著者

フォーゲルザング カイ

出版者

京都大學人文科學研究所

雑誌

東方学報 = Journal of Oriental studies (ISSN:03042448)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.90, pp.352-329, 2015-12

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While a long commentarial tradition has aimed to stress the coherence of classical and canonical Chinese literature, the "composite nature" of early Chinese texts has by now become widely acknowledged. This means that structural analyses rather than unifying commentaries of these texts would seem to be called for. This article examines the text-ual integrity of two Shangshu chapters, "Yao dian" and "Gao Yao mo." Based on an analysis of linguistic usage, it argues that both chapters consist of at least two conflicting parts that appear to be in outright opposition to one another. Simply put, one part seems to represent the perspective of bureaucratic government, while the other one Yao represents charismatic rulership. While these two chapters show very similar patterns of layering, the same cannot be said for other parts of the Shangshu. An analysis of "Lü xing" shows that, while also containing competing voices, its ideological and linguistic fault lines are different from those in "Yao dian" and "Gao Yao mo." The structure of the Shangshu is not easily reduced to a few editors who added recurring layers throughout the entire collection. Rather, it appears that the "composite nature" differs for almost every chapter of the Shangshu : they will all have to be analyzed individually.

著者

曾布川 寛

出版者

京都大學人文科學研究所

雑誌

東方學報 (ISSN:03042448)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.58, pp.355-462, 1986-03-31

著者

梅原 郁

出版者

京都大學人文科學研究所

雑誌

東方學報 (ISSN:03042448)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.56, pp.217-268, 1984-03-15

著者

山田 慶兒

出版者

京都大學人文科學研究所

雑誌

東方學報 (ISSN:03042448)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.60, pp.73-158, 1988-03-31

著者

「六朝道教の研究」研究班

出版者

京都大學人文科學研究所

雑誌

東方学報 (ISSN:03042448)

巻号頁・発行日

no.68, pp.525-712, 1996-03

著者

土口 史記

出版者

京都大學人文科學研究所

雑誌

東方学報 = Journal of Oriental studies (ISSN:03042448)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.90, pp.1-47, 2015-12

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This paper focuses on the functions of the cao (曹) in the Qin period and its development, mainly drawing on the Liye Qin slips (里耶秦鯵) excavated in 2002. The duties of the cao were discharged by the prefecture clerk (令史 , or lingshi). The lingshi is a secretary of the prefect (令, or ling) or the deputy prefect (丞, or cheng), and composed the core of the prefectural government, which was called the prefectural court (縣廷, or xianting). Under the xianting's order, administrative affairs are carried out by the prefectural bureaus (官, or guan), and not by the cao. As an administrative organ, the cao does not seem to have existed in the Qin period. The cao has never appeared in Qin legal codes, and there are no entries in the list of local officials for members of the cao. However, a similar list at the end of the Han period clearly lists members of the cao. In the Qin period, the cao appeared only in very limited contexts. When officials sent documents, the addressee was clearly marked by the phrase "this must be opened by a certain cao." In another case, compiled documents, such as account books or administrative reports, were occasionally titled "a certain cao's book/report." The cao thus appeared only in such contexts as a label for documents or as a title for compiled documents. It was simply a unit for handling documents. After the middle of Han period, the function of the cao began to change, and it began to function as an administrative organ. This remarkable change was connected with the emergence of the yuan (掾) and shi (史), categories of officials unique to the cao. At the same time, the cao encroached upon the administrative functions of the guan, thus acquiring substance as an administrative organ.

著者

淺原 達郎

出版者

京都大學人文科學研究所

雑誌

東方學報 (ISSN:03042448)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.85, pp.764-764, 2010-03-25

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Two oracle bones in the collection of our insitute, no. 2384 and no. 2370, can be rejoined together.

著者

稻葉 穰

出版者

京都大學人文科學研究所

雑誌

東方學報 (ISSN:03042448)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.66, pp.200-252, 1994-01-31

著者

二宮 文子

出版者

京都大學人文科學研究所

雑誌

東方學報 (ISSN:03042448)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.87, pp.412-393, 2012-12-10

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In the 13th century, the northwestern area of South Asia was situated between the two strong powers of the Mongols and the Delhi Sultanate. There were many small groups in that area trying to secure their autonomy as much as possible. This article deals with one of those small groups called Qarlugs. The first leader of the group is Sayf al-Din Hasan Qarlug, who was appointed by Khwarazmshah Jalal al-Din as a ruler of Ghazna, Kurraman and Bannu in 1224. Due to Mongol pressure, he was compelled to move toward Multan, though he kept occupying Bannu, situated on the route from Ghazna to Multan. Though they had been controlled by Mongols through shahna (armed tax collectors), Sayf al-Din's son and successor, Nasir al-Din Muh ammad Qarlug, tried to tie a matrimonial relationship with Giyat al-Din Balaban in Delhi. In the consequence, envoys were exchanged between Balaban and Hulagu Khan of the Il-khanate, in 1260. In the end, Nasir al-Din Muhammad was killed by Hulagu Khan based on an accusation of Sams al-Din Kurt, a semi-independent ruler based in Herat. Sams al-Din Kurt's aim seems to have been to remove an obstacle against his expansion towards the southern part of Salt Range and Sind province. Through the history of the Qarlug, s, we can see how Mongol rule and/or geographical conditions affected the activities of small powers in the northwestern area of South Asia.

著者

永田 英正

出版者

京都大學人文科學研究所

雑誌

東方学報 (ISSN:03042448)

巻号頁・発行日

no.41, pp.157-196, 1970-03

著者

林 巳奈夫

出版者

京都大學人文科學研究所

雑誌

東方學報 (ISSN:03042448)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.42, pp.1-63, 1971-03-30

著者

宇佐美 文理

出版者

京都大學人文科學研究所

雑誌

東方學報 (ISSN:03042448)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.69, pp.205-245, 1997-03-31

---

p.207, p.214, p.217は図版のため公開していません

著者

宮宅 潔

出版者

京都大學人文科學研究所

雑誌

東方學報 (ISSN:03042448)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.87, pp.1-52, 2012-12-10

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In the bamboo manuscripts unearthed from the Zhangjiashan 張家山 Han tomb, the term geng 更 denotes the work shift of state laborers. For instance, wu geng 五更(five geng) means engaging in official labor in five shifts, and geng liqie更隷妾 means a female penal laborer who worked by rotation. The antonym of geng is rong 冗, which means being engaged in a specific official task at frequent but irregular intervals, outside of the rotation system. Interestingly, the Zhangjiashan bamboo strips tell us that not only short-term state laborers drawn among the common population but also lower officials (scribes 史, diviners of scapulimancy 卜, oracles 祝, etc.), and elder officials attended to their work by rotation. According to the Shuihudi 睡虎地bamboo strips, the head of a low-level department in a county (xian 縣) office of the Qin empire was called sefu 嗇夫. Under the sefu, there were subordinates, the zuo佐and shi 史. In the Shuihudi materials, we find the phrase, zuo shi rong zhe佐史冗者(zuo and shi who worked outside of the rotation system). It follows that some public servants at the zuo/shi level were on duty by rotation and worked only several months per year. On the other hand, there is no indication that officials at levels higher than sefu worked by rotation. Most sefu were paid 100 bushels (bai dan 百石) annually or more. Officials at this level were called youzhi 有秩. One salary grade below youzhi was doushi 斗食, which appears as a specific standard of annual reward in the salary scale of the Latter Han dynasty in Hou Hanshu 後漢書. However, this was originally a category of daily food supply for state laborers, and meant to receive one dou 斗 of grain each day. It is, therefore, supposed that official servants at the doushi rank were rewarded according to the number of days on duty in earlier times, but came to receive a fixed annual salary by the second half of the Former Han at the latest. By contrast, youzhi officials had already received a fixed amount of annual salary, which the word zhi 秩 originally meant, during 538 the Qin. The above facts indicate that in the era of the Shuihudi and Zhangjiashan strips, some public servants at the zou/shi level attended to their work by rotation, and were paid according to the number of days on duty. In this respect, they were not substantially different from state laborers, or punitive laborers, even though the amount of daily pay each received, and other working conditions were not the same. Yet essential differences existed between youzhi and doushi. Officials at the rank of doushi or below had characteristics between those of guan 官(public servants) and min 民(commoners). Over time, doushi became a specific rank of annual salary, included into the category of youzhi. At the same time, evidence suggesting that zou/shi officials worked by rotation disappeared from historical sources. We can thus say that the bottom of bureaucratic hierarchy fluctuated over time, and the lowest class of official servants were formed through incorporating state laborers into the sphere of bureaucrats. In this sense, there was not a deep gap between guan and min, as both sides were linked with each other in a series of gradations.

著者

森村 謙一

出版者

京都大學人文科學研究所

雑誌

東方学報 (ISSN:03042448)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.84, pp.280-210, 2009-03

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Author has been studying the history of 本草學 BenCaoXue (Pharmacognocy in East). On this time, the medicinal property of materials was thoroughly interpreted with two points of View. One was the decipherment of descriptions on original text; the other was the collection of modern pharmacological information. The original texts with which the old descriptions were examined are mainly ≪神農本草轎經集注 Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing Ji Zhu≫ in A. D. 5 and ≪新修本草 Xin Xiu Ben Cao≫ in A. D. 7. The letters from which picked up the names of materials are ≪五行大義 Wu Xing Da Yi≫, ≪黄帝内經太秦 Huang Di Nei Jing Tai Su≫ and ≪醫心方 Yi Xin Fang≫. The data gained from both sides above mentioned have filled up in each domain, but reciprocal verifications have not been done sufficiently until now, accordingly, the principle in the investigations of this paper was the minute comparison and verification between above two data. This time about 130 species of materials were adopted, many of which belong to the plant, but specific animals and minerals were also examined in scores respectively. Those materials have been very popular crud drags in the history of Asia and Orient. At that time, those materials had been connected each other with a thinking-model (五行 Wu Xing), for example: 五行(Origin) ; 木Wood 火Fire 土Earth 金Metal 水Water : 五穀(Cereals) ; 麻Hemp 粟Millet 麥Barley 米Rice 大豆Soybean : 五果(Fruits) ; 李Plum 杏apricot 棗Jujube 桃Peach 栗Chestnut : 五畜(Domestics) ; 犬Dog 羊Sheep 牛Cattle 鶏Chicken 彘Pig : 五石((Minerals) ; 曾靑Malachite 雄黄Orpiment 玉Jewel 金Gold 赤石脂Kaolin. (1) Habitats i. Plant-articles abound in 華中HuaZhong (The Yangtze valley), 華北HuaBei (The reaches of the Yellow River). A lot of the plants had been imported from South (India ~ Indo-china) and West (Central-Asia ~ Arabia ~ Africa). ii. Animal-articles inhabit in 華中 and 華南 (HuaNan・The south-east of China). iii. Mineral-articles yielded in the area 華北, 華中~ The west-China. (2) Efficacies i. General-feature・Exceedingly abundant technical-terms had been used on diseases and symptoms. This time exhaustive arrangement on them were carried out, all the Articles were classified into 14 categories according to their proper efficacy. Categories were decided on the human body system, for example: 消化器系 The digestive system, 呼吸器系 The respiratory system, and so on. The results of the classification were made up into Table 2 (5 sheets).

著者

小野 達哉

出版者

京都大學人文科學研究所

雑誌

東方學報 (ISSN:03042448)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.86, pp.169-199, 2011-08-31

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The Qing 淸 government often announced that it transferred han 漢 elite officials from central posts (han-lin-guany 翰林官 and ke-dao-guan科道官) to local posts (dao-yuan 道員) on a large scale in shun-zhi 順治 era. This also included that they could return to high ranking central officials (jing-tang 京堂) after their experiences as local officials. This article calls it nei-wai-hu-yong 內外互用. Such a personal transfer aimed at making the new elite course and overthrowing the former custom of promotions. 748 On the other hand, nei-sheng-wai-zhuan 內陞外轉was the former promotion course of han漢elite officials. This system promoted a few han elite officials from ke-dao-guan to jing-tang 京堂 or dao-yuan 道員 annually. For this reason, there was a conflict over official posts between nei-wai-hu-yong and nei-sheng-gai-zhuan. This article researches whether the personal transfer through nei-wai-hu-yong could achieve its aim or not. The essence is as follows. When nei-wai-hu-yong was carried out, it shocked han elite officials very much. They feared that this personal transfer meant dropping out from elite course. In fact, although the Qing government made effort to push nei-wai-hu-yong, real use of personnel appointment tended to preserve former nei-sheng-gai-zhuan. Comparing nei-wai-huyong with nei-sheng-gai-zhuan, nei-sheng-gai-zhuan was given good treatmentobviously. Even rules of personnel appointment ordered that ke-dao-guan of neisheng- gai-zhuan took priority over officials of nei-wai-hu-yong in personnel appointment. Officials of nei-wai-hu-yong were made to stand in disadvantageous situation clearly. These viewpoints show firm stability of han officialʼs elite course. Each official post was given proper rank for each han officialʼs situation, and he was promoted to proper official post for his situation. Preserving such a personnel appointment was shared by han officials as norm, and it supported stability of bureaucratic organization. Han officialʼs norm for personnel appointment decided whether the policy of personal transfer succeeded or not.

著者

小南 一郎

出版者

京都大學人文科學研究所

雑誌

東方學報 (ISSN:03042448)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.61, pp.165-221, 1989-03-31

著者

林 巳奈夫

出版者

京都大學人文科學研究所

雑誌

東方學報 (ISSN:03042448)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.41, pp.1-70, 1970-03-31

著者

森 時彦

出版者

京都大學人文科學研究所

雑誌

東方學報 (ISSN:03042448)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.85, pp.595-616, 2010-03-25

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Construction of cotton mills in Shanghai and Qingdao by Japanese spinning companies reached its peak in the first half of the 1920s. This monograph examines the historical background of such a strategic shift from product export to capital export which was promoted by Japanese spinning companies.

著者

冨谷 至

出版者

京都大學人文科學研究所

雑誌

東方學報 (ISSN:03042448)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.64, pp.61-113, 1992-03-31

著者

稻葉 穰

出版者

京都大學人文科學研究所

雑誌

東方学報 (ISSN:03042448)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.85, pp.692-674, 2010-03

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The word Nezak and the appellations containing it are considered to be a clue for elucidating the complicated political circumstances of East Iran and Central Asia after the collapse of the Sasanian Empire. Two Chinese words have been assumed as transcriptions of Nezak, one of which is Na-sai and the other is Ni-shu. The validity of the identification of the latter with Nezak is discussed in this paper through the consideration of the way of composing titles and appellations in Pre-Islamic Central Asia together with the analysis of the political landscape of the western part of Central Asia in the 7th century. It is concluded that Ni shu and Nezak might be different transcriptions of the same word, which will help us to consider how the minor tribal groups and city-states had survived under the hegemony of powerful empires or confederations such as the Hephthalites and Western Turks.