著者

佐保 吉一

出版者

北海道東海大学

雑誌

北海道東海大学紀要. 人文社会科学系 (ISSN:09162089)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.13, pp.119-134, 2000

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The purpose of this article is to verify the development of the Jutland Proprietors' Quarrel in 18th century Denmark and to consider the meaning of it. In Denmark in 1784,the reform-intentioned government was born and so-called "agricultural reform" had set its course. Soon major laws came out; the adjustment of the relations between landlord and farmer, to the advantage of the latter (1787), abolition of the Stavnsband (adscription) (1788), and so on. The consolidation of the farming land had gone further and already changed the scenery of the rural landscape. And two further measures that favored the peasant were the rights to trade in corn and to stallfeed oxen, which had hitherto been the exclusive privileges of the landowner. As the reform proceeded, 103 Jutland landowners in 1791 presented a petition to the Crown Prince for the abolition of the new measures as injurious to the country. "What is passed by Royal Order" retorted the Crown Prince, "cannot be changed." Later this petition was sent to the Danish Chanceller and the attorney general at that time, Christian Colbjornsen, published a critical pamphlet on the petition by the Jutland landowners. Finally, a survey committee had been set up and Colbjornsen brought a lawsuit against Luttichau, who was the one that handed the petition to the Crown Prince and criticized Colbjornsen harshly. The committee found out that there were some false signatures and Colbjornsen won the lawsuit. The Jutland landowners were defeated, which meant that the reformists won and the government acquired a confidence to go on further with the reform. In the meantime, the landowner-hating bourgoisie of Copenhagen favored the development. And there came a voice of erecting a monument in order to commemorate the introduction of these peasant reforms in the gratitude to King Christian VII. This brought the erection of the Liberty Memorial (completed in 1797). As far as the agricultural reform is concerned, the final goal was the abolition of the boonwork (hoveri) and this was the most critical issue that deprived the landowners of their social and economic power. The government was watching the development of the peasants' uprising and the landowners' response. At length government officials decided to slow down the reform by issuing some Royal Decrees that favored the landowner class. Standing in between, the position of the government became difficult and they took the course in between. And this compromising course was caused by the incident of this Jutland Proprietors' Quarrel.

著者

佐保 吉一

出版者

北海道東海大学

雑誌

北海道東海大学紀要. 人文社会科学系 (ISSN:09162089)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.18, pp.29-48, 2006-03-25

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The aim of this study is to conduct a fundamental study on the Danish Reformation, from the political point of view. Specifically there are three different phases for the process; (1) the spread of Luther's teaching (1517-33), (2) the Count's War (1534-36), (3) the promulgation of the Coronation Charter and Church Ordinance etc. (1536-50). During the first phase, Lutherism introduced into Denmark already in 1519. And gradually the doctrine of Luther spread in Denmark, especially in the towns. Frederik I passed away in April 1533. The official church policy of his was not something definite, swinging between Catholicism and Protestantism. But personally he seemed favored the Lutherism. During the second phase after the death of Frederik I, the political crisis broke out. In 1533 summer, they could not decide the next Danish king and the Rigsraad. consisting of the higher nobility and clergymen took over to govern the country. This led to the the Count' War. The town of Lubeck took the revenge. After two years, the oldest son of ex-king, Duke Christian (later Christian III) gained power and he ended the war. During the third phase, Christian III marched into Copenhagen in August 1536 and soon ordered imprisonment of 7 Catholic bishops. Christian III's victory was a prelude to the Reformation in Denmark. The Diet mettings of October 1536 agreed to the policy of the king and in 1537 the fundamental law of the new church, Church Ordinance came out. Finally the Danish translation of the Bible published in 1550. The characteristics of the Danish Reformation are; it is known as "bloodless" and conducted in a very short time, and it was a political reform from above, conducted by the initiative of the king. After the Reformation the tradition of the Apostolic Succession ceased. Looking at the process of the realization of the Danish Reformation, it is the course of the centralization of political power to the king, which led to the introduction of the absolute monarchy in 1661.

著者

佐保 吉一

出版者

東海大学文学部

雑誌

東海大学紀要. 文学部 = The bulletin of the School of Letters (ISSN:05636760)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.108, pp.55-70, 2017

著者

佐保 吉一

出版者

北海道東海大学

雑誌

北海道東海大学紀要. 人文社会科学系 (ISSN:09162089)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.11, pp.39-54, 1998

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The prurpose of this paper is to examine the policies taken during the early Danish Absolute Monarchy (1661-1671) against the nobility by using the historical sources, such as the Coronation Charter of 1648,the Patent of the nobility of 1661,The Royal Law (1665), and the Patent of the new nobility (Count and Baron, 1671). In 1660 the hereditary monarchy was established in Denmark after the strong struggle among the nobility and a few months later the absolute monarchy was peacefully introduced. Soon King Frederik III began to carry his policies against the old Danish nobility to reduce their power. First, he dissolved the council of the realm, and then he issued the Patent of June 24,1661 and reduced the rights of the nobility. Moreover The Royal Law of 1665 did not make any straight reference to the nobility, but as a whole it stressed and secured the King's absolute power. In addition the nobility lost their important privilege, the exemption of their tax on their estates. In the reign of Christian V (king : 1670-1699), two important laws were announced on the same day, May 25,1671. The first one is the Patent of the Count and the Baron, which introduced a new class of the nobility. The point is that their elevation was dependent on not their birth status, but the size of the land they owned. This measure brought equal opportunity to become new nobility and urged the social mobility later on. The other one is the decree on Ranks, which clearly sought to build a new loyal class of officials. The upper ranks were mostly consisted of members of royal family and major officers of the state. Also the new Dannebrog Order was created in 1671 to widen the authority of the King. With these three measurements we can see the mutual aim ; to create a different system of hierarchy and put those who are in favor of the absolute King into this new system. And the highest person in this system is of course, the King himself. As seen above, after the introduction of the absolute monarchy, the first two absolute Kings, Frederik III and Christian V tried to oppress the power of the old nobility ; by issuing the Patent of the nobility, introducing the new system of nobility (Count and Baron) , and composing the Royal Law. Therefore the rights of the old nobility were much more restricted than before. And the nobility even had a land tax imposed on their estates, which never was the case before 1660. The nobility lost first of all their political power in the central government and gradually could not maintain their social and economic privileges. But strangely cnough they never took a strong measure of revolt against the absolute monarchy.

著者

田中 きく代 阿河 雄二郎 竹中 興慈 横山 良 金澤 周作 佐保 吉一 田和 正孝 山 泰幸 鈴木 七美 中谷 功治 辻本 庸子 濱口 忠大 笠井 俊和

出版者

関西学院大学

雑誌

基盤研究(B)

巻号頁・発行日

2008

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本研究は、海域史の視点から18・19世紀に北大西洋に出現するワールドの構造に、文化的次元から切り込み、そこにみられた諸関係を全体として捉えるものである。海洋だけでなく、海と陸の境界の地域に、海からのまなざしを照射することで、そこに国家的な枠組みを超えた新たな共時性を映し出せるのではないか。また、海洋を渡る様々なネットワークや結節点に、境界域の小さな共同体を結びつけていくことも可能ではないか。このような着想で、共同の研究会を持ち、各々が現地調査に出た。また、最終年度に、新たなアトランティック・ヒストリーの可能性を模索する国際海洋シンポジウム「海洋ネットワークから捉える大西洋海域史」を開催した。なお、田中きく代、関西学院大学出版会、日本学術振興会科学研究費補助金基盤研究(B)研究成果報告書『18・19世紀北大西洋海域における文化空間の解体と再生-「境界域」の視点から-』を、報告書として刊行している。