著者

芳賀 健治

出版者

Japan Society for the Philosophy of Sport and Physical Education

雑誌

体育・スポーツ哲学研究 (ISSN:09155104)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.12, no.1, pp.43-61, 1990 (Released:2010-04-30)

著者

川谷 茂樹

出版者

Japan Society for the Philosophy of Sport and Physical Education

雑誌

体育・スポーツ哲学研究 (ISSN:09155104)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.26, no.1, pp.1-11, 2004 (Released:2010-04-30)

参考文献数

65

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This study begins with the following questions. Why should athletes keep rules of sport? What occurs in sport when cheaters break the rules?In relation to these questions, which explore basis or foundation of the rules, there are some precedent theories. Those are 1) rule absolutism or game formalism, 2) contextual contractualism, 3) externalism. Through my research on 1) and 2), a very important issue, namely, the ethos of the game rose. That is, an internal purpose of the game achieved as a result of realization of the game, and at the same time the basis of the rules. Furthermore, with regard to 3), it is not able to point out the basis of the rules because of denying the existence of this ethos: “internal purpose of sport”.All things considered, the ethos of game is to make a decision of victory or defeat. Therefore, a norm “Keep rules” itself is not always an absolute command, a categorical imperative, but a relative one, a hypothetical imperative. Consequently, all cheating, rule breaking, doesn't act on the game destructively. The rules of sport is fundamentally restricted by the ethos of sport under all circumstances. In other words, only this ethos: “the spirit of the sport”, forms the basis or foundation of the rules of sport.

著者

木庭 康樹 沖原 謙 塩川 満久 菅 輝 田井 健太郎 上田 丈晴

出版者

Japan Society for the Philosophy of Sport and Physical Education

雑誌

体育・スポーツ哲学研究 (ISSN:09155104)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.34, no.1, pp.1-21, 2012

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This study aims to identify the structure of sports games in order to analyze soccer games. In the last paper, we focused on the structure of "competition" as "play" to clarify the concept of "competition" which is the basis for the meaning of "bodily movement competitions (sports)". In doing this, we were able to formulate the function for this structure through the following comparative function.<br>On a condition of r, A = cf (a, b) = a>b, a = b, a<b<br>(where, r : rule, A : agon, cf : comparative function,<br>a : contestant, b : opponent,> : win, = : draw,< : loss)<br>Our next topic is to consider the concept of "bodily movement" that is an attribute of "bodily movement competitions (sports)". In this paper, we clarified that "bodily movement related to competition" has four characteristics: usability, expression, acquisition, and reciprocity.<br>Specifically, expression, which has a deep connection with the composition of human movement in sport. The human movement in sport is the imitation images created by <i>mimesis</i> (mimicry) as the geometrical phase shift. This geometrical phase shift allows for a variety of movement forms and for expression of individual physical ability.<br>Our future topic is the last aim of this study, to clarify the entirety of "bodily movement competitions (sports)" based on the results considered in our earlier papers.

著者

木庭 康樹 田井 健太郎 上田 丈晴 沖原 謙

出版者

Japan Society for the Philosophy of Sport and Physical Education

雑誌

体育・スポーツ哲学研究 (ISSN:09155104)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.31, no.1, pp.1-26, 2009

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This study aims to clarify the structure of sports games in order to analyze soccer games. In this paper, we paid our attention to "gymnos agon (bodily movement competitions)" of ancient Greece that are the origin of sports, and particularly considered "agon (competition)" which is the basis of the meaning of this word.<br>We focused on the structure of "competition" as "play" to clarify the concept of "competition" that is the basis for the meaning of "bodily movement competition". By doing so we were able to formulate the function of this structure by the following comparative function.<br>On a condition of r, AG = cf(a,b) = a›b, a=b, a‹b<br>(where, r : rule, AG : agon, cf : comparative function, a : contestant, b : opponent, › : win, = : draw, ‹ : loss)<br>In this paper, we put various functions that convert all bodily movement of contestants into the numerical formula in the above function of competition, using the concept of "nested functions (to put a function in another function)", for the consideration of "bodily movement related to competition" that is our future topic of this study. We were able to connect the function of competition with "bodily elements" of sport structure that Tomihiko Sato had presented.<br>Since the bodily movement of sport is prescribed by the above function of competition, it is not very effective to consider the bodily movement regardless of the "competition" by taking out the bodily movement from the sport. Our future topic is to consider the concept of "bodily movement" that is an attribute of "bodily movement competitions", and the last aim of this study is to clarify the entirety of "bodily movement competitions (sports)" on the basis of the results considered in this paper.

著者

近藤 良享

出版者

Japan Society for the Philosophy of Sport and Physical Education

雑誌

体育・スポーツ哲学研究 (ISSN:09155104)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.19, no.1, pp.53-65, 1997 (Released:2010-04-30)

参考文献数

57

被引用文献数

2 2

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The purpose of this paper is to reconsider ethically the Gender Verification Regulation, then to propose an ethically rational means. The points of reconsideration are (1) the irrationality of sex differentiation in competitive sports, (2) the possibility of defamation of character and an invasion of privacy, (3) necessity for informed consent, and (4) the athletes' right to equal respect and concern.Proposals here are as follows:1) The host international sport organizations require every single athlete who will entry to participate in women's event, to hand in her national medical certification issued by each national sport organization.2) Some winning athletes or athletes by random sampling in women's event take only the first test of sex chromosome, which can exclude an impersonator or a transsexual athlete, in order to give proof of the acuracy of their national certification issued.3) A close examination should not be executed just because sex chromosome abnormality can not select by oneself, even though a few suspect athletes were identified,

著者

関根 正美

出版者

Japan Society for the Philosophy of Sport and Physical Education

雑誌

体育・スポーツ哲学研究 (ISSN:09155104)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, no.2, pp.99-111, 2008

被引用文献数

1

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In this study the author considers whether a 'serious' physical movement, unaccompanied by cheerful looks, can be regarded as play for man. On this point, Kitada has reported that forms of 'play which exudes pleasure in the effort to grow up'. The purpose of this paper is to clarify three points concerning play and human movement: 1. We inspect the phenomenon of human activities by which work and constant effort can become an experience of play. 2. What kind of experience is play, compared to other experiences in life? 3. Why a stoic (serious) act and an attitude can be play? This paper does not consider the general phenomenon of play, but only the phenomenon of human activities. The author uses the theory of Huizinga and Takahashi. To classify human movement and sport, we adopt Sato's forms of movement. Consideration of these results support Kitada's argument that 'play is considered as an activity that involves the least effort and brings as much pleasure as possible'. On the basis of this view, we conclude as follows: 1. According to a subject's experience of play, a man has to suffer and to make efforts by way of action to enjoy play. This can be seen as an aesthetic experience, as in the boat that Nakai drew. 2. We suggest that the existence of 'the refinement of work (techne)', and 'a quick motion' as an aspect of a concrete physical movement, lead to experience. 3. We conclude that an apparently stoic human movement, which appears as the above 'a quick motion' and 'refinement of work' may be play.

著者

窪田 奈希左

出版者

Japan Society for the Philosophy of Sport and Physical Education

雑誌

体育・スポーツ哲学研究 (ISSN:09155104)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.17, no.1, pp.57-66, 1995 (Released:2010-04-30)

参考文献数

48

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It's been generally considered that the term “Buyo” was made by Shoyo Tsubouchi. But the term was used by Ochi Fukuchi before him. The purpose of this study is to clarify that the term used by Ochi Fukuchi is the origin of “Buyo” being used today. The method of study is as foll ows:1. To clarify where and now the term was used.2. To examine the background datum.The results out of the procedures written above are summerized as follows:1. There is a use of the term in the “Kaiojidan” and there are seven uses in the “Engekihimitsudan”2. He called the “Ejanaika-Odori” by people “Buyo” in the “Kaiojidan”.3. In the “Engekihimitsudan” he used the term to grasp and improve conditions of Japanese-Opera. He called the movement with Kyokufushi (music) “Buyo”. And emphasized that it was important to the opera. His ideal was Western-Opera but he thought the tradition of Japanese-Opera was also precious.On there grounds I have come to the conclusion we may say that the term “Buyo” used by Ochi Fukuchi is the origin of “Buyo” being used today.

著者

森田 啓 片岡 暁夫 近藤 良享

出版者

Japan Society for the Philosophy of Sport and Physical Education

雑誌

体育・スポーツ哲学研究 (ISSN:09155104)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.20, no.2, pp.25-43, 1998 (Released:2010-04-30)

参考文献数

48

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The purpose of this study is to show that the sport world should choose the common good based on the dispute between liberalist and communitarian.Though the word liberalism is ambiguous, we define liberalism as the thought based on unencumbered selves (M. J. Sandel), which includes utilitarianism, deontological liberalism, or revisionist's liberalism. Needless to say, liberalism depends on civic virtues.Liberal democracy in this century destroys the civic virtues, so that liberalism reaches the extreme relativism which denies the past and present values and goodness and affirms the unlimited selfishness, especially economic one.In favor of communitarians' criticism, we agree with Sandel's contention of situated selves rather than ‘unencumbered selves’ and propose that we should make an effort to recover the common good in our society.Turning to the sport world, we have gradually swept away its original ethics such as sportsmanship, fair play and the mind of social relationship in England in 19th century. And now the sport world also accepts the tendency of the unlimited self-interest, especially economic one.The ethics of ordinary world has nothing to do with that of the sport world, but the latter bases on the former. In conclusion, we must note that the sport world should maintain the traditional common good because the ordinary world also needs to reinstate us in the common good.

著者

滝沢 文雄

出版者

Japan Society for the Philosophy of Sport and Physical Education

雑誌

体育・スポーツ哲学研究 (ISSN:09155104)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, no.1, pp.1-10, 2008 (Released:2010-04-30)

参考文献数

50

被引用文献数

2

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In this paper, it is insisted that teachers should shift the general viewpoint of physical education to a new one; “education of the human body”. It is not sufficient for physical educator to train only physical body or sports. Physical education lacks an important viewpoint that focuses on the human body and its education for until now.Generally speaking, we concern healthy body in daily life and tend to turn our eyes to appearance of others. Instead, the body has an important function. In order to understand the function, we have to distinguish two phases of the body; the physical body and the human body. We should pay attention to the human body itself. The distinction allows us to clear the matter why children are able to move intentionally. Moreover, it does us to educate the human body of them. This consideration also notices the blind spot of the assertion of the mind-body oneness.The human body becomes wise by own logic. Namely, children can perform actively and realistically based on the human body that is able to get practical relation to others. Their communication ability is closely connected to the ability of human body. According to change of the human body, their way of life becomes adaptable to any situation. In short, the wise body let them be able to establish concrete relations with friends or other things.

著者

周 愛光 片岡 暁夫

出版者

Japan Society for the Philosophy of Sport and Physical Education

雑誌

体育・スポーツ哲学研究 (ISSN:09155104)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.17, no.1, pp.17-37, 1995 (Released:2010-04-30)

参考文献数

69

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The purpose of the present study was to try to make the cause and conquest of man's alienation in sports cleared by analyse the phenomenon of man's alienation in sports from viwes of commercialization of sports culture, division of labor, and commodity economy.The results obtained from this study are as follows:1. Although there are value and use value in sports culture, it can not become goods because of no exchange value in it, But the sports culture in realistic society can be commercialized by attached exchange value from outside. While, for completely losing the nature of culture, the commercialized sports culture is just a sport goods.2. As long as the sports culture be commercialized, The phenomenon of man's alienation will be produced. Because at this time the player is not the end but only the means of sport activity. So the commercialization of sports culture is the direct and principal cause of man's alienation in sports.3. Because sports is a realistic existence, It must be restricted by society. So the causes of man's alienation of society, such as, division of labor and commodity economy are the indirect and basic cause of man's alienation in sports.4. It is important for overcoming the phenomenon of man's alienation in sports to overcome the commercialization of sports culture. But the phenomenon of man's alienation in sports can only be relatively but not absolutely overcome untill the division of labor and commodity economy be completely overcome.

著者

近藤 良享 來田 享子 山田 美奈子 角田 聡美 松田 恵示

出版者

Japan Society for the Philosophy of Sport and Physical Education

雑誌

体育・スポーツ哲学研究 (ISSN:09155104)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.26, no.1, pp.35-45, 2004 (Released:2010-04-30)

参考文献数

8

著者

照屋 太郎

出版者

Japan Society for the Philosophy of Sport and Physical Education

雑誌

体育・スポーツ哲学研究 (ISSN:09155104)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, no.1, pp.47-64, 2008 (Released:2010-04-30)

参考文献数

43

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The purpose of this study was to compare Mushin (the state of no thought, no mind), A. H. Maslow's Peak Experience, and M. Csikszentmihalyi's Flow. Masters have purported Mushin as the goal of Budo and Geido throughout the history. This study clarified the community and the difference of these three.This research was based on literatures written by a Japanese master swordsman who had lived in 17th century (Munenori Yagyu), his teacher in Zen (Takuan), a Zen master (D. T. Suzuki) in present day, Maslow, and Csikszentmihalyi. The meanings of Mushin, Peak Experience, and Flow were identified by the literatures review. Then these three were compared to clarify the community and the difference of them.The results were as follows:Mushin is to devote oneself to what one is doing. Mushin is to feel oneself, to consider what one should do, and to decide what one does. Peak Experience and Flow concerns the phenomenon in which one devote oneself. This is the community of them and Mushin. But, Peak Experience and Flow are psychological state that isn't accompanied by any consideration or decision, however they are necessary for Mushin.Mushin is just to devote oneself on what one really wants to do. Peak Experience and Flow include this, too. This can be called as living Mushin. Because, this Mushin concerns what one really wants to do. With this Mushin, one actualizes what one is, and one's life can be said to be living.But, in the case of Peak Experience and Flow, they also include the phenomenon in which one is concentrated on something naturally and automatically. The moment of laughter at a funny story is an example. This can be called as Mushin that isn't living. Because, one doesn't actualize what one is with this Mushin. This Mushin has danger side. This Mushin doesn't concern the thing that one really wants to do. So, in this Mushin, one isn't living.Peak Experience and Flow include both of Mushin. And, Mushin that masters has purported as the goal of Budo and Geido is just living Mushin. It is the difference of these three.

著者

アダム カール 片岡 暁夫 関根 正美 深澤 浩洋 窪田 奈希左

出版者

Japan Society for the Philosophy of Sport and Physical Education

雑誌

体育・スポーツ哲学研究 (ISSN:09155104)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.16, no.1, pp.53-63, 1994 (Released:2010-04-30)

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テーゼ1: スポーツは, 人間の達成行動の考察や観察に適したモデルである.2: 人間の達成と競争の行動は, 先天的欲求に起因し, かなり深く根付いているため, 無理に躾けることはほとんど不可能なのだが, 例えば公正という意味で訓練されるべきである (その際公正な態度への能力が先天的欲求によって与えられる).3: 順位の序列が, 達成の比較に帰せられる場合にのみ, 人間にはそれを合法的なものと認めようとする非常に強い傾向がある. それと反対に, 集団のメンバー全員の平等を要求する同じくらい強い傾向もまた存在する. 例えば, 教育政策上の妥協や達成比較による地位獲得の際の機会均等など. 達成比較の尺度は問題を孕んでいる. さらに難しいのは様々な達成の横の比較である. それに関して, 二つの視点がある. 一つはヒトの種の保存についての意義であり, もう一つは幸福のバランスについての意義である. 文句のつけようのない, しかも達成比較により修正された団体におけるメンバーの序列は, 社会生産物の分配と集団の意思決定に影響を及ぼす.4: かなり細分化された達成行動と達成動機のレベルの高さは, 文明的にも文化的にもレベルの高い集団の達成 (アトキンソン, マクレランド) とひいてはヒトの種の保存に対して, ほぼ必要不可欠な条件である. 幸福のバランスに対する達成行動の影響には, 異論の余地が残されている. 達成原理以外でなされる幸福のバランスの回復は, 通常はもしかすると, というよりはむしろ必然的に幻想に基づく性格を持つ. さらには, 幻想的性格と結び付いて現実を見失うと集団達成と種の保存が危うくなるだろう.確かに現代に横たわる困難な問題は, 自然科学と技術が規範的思惟よりも急速に発展してきたことと, 技術に規範が未だ伴っていないことに起因している. 技術文明の条件のもとでは, あらゆる人に対し人間らしい生活を保証するような, 社会構成, 行動基準, 規範の発展が求められている. 社会学, 教育学, 規範的哲学とそれらを伴う技術が精密科学の方法を受け入れ, さらに発展させるときにのみ, 現代の課題が解決されうるということは, キャセル・バイロンと私にとって明白なことである. これまで克服されてきたものすべてを困難さの点で上回る課題領域では, スポーツをモデルとした人間の達成行動に関する入念な探求が重要な位置を占めるものと私には思われる.

著者

深澤 浩洋

出版者

Japan Society for the Philosophy of Sport and Physical Education

雑誌

体育・スポーツ哲学研究 (ISSN:09155104)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.2, pp.105-110, 2006

著者

佐々木 究

出版者

Japan Society for the Philosophy of Sport and Physical Education

雑誌

体育・スポーツ哲学研究 (ISSN:09155104)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.35, no.2, pp.121-128, 2013