著者
天野 清
出版者
日本教育心理学会
雑誌
教育心理学研究 (ISSN:00215015)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.18, no.2, pp.12-25, 1970-06
被引用文献数
5

As a preparation for making a more effective program for teaching Japanese syllabic characters to children, the auther did two preparatory experiments concerning the problem of interaction between the formation of the act of analyzing the phonemic structure of words and the learning of Japanese syllabic characters. In the first experiment, the act of children analyzing phonemic structure of words, especially to separate a word into syllables was investigated with sixty children from three to five years old. In the experiment, the children were first fiven a brief training with ten words, for example, /kuma/ ( a bear), /himawari/ (a sun-flower). /ohinasama/ (a doll), which are constructed of only Japanese fundamental syllables (V and C+V). And then their activities were tested and examined with thirty-six test words which included some words containing special kinds of Japanese syllables (long syllables, contracted ones, contracted long ones, assimilated ones and the syllabic nasal), for example, /zoo/ (an elephant), /kiNgjo/ (a golden fish), gjuunjun/ (milk) /rokeQto/ (a rocket), kabaN (a bag). In the second experiment. two kinds of tasks were given to another seventy-six pre-school children from four to six years of age. One was to discover the Japanese phoneme /ko/ in a word syllabifying it, and the other was to identify the first, the middle, and the last phoneme of a word. And the degree or level of each child's performance was examined in the relation to the degree of his acquisition of knowledge of japanese syllabic characters. In both experiments, special instruments were used. They were designed on the same principle as training pictures which D, B, El' konin and his collaborators used in their studies. The instrument used in the first experiment was constructed with a lampboard containing sixteen small white lamps in two parallel rows of eight lamps each (the upper row for model given by experimenter, the lower row for child's use) and two switch boxes (one for the child, the other for the experimenter). The switch box used by the child contained eight key-like switches in a row like those of a piano. In training the child, the experimenter first showed a picture expressing the meaning of a given word and prnounced the word slowly, pausing between syllables and turning on one lamp for each syllable he pronounced. The lamps were lit in the upper row beginning at the left-hand side of the row. And then the child was required to imitate the experimenter's act, to syllabify the word aloud switching on the same number of lamps in the lower row as the experimenter had turned on in the upper row. When the child failed to do this, the procedure was repeated again up to five times. When testing the child, the experimenter only showed a picture card, said the word it represented, and required the child to do the same as he had done during the training process. In the second experiment, the experimenter used a picture with a horizontal row of squares below it. There were as many squares as syllables in the word represented by the picture. After tarining with five words, the child was required to syllabify a word aloud putting small wooden blocks in the squares corresponding to articulated syllables, and then if his act was right, he was asked whether /ko/ was in the word, and which block corresponded to /ko/. After this task with fifteen words, he was further asked to identify the first, the middle, the last phonemes of another six words. The main findings and suggestions which were gained in these experiments are as follows : 1) All the children over four and a half years of age were found to be able to syllabify almost perfectly words containing only fundamental syllables with the help of an instrument at the material level. It means that children of this age can accept more systimatic training in the analysis of the phonemic structure of words. And considering that the training in this study was very brief, it seems likely th

1 0 0 0 量子力学史

著者
天野清著
出版者
中央公論社
巻号頁・発行日
1973
著者
天野 清
出版者
中央大学
雑誌
一般研究(B)
巻号頁・発行日
1991

(1)幼児の読み(READING)能力等の発達についての構造分析・縦断的実験調査:都内2幼稚園の年少クラス児34名(調査開始時年齢範囲3:4〜4:2)を対象にかな文字の読みの習得に関する調査を、4カ月間隔で6回実施し、約2年間追跡したが、その結果、以下の知見が得られた。(1)幼児のかな文字習得は、早い子は3歳後半期から、多くは4歳前半期から習得し始め、その多く(73.5%)は、年中クラス末までに基本音節文字のほとんどを読める状態になるが、その過程には顕著な個人差が認められる。(2)音節分析の発達は、かな文字の読みの習得に先行して発達し、かな文字の読みの習得を条件付けている。(3)順序性の理解の発達は、音節抽出の発達に先行した進み、音節抽出が一般化する段階で、言語的水準に達する。(4)幼児の音節分析、かな文字の読みの習得の時期、進行を大きく条件付けている要因は、語彙能力(語彙発達指数)である。(2)語、文の読み方の構造と発達過程についての実験的分析:語・文の読みテスト及び語の読み過程の音声と下唇の運動を測定する特殊な実験装置で、調べた結果、以下の知見が得られた。(1)幼児は、かな文字の読みの習得に応じて、語・文を読み・理解できるようになり、3歳代からかな文字を読み始めた幼児の1部は、年中クラス期末に、小学1学年担当の文章を読み・理解できる水準に達する。(2)文の読み方の発達テンポは非常に緩慢で、一部の幼児は、年中クラス期末までに、単語読みの段階に達するが多くは逐字読みの段階に留まる。(3)子どもの語の読み・理解過程は、(a)逐字的な音読、(b)つぶやき、(c)下唇のわずかな運動、(d)黙読による分析の4種の分析過程があり、それらの分析諸形式と総合過程としての単語読み及び逐字読みとが結合した形式で進行している。(4)(3)の事実から、幼児の語の読みの発達は、(1)分析過程が前面に出た逐字読み(第1次逐字読み)の段階から、(2)総合過程の色彩をもつ逐字読みが前面に出た第2次の逐字読みの段階を経て、(3)単語読みの段階に至ると仮説することができた。