著者
山口 建治 ヤマグチ ケンジ
出版者
神奈川大学日本常民文化研究所非文字資料研究センター
雑誌
非文字資料研究 = The study of nonwritten cultural materials (ISSN:24325481)
巻号頁・発行日
no.17, pp.1-20, 2019-03-20

八坂神社や津島神社の祭神であった牛頭天王は、最初期には「五頭天王」とも称されていた。筆者はこれまで、この「五頭天王」は中国民間の五道大神(五道神、五道将軍とも称される)が日本に伝来した後の別称ではないかと指摘してきた。それはおもにゴトウ(五頭)、ゴズ(牛頭)というコトバの音声の類似性と神格の類似性に基づく仮説であった。ところが最近、滋賀県琵琶湖北岸の塩津港遺跡から発掘された大型木簡のうち、「五頭天王」と「五道大神」の両方がともに記されている一つの木簡があることに気づいた。 五道大神は今日の日本ではほとんど顧みられることのない、かつて日本に伝来してきたことすら忘れさられている中国の民間神である。しかし日本の密教仏典に照らしてみると、11~13世紀のころにさかんに行われた焔魔天(密教では閻魔をこのように称す)の修法のなかで重要な役を演じた神であり、それゆえとくに秘匿を要する神であったことがわかる。10世紀のころまで疫神として人々に崇められてきた「祇園の天神」が、本来どういう神であったかを明確に指摘した人はいないが、五道大神は密教では天部の神、仏法の守護神であり、まさに「祇園の天神」と称されるにふさわしい。11世紀のころ、この五道大神と入れ替わるように牛頭天王が文献上にも顕在化してくる。密教僧は、祇園神= 五道大神を秘匿する代償として、いわばその身代わりに、新たな祇園神= 五頭天王(のちに牛頭天王)を創出する必要があった、と考えられるのである。 小論は、塩津港遺跡起請文札のうちのある一つの木簡に、上界の神「五道大神」と王城鎮守の祇園「五頭天王」の両方がそろって記されていることの意味を読み解き、中国民間の五道大神が牛頭天王にすり替わる、その神格誕生の秘密の経緯をあらためて明らかにし、識者のご批評を仰ごうとするものである。
著者
山口 建治 Yamaguchi Kenji
出版者
神奈川大学日本常民文化研究所 非文字資料研究センター
雑誌
年報 非文字資料研究 第9号 (ISSN:18839169)
巻号頁・発行日
no.9, pp.1-18, 2013-03-20

The Chinese character 鬼 came to be read “oni” in Japan when worship of the five chief demons of pestilence, 五瘟神, symbolizing the spirits of five people who died tragic deaths that came to be venerated as a guardian spirit to protect people from misfortune and harm like plagues, was introduced to Japan from China around the 8th century. The Chinese 瘟, “uən” changed to “oni” in Japan. Based on this theory, this paper will look at the relationship between Japanese ogres and two mythological spirits ― onryo(grudgebearing spirits) and goryo(evil spirits) ―both of which became known between the 8th and 9th centuries with reference to materials from the Heian Period. First, how the concept of the five chief demons of pestilence was formed amid the development of a folk ritual to drive away devils and diseases will be introduced. Second, the following five pieces of evidence that suggest that the demons were brought from China to Japan will be discussed in detail. (1) According to the dictionary compiled in the Heian Period titled Wamyosho, 瘧鬼 (gyakuki) was defined as “the spirit or ogre of pestilence,” whereas it was 瘟鬼 in the original. (2) In Manyoshu, or The Collection of Ten Thousand Leaves, the 鬼 that appears in a foreword written in Chinese seems to refer to the spirit of pestilence. (3) Ogres mentioned in Nihon Ryoiki, or The Miraculous Stories from the Japanese Buddhist Tradition, are either 疫神 or 疫鬼, meaning the spirit or ogre of pestilence, which are other names for 瘟神 or 瘟鬼 respectively. (4) A ritual to drive away the spirit of pestilence that often took place in the 8th and 9th centuries was actually meant for 怨霊( grudge-bearing spirits). These characters were read “oni ryau,” and the word was a synonym of “oni.” (5) 御霊社 was originally written 五霊社, which meant “a shrine to worship the five chief demons of pestilence from China.” From these proofs, it has been concluded that the ritual for onryo and goryo in the Heian Period was to worship oni and that it was a variation of the original Chinese version.
著者
山口 建治 Yamaguchi Kenji
出版者
神奈川大学日本常民文化研究所 非文字資料研究センター
雑誌
年報非文字資料研究 (ISSN:18839169)
巻号頁・発行日
no.10, pp.217-232, 2014-03

The author has been claiming that worship of the demon of pestilence and related folk rituals developed in the 6th or 7th century among ordinary Chinese people and were introduced to Japan, giving rise to the word 鬼(oni). Based on this theory, the author published a paper titled "Formation of the Demon of Pestilence and its Influence in Japan" in the previous issue. It concluded that the ancient worship of onryo (grudge-bearing spirits) and goryo(evil spirits) in Japan was a variation of the original Chinese version. In this paper, how the concept of the demon of pestilence was formed between the Northern and Southern Dynasties and the Tang Dynasty will be specifically traced back, in light of Daoism and the Buddhist scriptures. Moreover, this paper will examine how the origin of the concept relates to the word goryo written for the first time ever in two works by Japanese Buddhist monk Saichō ― Chōkō Konkōmyōkyō Eshiki 『長講金光明経会式』(A program for a Long Recitation of the Sutra of Golden Light) and Chōkō Ninnō Hannyakyō Eshiki 『長講仁王若経会式』(A program for a Long Recitation of the Benevolent King Sutra).論文
著者
山口 建治
出版者
神奈川大学
雑誌
人文研究 (ISSN:02877074)
巻号頁・発行日
no.155, pp.45-58, 2005
著者
山口 建治 Yamaguchi Kenji
出版者
神奈川大学日本常民文化研究所 非文字資料研究センター
雑誌
年報非文字資料研究 (ISSN:18839169)
巻号頁・発行日
no.9, pp.1-18, 2013-03

The Chinese character 鬼 came to be read "oni" in Japan when worship of the five chief demons of pestilence, 五瘟神, symbolizing the spirits of five people who died tragic deaths that came to be venerated as a guardian spirit to protect people from misfortune and harm like plagues, was introduced to Japan from China around the 8th century. The Chinese 瘟, "uən" changed to "oni" in Japan. Based on this theory, this paper will look at the relationship between Japanese ogres and two mythological spirits ― onryo(grudgebearing spirits) and goryo(evil spirits) ―both of which became known between the 8th and 9th centuries with reference to materials from the Heian Period. First, how the concept of the five chief demons of pestilence was formed amid the development of a folk ritual to drive away devils and diseases will be introduced. Second, the following five pieces of evidence that suggest that the demons were brought from China to Japan will be discussed in detail. (1) According to the dictionary compiled in the Heian Period titled Wamyosho, 瘧鬼 (gyakuki) was defined as "the spirit or ogre of pestilence," whereas it was 瘟鬼 in the original. (2) In Manyoshu, or The Collection of Ten Thousand Leaves, the 鬼 that appears in a foreword written in Chinese seems to refer to the spirit of pestilence. (3) Ogres mentioned in Nihon Ryoiki, or The Miraculous Stories from the Japanese Buddhist Tradition, are either 疫神 or 疫鬼, meaning the spirit or ogre of pestilence, which are other names for 瘟神 or 瘟鬼 respectively. (4) A ritual to drive away the spirit of pestilence that often took place in the 8th and 9th centuries was actually meant for 怨霊( grudge-bearing spirits). These characters were read "oni ryau," and the word was a synonym of "oni." (5) 御霊社 was originally written 五霊社, which meant "a shrine to worship the five chief demons of pestilence from China." From these proofs, it has been concluded that the ritual for onryo and goryo in the Heian Period was to worship oni and that it was a variation of the original Chinese version.論文