著者

藤井 陽一

出版者

ロシア・東欧学会

雑誌

ロシア・東欧研究 (ISSN:13486497)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2015, no.44, pp.70-86, 2015 (Released:2017-08-18)

参考文献数

69

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This article is devoted to examining the formation of Soviet bioethics since the 1970s by focusing on the activities and viewpoints of Ivan Frolov, who played a prominent role in laying the ground-work for this interdisciplinary study, and who would later become an adviser to the General Secretary of the CPSU in the Gorbachev era. In doing so, this paper aims to demonstrate the differences between the Soviet bioethics and that of the Western school of thought, as well as to identify the shortcomings of Frolov’s attempt to establish the field in the USSR. Soon after Trofim Lysenko’s group lost its power in the Soviet academic community in 1964, not only the field of genetics but also eugenics were resurrected with a new look supported by leading-edge molecular biological and genetic engineering; which had hitherto been developed mainly in the West. In 1970, the Soviet journal “Questions of Philosophy” held a round-table discussion chaired by Frolov with the title “Human Genetics, and its Philosophical, Social-Ethical Problems”. There an embryologist, a general geneticist, a demographer, as well as an ethicist and philosophers argued over the social-ethical aspects of science, especially in regard to gene manipulation and neo-eugenics. Today this round-table is regarded as the main origin of the Soviet, —and later— Russian bioethics. Since the 1970s, influenced by a global trend towards regulating recombinant DNA experiments, and opposition to human enhancement, Frolov published his works. These introduced the new world currents in genetic engineering and neo-eugenics; criticised human enhancement from the Marxist paradigm of the “new human”, whose personality must be developed all-roundly; supported the Western scholars, who were struggling against neo-eugenics; and appealed for the necessity of an international approach to controlling biology and genetics. At the same time, the Soviet bio-philosopher developed networks of contacts within UNESCO alongside US bioethics institutes, and gave presentations on the socio-ethical aspects of genome science for those foreign associates. Since the middle of the 1980s until the 1990s, Frolov made attempts to get Soviet bioethics recognised by his Western counterparts, by forming a panel of experts engaged in bioethics in various areas. As a result, Soviet bioethics, based on talks among biologists, doctors, philosophers, lawyers, in addition to an Orthodox priest, was established at the end of 1980s. In April of 1991, the Soviet national bioethics committee was established in the Soviet Academy of Sciences in the wake of Frolov’s appeal to the Presidium. In May, the International Meeting on Bioethics and the Social Consequences of Biomedical Research was held in Moscow under the auspices of UNESCO. Therefore, it is indeed clear that Frolov contributed to the foundation of bioethics in the Soviet academic community, but he failed in his moral obligation to develop an interest in bioethics amongst the general public, and to involve them in the debate, whereas in the West national debates centring on bioethics had been flourishing since the 1970s. The result of Frolov’s ignorance was evident in a 1993 survey, which demonstrated broad support for neo-eugenic treatments by the Russian populace. Now Boris Yudin, Frolov’s successor, highlights the importance of familiarising oneself with this theme and inspiring popular debate on the topic through mass media and education.

著者

藤井 陽一郎

出版者

日本測地学会

雑誌

測地学会誌 (ISSN:00380830)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.23, no.2, pp.74-81, 1977-09-25 (Released:2010-09-07)

参考文献数

9

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Most of abrupt coastal upheaval associated with earthquake are interpreted as result of reverse faulting with low dip angle. The results of levelling suggest a possibility that seismic crustal upheaval along the coast of Sanriku, northeast Japan, were associated with the 1933 Sanriku-oki earthquake with magnitude 8 .3, although the earthquake is normal faulting on the Japan trench. In order to test whether the earthquake could have given coastal upheaval or not, crustal movements are calculated with the following fault parameters for the 1933 Sanriku-oki earthquake;Strike of fault N3°ELength of fault 300 kmWidth of fault 100 kmDip angle 45°Normal slip 6.6 m The results show a 4-6 cm seismic upheaval along the Sanriku coast and horizontal crustal strain with 2-4×10-6 in the east and middle part of northeast Japan . This normal faulting of the 1933 earthquake gave additional crustal strain and would be a trigger of some geophysical phenomena such as earthquake swarms or occurrence of deep earthquakes.

著者

奥山 治美 市川 祐子 藤井 陽一

出版者

名古屋市立大学

雑誌

基盤研究(B)

巻号頁・発行日

2001

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炎症性疾患はアレルギー症、多種の癌の他、多くの難治性疾患を含み、わが国では過去半世紀の間に発症率が著増している。これらの発症、病態の進展に持続性炎症が重要な因子となっている。本研究では、摂取油脂のリノール酸(n-6)系/α-リノレン酸(n-3)系の比を下げることによって脂質性炎症メディエーターの産生を抑え、これら炎症性疾患が予防できる可能性を基礎的、臨床的に評価した。【アレルギー過敏症の体質改善】動物実験ではn-6/n-3比の低い紫蘇油が、この比の高い紅花油に比べ脂質性炎症メディエーター産生を低下させることを明らかにした。臨床的にはアトピー性患者(76名)を対象に、n-6/n-3比を低くする食物を推奨した。2年追跡時で皮膚炎症状が著しく改善し、血清脂質のn-6/n-3比の低下に伴う好酸球の減少が認められた。約半数が3年まで受診したが喘息併発者が多く、n-6/n-3比と好酸球数が元に戻る傾向が認められたが、皮膚炎症状は改善したままであった(共同研究)。【腫瘍再発予防】動物実験ではn-6/n-3比の低い紫蘇油がこの比の高い紅花油に比べ、大腸癌、乳癌、腎臓癌などの化学発癌を抑えること、腹水肝癌の肺転移を抑えることを明らかにしていた。UVB照射で誘発した皮膚癌に対し、紫蘇油は良く抑えたが魚油は紅花油と同様、抑制効果を示さなかった。魚油と紫蘇油の差は、炎症性メディエーター産生能の差では説明できずまた皮脂量でも説明できなかった。臨床的に大腸腫瘍再発予防介入試験を継続中である。ポリープ切除者の中で癌になっていない人を対象に、総脂質摂取を減らす対照群と総脂質の摂取低下とともにn-6/n-3の低下を勧める介入群につき、ポリープの再発率を評価した。各群約20名の中間段階(2年時)では、対照群の再発率が40%、介入群が8%であったが、この段階では結論的ではなかった。より多くの人数について観察する必要があるが、介入による有害作用は認められなかった(共同研究継続中)。

著者

藤井 陽一

出版者

The Japanese Association for Russian and East European Studies

雑誌

ロシア・東欧研究 (ISSN:13486497)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2010, no.39, pp.57-69, 2010 (Released:2012-06-20)

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In the Soviet Union during its last several years Soviet ethics underwent radical changes in its category as far as it lost the traditional Marxist-Leninist values. The roots of this “conceptual revolution” in ethics must be in the 1950s–1960s. According to Russian ethicians’ periodisations of the history of Russian/Soviet ethics, Soviet ethics accomplished dramatic development once the time turns the 1960s. After the October Revolution in 1917 Lenin noticed the importance of morality. Anatolii Lunacharskii gave advice to readers to get hint on establishment of moral system from Kant. Considering “Lunacharskii renaissance” after Stalin’s death this remark must be important for the history of Soviet ethics. The famous and influential Soviet pedagogist Anton Makarenko pointed out the necessity of systematic study of Communist ethics instead of old-fashioned ethics based on religion. The idea, which gave significant impact on Makarenko, was Maxim Gorky’s philosophy expressed in his play “The Lower Depth” “maxim respect to Man”. This idea was emphasised in Soviet ethicians Alexandr Shishkin’s text books on Communist morality published in 1955, as a combination with Immanuel Kant’s maxim “never treat the person merely as means but always at the same time as an end”. The 1950s started with Stalin’s article on linguistics in which he announced new these on basis and superstructure which included morality. First academic work on Marxist ethics and duty was published an year after Stalin’s death. In 1955 the first text-book on Communist moral was published by the pedagogist, A. Shishkin, who had studied Kant’s and Rousseau’s pedagogic works. In this text he introduced Russian revolutionary democrat Chernyshevsky’s ideal image of personality in his novel “What Is To Be Done”. In the same year another Soviet ethician, Vasilii Sokolov, introduced Spinoza’s ethical theory. Sokolov supported Spinoza’s metaphysical idea of “Human Nature” and let it relate to freedom and democracy. In 1957 Viktor Klochkov in his article on similarities and differences between ethics view of Feuerbach and Chernyshevsky, appealed that guarantee of freedom is essential for personality’s develop­ment. He gave the latter high marks for having proposed a person who can defend self human dignity. Both of freedom of human personality and defence of human dignity would become an important factors in the mental current in the 1960s. In 1958–59 Soviet education system underwent full reforms faced to the general atmosphere to avoid engaging in manual labour. And in the 21st Party Congress Party Guideline to strengthen the connection between school and daily lives was presented. Following the Khrushchev’s report, in Leningrad the congress on the ethical problems was held to make decisions of drafts lectures in Universities. In response to the results of this conference, it was decided to open courses of ethics in Moscow and Leningrad Universities. Concurrently, in this year in the journal “Problems of Philosophy” ethics and atheism got an independent section from historical materialism. Thus, in the end of the 1950s Soviet ethicians and the Party leadership started to engage in the spade-work of Soviet ethics together.

著者

尾崎 祐介 小川 一仁 中村 恒 藤井 陽一朗

出版者

早稲田大学

雑誌

基盤研究(B)

巻号頁・発行日

2020-04-01

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少子高齢化と長寿化の進展によって、「老後の備え」が社会的に重要な問題となっている。豊かな老後を送るためには、金融面だけではなく、健康面も重要である。つまり、老後の備えは、金融面と健康面の両方を考える必要がある。本研究では、曖昧性と後悔という概念を用いて、将来の不確実な健康を健康不安として捉えることを提案する。そして、理論と実験を統合して、健康不安を取り入れた家計ファイナンスの構築を目指す。

著者

藤井 陽一 下坂 直樹

出版者

応用物理学会分科会日本光学会

雑誌

光学 (ISSN:03896625)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, no.4, pp.p279-285, 1986-08

著者

藤井 陽一

出版者

北海道大学スラブ・ユーラシア研究センター

雑誌

スラヴ研究 = Slavic studies (ISSN:05626579)

巻号頁・発行日

no.62, pp.257-272, 2015

著者

藤井 陽一郎

出版者

日刊工業新聞社

雑誌

原子力工業 (ISSN:04334035)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.1, pp.p29-32, 1982-01