著者

加藤 謙一 宮丸 凱史 松元 剛

出版者

社団法人日本体育学会

雑誌

体育學研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.46, no.2, pp.179-194, 2001-03-10

被引用文献数

3

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A study was conducted to investigate the characteristics of sprint motion in top-ranking elementary school sprinters. The subjects were 10 first-class elementary school sprinters (sprinter group), and 31 standard elementary school children (control group), all aged 12 years. Measurements were performed for sprint speed, step frequency, step length, and sprint motion in terms of angular kinematics for both groups. In addition, the isokinetic peak torques at 60 and 180 deg/s were analyzed. The results obtained were as follows: The mean values of body height and mass were larger for the sprinter group than for the control group. Isokinetic peak torques during knee extension and flexion (angular velocity; 60, 180deg/s) were greater for the sprinter group than for the control group. The sprint speed, step length, and step frequency of the sprinter group were significantly greater than those of the control group. On the other hand, the support time of the sprinter group was significantly shorter than that of the control group. The relationship between sprint speed and sprint motion in the sprinter group was as follows: The maximal thigh lift angle (θT) showed a negative correlation (r = - 0.369) with sprint speed, and the ankle joint angle at the moment of foot contact (θA-on; r = - 0.619) and the minimal angle of the ankle joint during the foot contact phase (θA-min; r = - 0.372) showed a negative correlation with sprint speed. However, the maximal extension velocity of the ankle joint (ωA) showed a positive correlation (r = 0.326) with sprint speed. Although sprint motion in the sprinter group showed specific features, the correlation between sprint speed and sprint motion was not significant in either group. In particular, positively and negativity were contrary in the relation between θA-on, θA-min and ωA and sprint speed in the sprinter group, compared with the correlations in adult sprinters. The relationship between sprint speed and sprint motion showed that sprint motion in the sprinter group was not always similar to that in adult sprinters.

著者

宮田 浩文 山崎 三佐紀 佐渡山 亜兵 勝田 茂 宮丸 凱史

出版者

日本体力医学会

雑誌

体力科學 (ISSN:0039906X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, no.5, pp.287-288, 1987-10-01

著者

中村 和彦 武長 理栄 川路 昌寛 川添 公仁 篠原 俊明 山本 敏之 山縣 然太朗 宮丸 凱史

出版者

日本発育発達学会

雑誌

発育発達研究 (ISSN:13408682)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2011, no.51, pp.51_1-51_18, 2011 (Released:2011-08-20)

参考文献数

34

被引用文献数

5 4

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Introduction : Many studies on motor development in young children have been done using quantitative data obtained from motor performance tests. To understand motor development in young children, the development of the actual motor pattern producing the performance should be investigated and evaluated. The purposes of this study were to examine the development of seven different fundamental motor patterns (patterns of running, jumping, throwing, catching, ball bouncing, forward rolling, and moving on a balance beam) using an observational evaluation method, and to compare the acquisition situations of the fundamental motor patterns of young children in the recent year and in 1985.Method : The subjects were 154children (81boys and 73girls) from three to five years of age in 2007, and 123children (59boys and 64girls) in 1985. Their fundamental movements were recorded by video camera and evaluated by an observational method using five typical developmental stages of the motor patterns in each movement. Based on the results of analysis of these seven fundamental motor patterns, an index to understand the development of fundamental movement in early childhood overall was established as a “motor pattern development score”.Results : It was shown that the motor patterns of the seven fundamental movements in recent young children remained at an immature movement development stage, such as pattern 1 and pattern 2. A significant increase was seen with age in both the individual motor pattern scores for the seven movements and the motor pattern development score. Moreover, it was shown that the motor pattern scores of resent young children were below the scores of young children in 1985 in the seven kinds of movements in both boys and girls.Conclusion : The results of this study, showed that the acquisition of the fundamental motor patterns in resent young children was at a lower developmental stage than that of young children in 1985. It was also shown that the acquisition of fundamental movements in resent five-years-olds was similar to that of three-years-olds in 1985.

著者

加藤 謙一 山中 任広 宮丸 凱史 阿江 通良

出版者

社団法人日本体育学会

雑誌

体育學研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, no.3, pp.291-304, 1992-12-01

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The purpose of this study was to investigate cross-sectionally the development of running speed, step frequency, step length, running form, and maximal anaerobic power (MAnP) in high school boys. Subjects were 134 high school boys ranging from fifteen to seventeen years of age. They participated in power tests including the 50 m dash, maximal bicycle pedalling, vertical jump and long jump. They were videotaped during the 50 m dash to analyze their running form.Variables analyzed were: 1) 50 m running time, running speed, step frequency and step length, 2)step time, support time and non-support time, 3) path of the whole body center of gravity (CG),4)maximal anaerobic power, vertical jump, and long jump. The results were summarized as follows; 1. The running time for 50 m decreased from 7.44 s to 7;14 s with age. Running speed increased from 7.70 m/s to 8.00 m/s with age. Step frequency increased, while step length and step length/body height ratio showed no significant change. The increase in running speed resulted, therefore, from the increase in step frequency rather than the step length. 2. MAnP increased from 766.0 W to 823.6 W with age, but no noticeable change occurred in the MAnP/body weight. 3. At each age, significant correlations were found between step frequency, step length,and step length/body height except step length/body height of fifteen year old boys. Furthermore, running speed and variables for physical fitness such as MAnP showed significant correlations. Running speed and MAnP/body weight showed a significant correlation for each age group. 4. The relationship between running speed and the CG motion indicated that it was important to shorten support time, increase step frequency and reduce the bouncing motion of the CG in order to improve running speed. The relationship between running speed and the motion of the lower limbs suggested that motion of the toe relative to the hip during support phase, forward motion of the free leg and backward swing motion of the toe prior to foot contact at high speed help to improve running speed. 5. Based on the averages and the standard deviations of variables examined for each age group, running performance was classified into five categories. Averages of step frequency, step length, step length/body height, MAnP/body weight, vertical jump and long jump for the categories were listed in Table 6. This will be useful to evaluate the running performance of students and teach sprint running in physical education classes.