著者

牛島 朗 菊地 成朋

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.87, no.799, pp.1720-1730, 2022-09-01 (Released:2022-09-01)

参考文献数

17

被引用文献数

1

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The aim of this study is to make clear the spatial composition and formative process of reclaimed villages by a case study on Kojo Shinden. The reclamation work of Kojo Shinden was performed in the end of early-modern times whereby, large-scale latticed arable land was developed. After that, the characteristic arable land units were distributed by unique process. In this paper, we attempt to clarify the formative process of reclaimed villages on Kojo Shinden, therefore, we analyzed the process of setting down and standardized arable land subdivision. As a result, we revealed the individual character of the dispersed settlements.

著者

楊 丹 中園 眞人 牛島 朗

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.83, no.744, pp.209-218, 2018 (Released:2018-02-28)

被引用文献数

3 2

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Through collecting and arranging the historical and archaeological data about Manchu residence in Northeast China, this paper aims to analyze the evolution process of Manchu residence form(primitive cave dwelling, semi- subterranean dwelling, above-ground-Courtyard Residence) and heating(stove-Huodilong-original Kang-Wanzi Kang). China's Manchu and their ancestors have three times to rise, the sphere expands, agriculture develops, and communication with other ethnic groups deepens, so they also have three times quantum leap in residence form. The first time is that the residence form evolves from primitive cave dwelling into semi- subterranean dwelling. Sushen and Yilou people's building technology was lower and they had to live in deep cave to endure cold. In 5-10 century, Wuji and Mohe people began to widely use pillars to support beam and their technology for building roofs was also more mature, the depth of the cave also became shallower, and the semi-underground residence was formed. And at this time the heating method evolved from primitive stove into Huodilong that the shape was “┓”and it had one narrow flue to connect stove and smoke vent. The second time is that the residence form evolves from semi-subterranean dwelling into above-ground. In 10-12 century, the Jin Dynasty, Jurchen people's heating method had been greatly improved, it evolved from Huodilong which had only one flue into primitive Kang which had three or four flues. Primitive Kang solved the heating problem and it was a necessary condition for Jurchen people to build the above-ground dwelling. Besides, Jurchen people mastered the construction method that how to build the roof on the vertical wall, so they had the technical conditions for building the above-ground dwelling. The third time is that the residence eventually evolves into the courtyard form. In late 16th century-early 17th century, the later Jin Dynasty, Jurchen people's sphere was expanded and the residential culture was influenced by the Han-nationality, the 2-span's residence appeared that the bedroom and kitchen was separated by wall. After that, the building scale was expanded and the 3-span's residence which called Pocket room generally appeared. And then, in the bedroom, three sides (south, west and norths) were built Wanzi Kang and the Wosaku was hanged on the west wall which preserved genealogy and ancestors' portraits, the Kuahai chimney stood beside the west gable wall. They constitute the characteristics of Manchu residence. Qing army entered the Central Plains in the mid-17th century, the east-west symmetrical residence type appeared that had one kitchen and two bedrooms. But because the west room was the Manchu people's important place for religious activities and it needed larger area, so the 4-span's residence appeared. Since the 19th century with the raise of Manchu economic and social status, the building scale expanded again, Manchu people generally built the symmetrical 5-span's residence which liked the Han's. And most of middle-class and upper-middle-class Manchu people imitated the Han's residence style to build three-section-compound and Siheyuan. Generally, the west-wing-room is warehouse and the east-wing-room is stored food, if family is big, the west-wing-room is also used to live.

著者

牛島 朗 菊地 成朋

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.73, no.632, pp.2125-2130, 2008-10-30 (Released:2009-10-28)

参考文献数

13

被引用文献数

2

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The aim of this study is to make clear the spatial composition and formative process of reclaimed villages by a case study on Ryokai Area facing the Ariake Coast in Yanagawa City. On the Ariake Coast, there are a lot of reclaimed villages located on the same geographical condition, but shapes of these villages are many and various. We attempt to clarify a primary factor of the variety of reclaimed villages, therefore we analyzed the relationship between process of reclamation works and village composition on Ryokai Area. As a result we realized a cause and effect relationship among several factors technical development,agricultural policy and dwelling system.

著者

菊地 成朋 牛島 朗 天満 類子 赤田 心太

出版者

一般財団法人 住総研

雑誌

住総研研究論文集・実践研究報告集 (ISSN:2433801X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.45, pp.199-208, 2019

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「茅葺きの補修を自らの手で行い,地域システムとしての再生をめざす」 福岡県うきは市の新川田篭地区には茅葺き民家が数多く残っているが,それらの多くは持続の困難に直面している。そのような茅葺きの空家を使って,素人による茅屋根の補修を試みる活動を行なった。専門家に助言をもらいながら,茅葺きの道具づくり,茅材の調達,技術習得と実践,集落住民らとの茅葺きワークショップを実施し,その過程を記録することで,非専門家がどこまで茅葺き工事に参与できるのかを検証した。それによって,かなりの作業を担える可能性が確認できたが,同時に想定していなかった課題も見出された。今後は,地区内での茅場再生にも取り組み,地域循環的な営みとして茅葺きが行われることを目指し,活動を続ける予定である。

著者

細田 智久 中園 眞人 三谷 亮太 牛島 朗 下倉 玲子

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.82, no.736, pp.1445-1454, 2017

被引用文献数

9

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&nbsp;1. Introduction<br>&nbsp;After World War II, new junior high schools were established in many municipalities by the reform of the school education system. Later, at the time of implementing the municipal merger of Showa, many of these new junior high schools were consolidated.<br>&nbsp;2. Purpose<br>&nbsp;This paper addresses the reorganization process of public junior high schools in the Tottori Prefecture. This paper considers that the local government finished the consolidation of junior high schools in the first half of the 1970s and organized a new junior high establishment status that were implemented in 1947. This paper aims to clarify the relationship between the municipal merger and the consolidation of junior high schools in Showa in each municipality since 1953.<br>&nbsp;3. Conclusion<br>&nbsp;After World War II, the Tottori Prefecture had many municipalities compared to the expected number for its resident population, and many small new junior high schools were founded in 1947. In 1950, the Prefecture Board of Education established the "junior high school maintenance strengthening of the principle matters, " which included the policy of establishing joint junior high schools that are shared by several small municipalities. The "junior high school maintenance strengthening promotion committee" determined and encouraged the amalgamation for 22 junior high schools. However, after enforcing the Municipal Merger Promotion Law of 1953, small-scale municipalities were themselves amalgamated as a result of a recommendation based on a merger plan encouraging prefecture governments. There was little relationship between the recommended municipal areas and the catchment area of joint junior high schools, and recommendations regarding municipal mergers were prioritized. Therefore, the "Five-Year School Reorganization Plan" of 1954 proposed the junior high school reorganization policies that were considered the future municipal mergers.<br>&nbsp;Of the 36 municipalities that negotiated the merger agreement at the time of merging of Showa, 21 municipalities promoted the amalgamation of junior high schools in the first half of the 1970s, became each town 1 junior high school. The result of the municipal merger of Showa had a major impact on the timing and scope of the reorganization of junior high schools. In particular, nine municipalities that wrote amalgamation of the future in merger agreement amalgamated junior high school of all municipalities during 1956-1964, became each town 1 junior high school. In this way, the towns and villages section became the basically format of each municipality 1 junior high school that was restructured school by the municipal merger.<br>&nbsp;At that time, the Tottori Prefectural Board of Education urged the amalgamation of different schools into one school that can be shared by more than one municipality. A consolidation of junior high schools was completed in the early stages of the 1970s. Since then, the operation of junior high schools has been stable for over 40 years.