著者
吉田 雄介
出版者
地理科学学会
雑誌
地理科学 (ISSN:02864886)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.59, no.2, pp.67-87, 2004-04-28 (Released:2017-04-15)
参考文献数
25

This study examines the geographical diffusion of the household industry in Iran on the basis of national censuses of 1956, 1966 and 1976. I hope to identify first, in a rough way, a beginning of disappearance of regional variety of household industry. And finally I sketch out the process of homogeneization of household industry by the Persian carpet production. According to the difference of physical environment and condition of agricultural production, there has been very regional difference of these industries in Iran. There has been two worlds of household industries which on one hand spinning and weaving industry has flourished in the eastern region of Iran, on the other hand carpet industry had flourished in the western. So we can distinguish these regionalities in the 1956 census. However, in the 1966 these remarkable features were undermined very much because without carpet industry household industries (in especial weaving industry) experienced dramatically decline. While regional specialization also had disappeared throughout Iran, new space of household industry by carpet production had appeared till the 1976. Carpet production closely has been linked with markets of developed countries. The growth of new household industry and the monoculturalization by carpet industry clearly implied the fact that through carpet production every household were directly linked with global demand.
著者
CLEM TISDELL 高橋 春成
出版者
THE JAPANESE SOCIETY FOR GEOGRAPHICAL SCIENCES
雑誌
地理科学 (ISSN:02864886)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.43, no.1, pp.37-50, 1988-01-28 (Released:2017-04-20)
被引用文献数
1

有袋類,単孔類の世界であるオーストラリアへも,過去外部からの人間の渡来により有胎盤類が2度にわたり持ち込まれている。古くにはアボリジニによってイヌ(Canis familiaris dingo)が,また1788年以降のヨーロッパ人による入植・開拓ではブタ(Sus scrofa),ヤギ(Capris hircus),スイギュウ(Bubalus bubalis),ロバ(Equus asinus),ラクダ(Camelus dromedarius),ウシ(Bos taurus, Bos indicus),ウマ(Equus caballus),ヒツジ(Ovis aries),ネコ(Felis catus),イヌ(Canis familiaris)などがそれぞれ持ち込まれた。これらの有胎盤類はその後間もなく再野生化し,オーストラリアの農業や生態系に軽視できない影響をもたらしている。再野生化へのいきさつとしては,粗放的飼養による離脱,飼育価値の低下や居住地移動に伴う遺棄,逃亡といったものや,将来の食料源としての意図をもった解き放ちなどが抽出される。再野生化動物の分布パターンには乾燥地 / 半乾燥地-ラクダやロバ,湿潤地-スイギュウやブタといったそれぞれの適応性に応じた特徴がみうけられ,それらは生息環境となる植生タイプとも密接に関連している。各地で再野生化をとげた動物達は特に農業面に被害をもたらしている。農作物に対しては再野生化したブタやヤギなどによる食害,ふみつけ,ほりおこしなどが深刻である。家畜に対してはブタ,ヤギ,スイギュウ,ラクダ,ロバなどと放牧家畜の間に生じる食物や水をめぐっての競合,ブタによる子ヒツジの補食などが特に粗放的な放牧地帯で問題となっている。さらには,ブタ,ヤギ,スイギュウなどが病原菌や寄生虫の保菌者や媒介者となる点も懸念されている。その他,柵や水飲み場の破損なども各地で発生している。従来の生態系に対しても,これら再野生化動物の与えるマイナス面が指摘される。植物相にはブタ,ヤギ,スイギュウ,ラクダなどによる食害,ふみつけ,ほりおこしといった被害がみられ,また,スイギュウ,ロバ,ヤギなどの活動による土壌浸食も生じている。動物相にも補食,競合,生息地の破壊による影響がみうけられる。たとえば,従来の両棲類,爬虫類,鳥類などはブタの補食による影響を受けている。逆に再野生化動物が有効に活用されている例としては次のようなものがあげられる。まず,ブタ,ヤギ,スイギュウなどはリクリェーションハンティングの好対象となり,ハンターに狩猟の醍醐味を提供している。また,捕獲されたブタ,ヤギ,スイギュウ,ラクダなどの肉は国内で自家用食肉,地方の食堂用食肉,ペットフードなどとして消費されるとともに海外へも輸出されている。たとえば,ブタ肉の年間輸出量は1000万オーストラリア・ドル(1984年)にもおよんでいる。その他,ヤギはオーストラリアのカシミア工業に,またスイギュウはノーザンテリトリーの観光業にそれぞれ寄与している。スイギュウやロバなどは捕獲されペットや家畜としての再利用もなされている。このように再野生化動物は有害面と有益面の2面性をそなえているといえるが,これまでオーストラリアにおいては有害面,特に農業に与える被害にのみ関心が集中してきたきらいがある。そして,行政的,資金的なバックアップのもとに農業被害の実態とその除去に関する情報分析が進められ,その最終目標には再野生化動物の根絶がかかげられてきた。しかしながら,今後は分析の十分でない生態系への影響に対しても分析をすすめる必要があり,また,生物資源としての効果的な活用といった点をふまえた新たな管理のあり方について検討を加えていく必要がある。
著者
安田 喜憲
出版者
地理科学学会
雑誌
地理科学 (ISSN:02864886)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.42, no.2, pp.113-119, 1987
被引用文献数
1

A comparative study of the Japanese pollen records to the oxgen and carbon-isotope/pollen records from the Arabian Sea, Bengal Bay and Andaman Sea suggests the following summer monsoon fluctuations since the last glacial age in Japan. Ca. 120,000-70,000 years B.P.; Monsoon is active. 70, OO0-50, OOO years B.P.; Monsoon is not active. 50,000-33,000 years B.P.; Monsoon is rather active. 33,000-12,000 years B.P.; Monsoon is not active. But from 28,000 to 25,000 years B.P. is slightly active. 12,000-10,000 years B.P.; Monsoon is to move active. after 10,000 years B.P.; Monsoon is active.
著者
荒木 俊之
出版者
地理科学学会
雑誌
地理科学 (ISSN:02864886)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.67, no.4, pp.191-204, 2012-11-28 (Released:2017-04-14)
参考文献数
18
被引用文献数
1

The purpose of this research is to clarify the locational characteristics and locational patterns of convenience stores (CVS) in Kyoto City in the 2000s (2001-2010). The findings are as follows. 1) CVS became more concentrated in the central business district in the urban core during the second half of the 1990s in Kyoto City. This tendency is also seen in the 2000s. 2) Since 2000, the proportion of CVS located on shopping streets has been decreasing. In comparison, the proportion of CVS located near railway stations has been increasing. 3) The tendency to spread into various areas progressed further. It was seen that there are diverse types of CVS in Kyoto City. Since the late 1990s and through the 2000s, the population growth of Kyoto City has occurred in the urban core along with the development of condominiums. The locations of CVS are keeping pace with the increase in population in the urban core. The locational patterns of CVS in the cities of Kyoto, Okayama, and Takamatsu were in accordance with the suburbanization of the population till the first half of the 1990s. Since the second half of the 1990s, the locational patterns of CVS in these cities were in accordance with population movement back to the city. This tendency in Kyoto City for CVS location was also seen in the cities of Okayama and Takamatsu. After 2000, when the growth in the number of CVS slowed down, the tendency between these three cities for CVS location became different.
著者
山田 晴通
出版者
地理科学学会
雑誌
地理科学 (ISSN:02864886)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.50, no.1, 1995-07-01
著者
沖 慶子
出版者
地理科学学会
雑誌
地理科学 (ISSN:02864886)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.58, no.2, pp.65-91, 2003-04-28 (Released:2017-04-15)
参考文献数
83

アカデミー地理学成立以前の近代日本地理学史における代表的な地理書のひとつとされている牧口常三郎著『人生地理学』(1903年初年版)は,のちのアカデミー地理学の形成者からは同時代において低く評価されたとみなされている。この要因のひとつに,小川琢治が『地学雑誌』に発表した書評(1904)の内容が挙げられる。本書の同時代評に言及した従来の論考においては,この小川(1904)と伊藤銀月(1903)のみをとりあげたものが大半であった。本書の同時代評を精確に把握するために,本書の重版状況,本書を書評・紹介した刊行物とその記述内容,本書の中国語版の発行状況について検討をおこなったところ,次のことが明らかになった。すなわち,重版ペースの速さ,本書の書評・紹介をおこなった刊行物の数の多さとそれらの多様な属性,複数の刊行物から一様に高く評価された点があること,そして本書の中国語版といえる書が複数存在することなどが明らかになり,本書がきわめて幅広い分野から高く評価されていたことが示された。また,記録に残された文書を読む限りにおいてはのちのアカデミー地理学の形成者はそれほど評価していないが,一般読書界において高い評価がおこなわれたゆえに,彼らが一般読書界における評価とは一線を画し,表立って評価をおこなうことを避けた可能性が示唆された。
著者
柿谷 悟
出版者
地理科学学会
雑誌
地理科学 (ISSN:02864886)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.21, pp.1-9, 1974 (Released:2017-04-14)

The author has been studying the causal relationship between natural hazards due to geological processes and the effects of heavy rainfalls on weathered granite during past five years. It was recognized that there was a close relationship between the present topography and the condition of weathered rock. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the relationship between a form of rock weathering and the topography of Hiroshima Prefecture and adjacent areas. As a study model, six layers excluding regolith and "idomasa" (colluvium composed of weathered granite) were clearly defined in the horizon of weathered granite: Chemical Weathered Layers I, II and III, and Physical Weathered Layers I, II and III, downwards. The present field investigations indicate that the deep weathered zone is found on the flat surfaces in different elevations such as on the Setouchi, the Sera and the Kibi Surfaces. Further considerations have been extended to the distribution of the deep weathered areas, the formation processes of the present topography and the geological time in which the deep weathering processes were active. It is proposed that the crustal movements which were due to the compression in a N-S direction during the early stage, and in a E-W direction during the later stage have strongly influenced the development of the landforms since the Pliocene.
著者
村木 信雄
出版者
地理科学学会
雑誌
地理科学 (ISSN:02864886)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.33, pp.14-21, 1980 (Released:2017-04-15)

The present writer aims at proposing a new classification of the erosion surfaces, in order to discuss more precisely geomorphic development of the Chugoku Mountains on which different disputes have long been made. In the central part of the Chugoku Mountains, erosion surfaces are clearly recogniz-ed at three levels. They are namely Dogo-yama, Takano and Hiwa surfaces in descending order. The Dogo-yama surface is seen distributed between 1000 and 1300m above the sea-level, mainly as summit fiats on the Backbone Ridges of the mountains. The surface had been formed before the transgression of Miocene sea and was isolated by dis-section and encroachment of lower erosion surfaces. The Takano surface is an erosion surface cutting the Miocene Bihoku group and extends between 550m and 900m, continuosly at the both sides of the Backbone Ridges. The Hiwa surface is distributed in small erosion basins in granitic rock areas and stands between 4001Tl and 600m. The Takano and Hiwa surfaces may be identified with the Kibi Highland surface to the south and are dif.ferentiated into two levels due to upwarping of the Chugoku Mountains. Relative altitude between the two surfaces increases towards the main devide. They are also dislocated by thrusting along the faults to the north of Miyoshi and Tsuyama basins.
著者
小原 丈明
出版者
地理科学学会
雑誌
地理科学 (ISSN:02864886)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.60, no.2, pp.65-89, 2005-04-28 (Released:2017-04-15)
参考文献数
36
被引用文献数
1

本稿の目的は, 大阪市天王寺区上本町六丁目(上六)地区で行われた再開発の事例から, 都市再開発の社会的意義を考察することにある。上六地区コミュニティは, 太平洋戦争終戦直後に不法占拠という形で形成された闇市に端を発する。上六地区は戦災復興土地区画整理事業の施行区域に指定されたため, 地区住民は行政から立ち退きを迫られていた。そのため, 地区住民は立場の安定の獲得を企図して, 上六地区再開発を実施した。再開発に至る過程, 再開発の実施過程, 再開発実施後に区分し, それぞれの期間における権利関係の動向や地区住民と行政との関係の変化, あるいは地区住民の証言を分析した結果, 以下の都市再開発の社会的意義が明らかとなった。1)地区住民にとっては, 土地の権利を獲得することで立場の安定が得られ, また, 社会や行政に容認される存在となった点に意義があった。2)行政にとっては, 戦災復興区画整理の施行や不法占拠地区の清算という点で, 戦後処理が進展したことに意義があった。3)社会にとっても, 住民主導の再開発のあり方, その成功の要因が示された点に意義があった。以上から, 上六地区再開発は, 上六地区住民が自らの立場を守る目的で, 自らの手で実施した再開発であり, 地区住民のための都市再開発であったと結論づけられる。
著者
赤木 祥彦
出版者
地理科学学会
雑誌
地理科学 (ISSN:02864886)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.39, no.2, pp.72-86, 1984 (Released:2017-04-20)
被引用文献数
1
著者
赤木 祥彦
出版者
地理科学学会
雑誌
地理科学 (ISSN:02864886)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.37, no.2, pp.85-102, 1982 (Released:2017-04-20)
被引用文献数
1

It is the purpose of this paper to estimate the amount of earth moved through Kannanagashi and the output of tatara in the Chugoku Mountains from historical data. In Japan iron was produced only by the traditional ironsand smelting method, tatara, until Western style smelting was introduced in 1853, and the tatara method continued to operate until the 1920s. The ironsand used as raw material is found in small quantities in weathered granitic rocks, it was collected by cutting weathered rocks and sorting in running water. This method of mining was known as kannanagashi. Spurs and hills in the Chugoku Mountains have been deformed by kannanagashi on a large scale as the quantities of ironsand found were small in proportion to the amount of earth moved. The amount of earth moved and the output of tatara can be estimated for the period of about 220 years from the beginning of the 18th century to the 1920s using the following factors: 1) the ratio of volume of iron sand collected to that of earth cut, 2) the volume of ironsand collected at one mine for one year, 3) the number of mines, 4) the ratio of iron sand used for tatara to output of tatara, 5) the volume of ironsand used for one tatara for one year, 6) the out put of one tatara for one year, and 7) the number of tatara. From the above calculations I conclude that the amount of earth moved was about 1,508 million m^3 and the output of tatara was about 2,660,000t.
著者
山口 覚
出版者
地理科学学会
雑誌
地理科学 (ISSN:02864886)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.53, no.1, pp.44-60, 1998-01-28 (Released:2017-04-20)
参考文献数
27
被引用文献数
1

In local election, most candidates get votes from their home district. This is called "friends and neighbours effect" or "local effect" in electoral geography. But candidates of citizen groups, as one of the new political movements, perform election activities and get votes across large area, becase they are supported by the network of various people beyond existing community power structure. The candidates of organized party, the Japan Communist Party and the Komeito, build strong relationships to his/her neighbours, in the process of strategic assignment of party members' votes to them. This paper surveys the relationship between candidates of citizen groups/the Japan Communist Party and his/her home district in Amagasaki city council election, 1997. In this election, four candidates of citizen groups claimed whole municipal issue, council reforming, as in the last election (1993). They not only maintained and newly constructed broad network of citizens, but this tme they also did locally-oriented election activities. There were two reasons why they regarded each home district as importnat. i) Three of them who had won the last election build relationship to their neighbours during their term of office, and ii) many voters wanted their local representatives because of the influence of the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthequake (1995) etc. However the candidates' attitude toward home district and their spatial spheres of election activities varied considerably. These factors affected each scope of votes and even the electoral results. This paper illustrates the assigned zones of the Japan Communist Party. These zones determined the spheres of votes of the candidates and enabled them to get solid votes. Additionally, in the official gazette for election, the candidates promised to consider local interests to the neighbours of their own zones.