔵出, the salaries paid to its vassals. The management of kura was relegated to either an administrator/vassal (kura-bugyo 蔵奉行) or local deputies (daikan 代官). Next, the author focuses on how kura dealt with taxes in arrears. The most important function of local deputies was the collection of taxes and duties, to the extent that they were made responsible for the payment of all taxes, whether actually collected or not. In consideration of such a heavy burden, local deputies were allowed to take security in place of unpaid taxes or deal with arrears as unpaid loans and charge interest on them until they were remitted in full. Moreover, the Gohojo carried out normal lending activities on the local level using the rice and currency stored in their kura. In the second chapter, the author pursues the function of usury centering around kura, and discovers various forms, such as kuramoto 蔵本, kurakata 蔵方, senshu 銭主 and doso 土蔵. For example, kuramoto were borrowers protected by the Gohojo itself, the daimyo assuming responsibility for "loans" in the case of tax arrears. This indicates a position of privilege within the daimyo's sociopolitical structure. In chapter three, the author presents similar examples in the management of kura within the territories of the Kai-Takeda, Imagawa, Tokugawa, and Asai families. He also shows cases in which usurers were appointed to the position of daikan under exemptions from provisions in edicts cancelling debts (tokuseirei 徳政令). On the other hand, daikan were able to use security and interest accumulated in the collection of unpaid taxes for their own personal lending activities. It was in this way that kura under the Sengoku daimyo functioned as tax storehouses, fiscal organs and usurious lending institutions. In conclusion, the author reviews the role and significance of kura in premodern Japan, tracing the history of its lending functions back to ancient times, when it was a clearing house for agricultural promotion and reclamation (kanno 勧農) loans.