著者

野口 泰弥 近藤 祉秋

出版者

北海道立北方民族博物館

雑誌

北海道立北方民族博物館研究紀要 (ISSN:09183159)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.26, pp.1-30, 2017

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Hokkaido Museum of Northern Peoples (thereafter, HMNP) has so far collected two copper knives with a Y-shaped handle, which are attributed to Athabascan/ Dene cultures. In this paper, we compare them with similar items housed in other museums and examine the distribution and usage of such knives. The materials we use in our analysis include historical records, drawings and photographs during the period between the end of l8th centu1y and early 20th century. We point out the possibility that the Hare Indian may have used knives with a Y-shaped handle. We also discuss such knives as prestige goods in addition to their practical advantage as a hunting implement. Researchers of indigenous North American metallurgy have already suggested that both practicality and prestige were attributed to Athabascan copper artifacts in general until the former half of the 20th century. The prior studies tend to focus on copper as trade items when they discuss prestige of such materials. In this paper, we argue that Athabascan copper knives can be considered as practical-yet・prestigious goods not only because copper was considered precious trade items but also because it enabled people to hunt grizzly bears and other potentially dangerous animals. In Athabascan societies, where hunting and fishing are primary modes of subsistence, traditional spear hunting of grizzly bears used to bring a fame to successful hunters, and it was the Y-shaped handle of Athabascan copper knives that ensured the bear hunters safety. In the last chapter, we analyze one of the knives housed in HMNP to shed light on its uniqueness among other Athabascan knives.

著者

荻原 眞子

出版者

北海道立北方民族博物館

雑誌

北海道立北方民族博物館研究紀要 (ISSN:09183159)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.13, pp.135-138, 2004

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【追悼】アンナ・ヴァシーリエヴナ・スモリャーク先生が昨2003年6月23日に亡くなられた。享年84才。先生は1993年に北海道立北方民族博物館(以下、同館)で開催された第8回北方民族文化シンポジウム「北方針葉樹林帯の人と文化」に出席され、「アムール川流域およびサハリン先住民における民族起源と社会構造に関する諸問題」という報告をされた。もう10年余も前のことになる。爾来、先生は折に触れ、このときの日本での思い出を懐かしがられ、よく口にされていた。筆者がお目にかかった最後は1999年の初夏、モスクワの民族学研究所であった。ちょうど、第3回ロシア人類学・民族学学会と国際シャマニズム会議とが同時に開催され、シャマニズム会議の初日が研究所で行われたときのことである。先生は明るい性格の、おしゃべりのお好きな方で、こと、学問の話になると時と場所におかまいなく次からつぎへどこまでも尽きることなく関心を拡げられた。それは、日本からの国際電話でも同じことで、投げかけられた問題にお答えするには、そのためだけにモスクワヘお訪ねするしかないと思う程である。お教え願いたいこと、お聞きしておきたいことがたくさんあった。今一度、お目にかかれずじまいになったことが、残念で悔やまれる。スモリャーク先生はソヴィエト時代の民族学界を担われた重鎮の一人で、特に、アムール・サハリン地域の民族学では多大の業績を残された。先生の研究者としての学問形成については、モスクワ大学の民族学部においてS.A.トカレフ、M.O.コスヴェン、N.N.チェボクサロフ、M.L.レーヴィン、G.F.デベッツという鉾々たる民族学者や人類学者の教えを受けられ、また、A.P.オクラードニコフの指揮するアムール川沿岸での考古学調査などにも参加されたことを記すに止めよう。フィールドワークは1957年のウリチ、ニヴフの調査にはじまり、60~80年代を通じ調査対象はアムール川地域のナーナイ、オロチ、ウデゲ、サハリンのニヴフ、ウイルタ、さらにはエヴェンキ、カムチャトカのパレオアジア諸族に及んでいる。主著の一つで基盤的な研究であったのはモノグラフ『ウリチー古今の生業、文化および習俗」(1966) であるが、先生の関心はアムール・サハリン地域の歴史民族学にあり、方法としては多岐多様にわたる個別の問題を取りあげ比較検討を重ねながら烏瞰的にこの地域の民族関係を見通し、究極的にはその民族起源を解明することにあったと云って誤りではなかろう。ところで、スモリャーク先生は1993年に来日された折に、ご自分のフィールドワークの成果の一部である写真と録音テープを同館に寄贈された。写其(プリント)167点は同館の尽力により『A.V. スモリャーク氏寄贈資料目録~ニブフ・オロチ・ウリチ・ナーナイ~』として刊行された。この冊子が呼び水となり、2001年には表記の浩瀚な写真集が出版された。先生はこの寄しき因縁をたいへん喜んでおられた。本書には、民族学者としての生涯においてもっとも充実していたと思われる時期にフィールドワーカーの目で撮られた写其の、おそらくは、大部分が収められている。調査期間は通常最低でも3ヶ月であったという[Батьянова 2000: 24] 。本書の一端をここに紹介し、先生への追悼の意を表したいと思う。

著者

内田 昌宏

出版者

北海道立北方民族博物館

雑誌

北海道立北方民族博物館研究紀要 (ISSN:09183159)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.26, pp.143-160, 2017 (Released:2020-01-31)

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This paper introduces Mr. Takeki Fujito and his wood carvings. He is a world famous artist of wood crafts. He made many great wooden bear's family, wolf, whale, dolphin, people and the other animals. His wood carving is not only real but also fantastic. He spoke many times about the history of wood crafts in Hokkaido.

著者

齋藤 玲子 Reiko Saito

出版者

北海道立北方民族博物館

雑誌

北海道立北方民族博物館研究紀要 = Bulletin of the Hokkaido Museum of Northern Peoples (ISSN:09183159)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.7, pp.69-92, 1998-03-24

著者

中田 篤

出版者

北海道立北方民族博物館

雑誌

北海道立北方民族博物館研究紀要 (ISSN:09183159)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.26, pp.31-42, 2017 (Released:2020-01-31)

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Reindeer pastoralism is the major subsistence activity engaged in by various peoples in the Arctic and sub-Arctic areas. It has been studied from various points of view. However, the techniques used to manage and control livestock have been relatively ignored by scholars. In this article, daily herding activity and usage or domestic reindeer are reported by a field study done in the Aldan district, which is in the southern part of the Sakha Republic, Russia. The author stayed at a cabin or an Evenki obshchina (clan-community) used for reindeer herding, and observed and interviewed the herders about everyday reindeer herding activity and usage. The results showed that daily herding is carried out as follows: every morning, a herder searches for the reindeer herd grazing in the pasture and drives them to the cabin site. Then some bucks are caught and others are set free. Different kinds or instruments and apparatus are used for reindeer management and control. Some of these are bells to detect reindeer; a corral, lassos and hampering bars to restrict their movement; and salt, urine, and pellets of feed to attract I hem. The results also discuss the many uses or the reindeer. Some castrated bucks are used for travel and transportation. The herders utilize reindeer for riding and as beasts of burden. Reindeer are also used as draft animals for sledges. Furthermore, the does are milked in summer and the milk is processed into butter and whipped cream for consumption at home. In this case study, Evenki's reindeer herding activity and usage seemed to be the same as neighboring Even's form. Although this obshchina aims to produce reindeer meat for sale, an increase in the number of reindeer has not occurred because of wolf predation. Consequently, its reindeer herding activities are similar to the traditional taiga type activities, which use bucks for travel and transportation and docs for milking.

著者

呉人 惠 齋藤 玲子

出版者

北海道立北方民族博物館

雑誌

北海道立北方民族博物館研究紀要 (ISSN:09183159)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, pp.063-092, 2005 (Released:2020-07-31)

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As has often been pointed out, the indigenous peoples in the north make wide use of plants in spite of limited vegetation which consists mainly of bushes, grasses, fem and lichen. In No.13 reindeer-herding brigade which is located in the northernmost part of the Severo-Evensk district, Magadan region, reindeer-herding Koryak make use of a number of plants for sustenance, housing, clothing, medicine, rituals, and amusement. The present paper aims to make an ethnobotanical description of plant use among the reindeer-herding Koryaks in No.13 brigade, based on linguistically exact descriptions of each Koryak plant name along with each plant's biologically exact identity.

著者

種石 悠

出版者

北海道立北方民族博物館

雑誌

北海道立北方民族博物館研究紀要 (ISSN:09183159)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.24, pp.67-78, 2015 (Released:2020-02-29)

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In sites of the Okhotsk culture, bone, tooth and antler pierced disks were excavated. Some archaeologists used these disks for research on the transition of patterns from the Okhotsk culture to the Ainu culture. And they thought these disks were ornaments of belts referring to ornaments of belts for use by the Kuril Ainu women. Now, a compilation of these disks has advanced. We need to reexamination of these disks from the perspective of patterns, techniques for making materials, and so on. This paper takes up 7 disks excavated in the Kawanishi site of the Okhotsk culture, Yubetsu, Hokkaido. And I also introduce a whale tooth cut in half excavated in the same site. This material is an important archaeological fact indicating a process of making whale tooth goods. As a result, it is turned out that pierced disks excavated in the Kawanishi site were made of whale ribs, whale teeth, Hokkaido deer antlers and these disks were standardized.

著者

中田 篤

出版者

北海道立北方民族博物館

雑誌

北海道立北方民族博物館研究紀要 (ISSN:09183159)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.25, pp.35-44, 2016 (Released:2020-01-31)

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Domestic reindeer are used for works in northern Eurasia and for riding in the Taiga region. Unique saddles are required to ride reindeer, and saddles are also utilized for carrying load. Various types of reindeer saddles are used in Siberia. The focus of this article is on reindeer saddles used by the Even in Tompo District, Sakha Republic, and their appearance, structure, utilization, and manufacture are reported. Three types of reindeer saddles were found in the research: for load, for infants, and for riding. All of them have a common structure: two cushions connected by two arches. The structure of the saddle for load is the simplest, and it is used as a base to bind loads on the back of the deer. The saddle for infants has higher arches and wooden boards on both sides to prevent infants from falling off. The saddle for riding has larger cushions and a cover on the surf ace. The manufacturing process of the saddle for riding is as follows. Worn-out reindeer fur is tanned, and two semicircular shapes are cut out from the fur. They are sewn together to make a leather bag. Then, a larch board is wrapped in the bag, which is stuffed with reindeer hair, to make a cushion. After the two cushions are finished, a cover made of the fur of two reindeer heads is sewn on the surface of the saddle. The arches are made of wood or reindeer antlers. According to literature, the saddles described here are the Siberian type. However, since reindeer riders are distributed over a huge area and many local ethnic groups engage in reindeer riding, there is a variety of forms in their materials and styles. Therefore, it is worth collecting information about all variations of the equipment to understand the development of the manufacture of saddles for reindeer riding.

著者

白石 英才 笹倉 いる美

出版者

北海道立北方民族博物館

雑誌

北海道立北方民族博物館研究紀要 (ISSN:09183159)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.16, pp.069-076, 2007 (Released:2020-06-30)

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This paper presents Dr. Hattori’s records which show the Nivkh’s needlework stitch. Dr. Hattori Takeshi (1901-1991), was a Nivkh (Gilyak) language linguist. In 1994, Dr. Hattori’s collection of books, notebooks, voice tapes, microfilms, and photos were filed and stored in the Hokkaido Museum of Northern Peoples. The collection includes Nivkh needlework stitch names and stitch samples (reference number T390).

著者

山田 祥子

出版者

北海道立北方民族博物館

雑誌

北海道立北方民族博物館研究紀要 (ISSN:09183159)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.24, pp.39-58, 2015 (Released:2020-02-29)

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Uilta (formerly called Orok), one of the Tungusic languages, is spoken in northeastern part of Sakhalin Island. This language is divided into 2 dialects: Northern Dialect, which was traditionally spoken in village Val and its surrounding areas, and Southern Dialect, which was spoken in Poronaisk (formerly called Shisuka) and its surrounding areas. At the present time, the Uilta speak usually in Russian, and it seems that there remain less than 10 people who are able to speak their traditional language. This report aims to present 50 short sentences translated from Russian into Uilta Northern Dialect by 2 speakers: Ms. Irina Fedjaeva and Ms. Elena Bibikova. In this report Ms. Fedjaeva's translations are marked with (a), and Ms. Bibikova's with (b). The author collected these sentences as linguistic materials during 2010 - 2013 on Sakhalin. Every sentence is represented in phonemic transcription with the underlying form, English-based grammatical gloss, and Russian original sentences with its Japanese translation.

著者

野口 泰弥 大島 稔

出版者

北海道立北方民族博物館

雑誌

北海道立北方民族博物館研究紀要 (ISSN:09183159)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, pp.85-110, 2019

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In June in 1942, Japanese army invaded and occupied Attu and Kiska islands of theAleutian Islands. In those days 42 Unangan (Aleut) people and two white man andwoman lived on Attu Island. Some islanders died in the period of the Japaneseoccupation. On September in 1942, Japanese Army transferred these islanders (exceptone white woman) to Otaru city of Hokkaido prefecture in Japan and detained themuntil the end of war. In Otaru, Tuberculosis was going around among islanders so manypeople died. After the war, survivors returned to the U.S. However, the U.S. governmentdidn't allow them to return to Attu Island. This is the reason why Attu Island is now anuninhabited island. This text is a report on Unangan (Aleut) people of Attu Island which was writtenby Karl Kaoru Kasukabe(春日部薫: 1913-1995)during WWII. He followed JapaneseArmy as interpreter and attended "Aleutian Islands Campaign." During his militaryservice, Kasukabe researched culture and language of Attu people. The original text was handwritten between 1942 and 1943 and is housed in HokkaidoUniversity Library (Identification No. 572.9/KAS/別シ). Generally speaking,ethnographic records about Attu islanders have been very rare. This text includesdetailed ethnographic information about culture, history, and language of Attu peopleand partly includes important description about the background of Aleutian IslandsCampaign. Therefore, this text is worth publishing for future study.

著者

Walter Philippe 渡邉 浩司

出版者

北海道立北方民族博物館

雑誌

北海道立北方民族博物館研究紀要 (ISSN:09183159)

巻号頁・発行日

no.12, pp.15-35, 2003

著者

持田 誠

出版者

北海道立北方民族博物館

雑誌

北海道立北方民族博物館研究紀要 (ISSN:09183159)

巻号頁・発行日

no.23, pp.87-102, 2014

著者

宮崎 玲子

出版者

北海道立北方民族博物館

雑誌

北海道立北方民族博物館研究紀要 (ISSN:09183159)

巻号頁・発行日

no.9, pp.41-54, 2000

著者

齋藤 君子

出版者

北海道立北方民族博物館

雑誌

北海道立北方民族博物館研究紀要 (ISSN:09183159)

巻号頁・発行日

no.14, pp.29-62, 2005

著者

齋藤 君子

出版者

北海道立北方民族博物館

雑誌

北海道立北方民族博物館研究紀要 (ISSN:09183159)

巻号頁・発行日

no.15, pp.29-71, 2006