著者

山内 暁子

出版者

京都大学大学院文学研究科

雑誌

西洋古代史研究 = Acta academiae antiquitatis Kiotoensis (ISSN:13468405)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.12, pp.43-53, 2012-12-01

著者

山内 暁彦

出版者

徳島大学

雑誌

言語文化研究 (ISSN:13405632)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.23, pp.17-42, 2015-12

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This essay examines the role of the raven Moses and the solicitor Mr Whymper inGeorge Orwell's Animal Farm, focusing particularly on the change of animal languagefrom mere bleating or grunting to the human language English. Moses is seen asrepresenting the religious situation on the farm, with attention paid to the historicaland mythological background of crows, rooks and ravens, birds that have beenconsidered to be gloomy and sinister since Aesop. There is mention of ravens'remarkable ability to mimic human voice and how Poe's "The Raven" and Grip inDickens' Barnaby Rudge influence Orwell's characterization of Moses, whosupposedly speaks English after coming back to the farm. Mr Whymper is viewed asan intermediary between the farm and the outside world, showing how Orwell avoidedspoken language in order to suggest that human beings cannot possibly speak toanimals. The impact of the description that some pigs, including the leader Napoleon,speak English, wear clothes and stand upright while holding a whip in their trotters isseen as the result that Whymper's role is not merely in trading but also in concealingthe pigs' gradual transformation from beasts to humans.

著者

山内 暁彦

出版者

徳島大学英語英文学会

雑誌

Hyperion (ISSN:18840515)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.59, pp.15-32, 2013

著者

山内 暁彦

出版者

徳島大学

雑誌

言語文化研究 (ISSN:13405632)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.18, pp.17-36[含 英語文要旨], 2010-12

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The element of satire can be seen in various genres of literature, including fantasy. Peter Pan in Kensington Gardens,written by James Mathew Barry,is a fantasy that has elements of satire.In particular,the chapter of 'The Thrush's Nest'has many examples of satiric descriptions, most of which seem to be very easy to understand,even for children. Solomon Caw has a mania for collecting useless things that is peculiar to the elderly. Those who are born in 'The Sparrows' Year' puff and blow as if they think they are bigger than they really are.In Peter Pan in Kensington Gardens,a house is built by fairies for a little girl called Maimie. In Alice's Adventures in Wonderland,Alice enters the White Rabbit's house. In Gulliver's Travels,a temple serves as Gulliver's lodging in Lilliput. All of these houses are very small for Maimie,Alice and Gulliver.The small size and coziness of these houses represent children's preference for a small spot. However,the three houses are quite different because of the difference of the nature of these novels. Maimie'shouse in Peter Pan in Kensington Gardens is a gift from the fairies,who have affection for the girl. The whole scene is abundant with poetic sentiment.The White Rabbit's house is a mere setting for Alice's activity. She strugglesin the house growing bigger and smaller in Wonderland and she escapes from it to continue her adventure. Gulliver's house in Lilliput,which is usually identified with Westminster Hall in London,shows that the politics and society in England is satirized throughout"the Voyageto Lilliput".Because fantasy is opposite to reality, and satire deals with various issues in reality, fantasy is hardly affiliated with satire in general. Hence it seems to be an exceptional case that the chapter of 'The Thrush's Nest' has many examples of satire. The biggest satirical point in Peter Pan in Kensington Gardens is the very existence of fairies who never do anything useful,because everybody in the real world struggles to live a life seeking usefulness. Amongst other literary genres fantasy may have the biggest possibility of being a satire of the real world.

著者

山内 暁彦

出版者

徳島大学

雑誌

言語文化研究 (ISSN:13405632)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.22, pp.19-44, 2014-12

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This essay examines some of the animal characters, especially pigs and horses, in Animal Farm: A Fairy Story by George Orwell. Attention is paid to problems experienced by animals in the beast fable. For example, while pigs cannot stand or talk, they use trotters as hands and direct other animals to be laborious. The pigs behave like humans throughout the story and eventually cannot be distinguished from people, showing criticism of the failed revolution. There is consideration of how the transformation of pigs and other animals was derived from conventional fables and fantasy, including Nursery Rhymes and Beatrix Potter's Pigling Bland. The rational Houyhnhnms in Gulliver's Travels are seen as precedents of the clever pigs since Orwell puts pigs in the position of the ruling class animals to criticize their nastiness. The simple and overworking carthorse Boxer represents working class people in that he is so devoted to the farm and to Napoleon and he serves as a role model for other subservient animals. Unfortunately, Boxer lacks the memory and reasoning of Houyhnhnms. The difference in abilities of speech and manipulation between pigs and horses is essential in determining their position on the farm and these animal characters are skillfully created for the sake of Orwell's satire against totalitarianism and tyrannical dictators in general.

著者

栗原 麻子 桑山 由文 井上 文則 小林 功 山内 暁子 佐野 光宣 中尾 恭三 南雲 泰輔

出版者

大阪大学

雑誌

基盤研究(B)

巻号頁・発行日

2006

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ギリシア、ローマそしてビザンツにおける宗教・政治儀礼と政治体制との関係性を共通のテーマとして、個別・具体的な事例研究をおこなった。政治史的な事実と宗教儀礼とを結びつける際の危うさ踏まえたうえで、法と儀礼の相互関連性、パン・ヘレニックな祭祀拡大におけるポリス社会の関与、ビザンツ皇帝の即位における都市民衆の儀礼的関与といった具体的な個別事例について、シンポジウムで公開し、比較・検討をおこなった。

著者

山内 暁

出版者

ミロク情報サービス

雑誌

Monthly report

巻号頁・発行日

no.69, pp.45-55, 2014-10-01

著者

山内 暁彦

出版者

徳島大学

雑誌

Hyperion (ISSN:18840515)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.54, pp.9-19, 2008

著者

山内 暁

出版者

多摩大学

雑誌

経営・情報研究 : 多摩大学研究紀要 (ISSN:13429507)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.13, pp.39-50, 2009

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本研究ノートは、日本企業の知的財産情報の開示状況(2004年開示から2007年開示)について、特にその開示媒体および知的財産報告書の分量と構成に焦点をあてて整理・分析している。知的財産情報の開示は、2004年1月に経済産業省から公表された「知的財産情報開示指針」において推奨されている。しかし現在、実際にそのような開示を行なっている企業はそれほど多いとはいえない状況にある。本研究において、少ないながらも知的財産情報の開示を行なっている企業の情報を比較してみると、開示媒体や開示項目にバラツキがみられ、それらの情報の比較可能性は高いとはいえない状況にあることが判明した。

著者

山内 暁彦

出版者

徳島大学

雑誌

言語文化研究 (ISSN:13405632)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.4, pp.1-36, 1997-02-20

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A Voyage to Lilliput, part one of Gulliver's Travels, contains three 'documents'; the 'Inventory' of Gulliver's belongings, the 'Instrument' of the conditions for his liberty, and the 'Articles of Impeachment'. According to the whole setting of the book, we may suppose that Gulliver incorporated these documents that had been written by others in the Lilliputian language into his Voyage. The documents are very conspicuous on the pages of the text because of their different form and style. We can imagine the whole process concerning the incorporation of them provided that we make some efforts to compensate some contradictions in the narrative. When reading, we can appreciate the story through paying attention to the details of the narrative, especially to the element of humour that is remarkable on the surface of the work. One of the most fascinating ways of reading the Voyage is to suppose the Lilliputian documents are composed according to their peculiar manner of writing, to write letters aslant from one corner of the paper to the other. This is imitated in the letter from Mrs Howard, who understood the element of humour of the Voyage. Lilliput is a country that is dominated by law. There is a close relationship between the legal documents and Gulliver's fate. In particular, the affair concerning Blefuscu greatly affects his fate. Gulliver's obligation to fight with Blefuscu is stipulated in the 'Instrument'. His refusal of the emperor's command to conquer Blefuscu is pointed as evidence in the 'Impeachment'. From the view-point of Gulliver's fate, which is determined by these legal documents, we can identify a coherence in the narrative of A Voyage to Lilliput.

著者

山内 暁彦

出版者

徳島大学

雑誌

言語文化研究 (ISSN:13405632)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.10, pp.1-33, 2003-02

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There are many mysteries in the details of Gulliver's Travels. It seems that the description of the stage on which Gulliver let the Liliputian horses exercise is erroneous concerning its structure and size. But if we make thorough consideration, we can find out that Swift's description is rather correct. To make the stage we should put the sticks in the ground and make them slant a little, though this is not indicated clearly by the author. Also we can make use of the mysterious ninth stick at the centre of the whole structure as a support of the handkerchief. Though the stage can actually be built from Gulliver's handkerchief and thirteen sticks, it is still impossible to let the troop of twenty-four horses manuever on it when we adhere to the scale of 1 to 12. The field is too small for the cavalry. We need to interpret the latter half of the episode differently by means of a sur-realistic method. The episode resembles a Japanese rakugo-story, called 'Atama-Yama,' which means 'Head Hill.' In this fantastic story a man grows a cherry tree on his head and bewilderingly it is on his head too that many people gather to see the blossoms. The man's head and the crowd in 'Atama-Yama' correspond to the handkerchief and the horses in Gulliver's Travels. Behind the episode of the exercise on the handkerchief we can discover many points of significance. For example, the handkerchief probably means the Union Jack which represents the Union of England and Scotland accomplished by Queen Anne in 1707. We may assume that, as is demonstrated in this episode, there are numerous possible interpretations of many details in Gulliver's Travels.