著者

浅井 泰詞 菅家 沙由梨

出版者

日本スキー学会

雑誌

スキー研究 (ISSN:1349449X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, no.1, pp.61-67, 2018 (Released:2019-03-22)

参考文献数

23

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The aim of this study was to examine and compare the trends among skiing and snowboarding injuries. We tallied the total annual number of visitors to 3 ski areas over the past 3 years and investigated the number of persons who developed sprain, bone fracture, bruise, cut/contused wound, bone dislocation, and other injuries. We also examined the details of the individual injury types, and calculated the rate of blows to the head and the usage of helmets. As a result, it was found that the incidence of sprain was higher for skiing, and that of bone fracture and dislocation was higher for snowboarding. In skiing, sprain of the knee joint was observed most often, followed by head bruising, body trunk bruising, and bone fracture of the lower extremity, in this order. In snowboarding, bone fracture of the forearm was observed most often, followed by body trunk bruising, dislocation of the shoulder, and head bruising, in this order. The incidence of injury was higher for snowboarding compared with skiing, except for that of sprain. In skiing, sprain of the knee joint accounted for approx. 30%, which was significantly high. In addition, the overall occurrence of lower extremity injuries accounted for greater than 50%. In snowboarding, the incidence of injury of the upper arm and head was high. Although the incidence of head impacts was similar between skiing and snowboarding, the usage of helmets was significantly lower in snowboarders. Since head blows could cause serious injuries, one of the future tasks for injury prevention will be to increase the usage of helmets.

著者

呉羽 正昭 KUREHA Masaaki

出版者

日本スキー学会

雑誌

スキー研究 (ISSN:1349449X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.11, no.1, pp.27-42, 2014-09

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This study examines the regional pattern of lost and closed ski fields in Japan, analyzing closing trend of alldeveloped ski fields including those equipped only with T-bar lifts. Around 750 ski fields were opened between1950 and 2003 in the whole country. However, nearly 37 percent of them were already closed or completelydisappeared. This trend was dominant around 2000, involving owners' changes of lift companies. Most of thelost fields tend to be very small with one or two ski lifts. Whereas there are many lost ski fields previously operatedby urban capital around the metropolitan areas, the outer extent areas from there have many lost ski fieldsby local governments. The increasing difficulty of the management plays an important role for the closing basedon the decrease in the number of active skiers, rather than shortage of snow depth. The changing environment ofthe management has been affected through the changes in locational conditions for ski fields, the diseconomiesof fields' agglomeration in an appropriate region, the very short-term of growth period around 1990, and problemsin local municipalities(such as deficit budget and amalgamation).While the number of active skierscontinuously decreased in the last 20 years, especially in snowy regions in eastern Japan, there are some signsfor recovering market of skiers now. Operating firms of existing ski fields face various tasks for the sustainabledevelopment, including measures against the expanding foreign skiers.

著者

田久保 興徳 生田 邦夫 片岡 弘明 古谷 正之 古谷 賢次

出版者

日本スキー学会

雑誌

スキー研究 (ISSN:1349449X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.12, no.1, pp.79-81, 2015 (Released:2018-02-08)

参考文献数

3

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スキーは日常から離れた雪山で行うスポーツであり,一旦傷害が発生すると,環境・地理的条件のために救命救急が困難な状況が発生しうる.われわれはスキー場から救急隊を介さず直接当院に依頼を受け,当院の医療用ヘリコプター(医療ヘリ)を使用し,患者を搬送するシステム作りを試みている.箱館山スキー場(滋賀県高島市今津町)は滋賀県の北部に位置し,当院から直線距離約50km で,ヘリでは15分である.平成27年2月に,箱館山スキー場で実際に雪上搬送トレーニングを行った.問題点として,(1)着陸地点が限られる,(2)天候に左右されやすい,(3)着陸時の足場の問題,(4)病院からの交通,(5)費用等があり,救急車ほど安易に使用出来るものではないが,患者の利益のために活用が可能であれば,今後,他のスキー場,また様々なスポーツ現場に適応を広げていきたいと考えている.

著者

呉羽 正昭

出版者

日本スキー学会

雑誌

スキー研究 (ISSN:1349449X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.11, no.1, pp.27-42, 2014 (Released:2018-02-08)

参考文献数

22

被引用文献数

6

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This study examines the regional pattern of lost and closed ski fields in Japan, analyzing closing trend of all developed ski fields including those equipped only with T-bar lifts. Around 750 ski fields were opened between 1950 and 2003 in the whole country. However, nearly 37 percent of them were already closed or completely disappeared. This trend was dominant around 2000, involving owners' changes of lift companies. Most of the lost fields tend to be very small with one or two ski lifts. Whereas there are many lost ski fields previously operated by urban capital around the metropolitan areas, the outer extent areas from there have many lost ski fields by local governments. The increasing difficulty of the management plays an important role for the closing based on the decrease in the number of active skiers, rather than shortage of snow depth. The changing environment of the management has been affected through the changes in locational conditions for ski fields, the diseconomies of fields' agglomeration in an appropriate region, the very short-term of growth period around 1990, and problems in local municipalities(such as deficit budget and amalgamation).While the number of active skiers continuously decreased in the last 20 years, especially in snowy regions in eastern Japan, there are some signs for recovering market of skiers now. Operating firms of existing ski fields face various tasks for the sustainable development, including measures against the expanding foreign skiers.

著者

吉川 昌則

出版者

日本スキー学会

雑誌

スキー研究 (ISSN:1349449X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.10, no.1, pp.55-60, 2013 (Released:2018-02-08)

参考文献数

12

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In Japan, the number of telemark skiers has increased in recent years. However, most of them use alpine skis instead of specialized telemark ones. Although alpine skis are heavier than telemark skis, they are more controllable when skiing downhill and are preferred when skiing downhill compared to hiking uphill or walking around a snow mountain. Traditionally, telemark bindings are attached to a ski according to its code-center, which is the middle of a ski length. The code-center has to be matched with a three-pin-line located under a skier’s telemark boot. Certain alpine skis, however, do not suit telemark skiing, particularly if telemark bindings are traditionally mounted. This is because alpine skis are specifically designed for alpine skiing and not for telemark skiing. However, these skis also have a boot-center line generally marked by a ski manufacturer. This line can be used to set up bindings for alpine skiing. It is useful to know the most efficient mounting point of telemark bindings on alpine skis. This study conducted tests with two different settings of telemark bindings. In the first setting, the adopted boot-center line was used, which was in a position similar to that of the code-center. In the other set up the telemark bindings were positioned 5 cm forward from the first position. A tester skied in hard snow as well as mixed snow conditions with the two settings to examine the skis’ operability. From the results, this study considered an alternative method to set up the telemark bindings that would provide skiers with better operability. The results of this test suggest that the second setting, in which the binding position was approximately 5 cm forward from the traditional setting, allowed better ski control.

著者

星野 宏司 角田 和彦 佐々木 敏 蓑内 豊 武田 秀勝

出版者

日本スキー学会

雑誌

スキー研究 (ISSN:1349449X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.10, no.1, pp.47-53, 2013 (Released:2018-02-08)

参考文献数

20

被引用文献数

4

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Alpine skiers require both aerobic and anaerobic capacity particularly for knee extension and flexion muscle strength. As for most all athletes, lactic acid removal is of utmost importance. In past studies, athletes from various disciplines have had their anaerobic power test measured using the power max VⅡ, but these studies were limited to only three parameters: body weight per peak power(watt/kg);peak revolution(rpm);and peak weight load(kp).However, the data generated was not very useful for elucidating discipline specific characteristics. With that in mind, we felt it necessary to search for more meaningful parameters that could possibly distinguish between speed and strength type muscle power and their relative contributions for peak performance in a range of disciplines. We studied such parameters in alpine skiers and found that they do indeed provide extremely useful data that can be used to better fine tune their training regimen. This study consisted of 97 subjects in three categories: ALP; 32 alpine skiers, XC; 39 cross-country skiers, and a control group of 28 fit but not athletically competitive adults. The average max power outputs for each group were as follows: ALP group 14.8±1.5watt, XC group 13.9±1.4watt, CONT group 13.1±1.5; anoxia values for the power tests anoxia characteristics are not shown as the results are obvious(ALP>XC>CONT). The observed strength to speed ratios varied significantly among the three groups: ALP>XC>CONT, with only the CONT ratio being below 1. This suggests that for alpine skiers the best training regimen should focus heavily on developing power in strength type muscles.

著者

高尾 千穂 岡部 文武 土屋 純

出版者

日本スキー学会

雑誌

スキー研究 (ISSN:1349449X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, no.1, pp.93-100, 2018 (Released:2019-03-22)

参考文献数

11

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Cork720 is a Ski Slopestyle jump trick, in which a skier's body rotates around an axis that is tilted away from the vertical and horizontal axis. The purpose of this study was to analyze the takeoff characteristics of the Cork720 of a Japanese top skier by comparing with the Upright 720 which rotates around the vertical axis. The subject was 1 top level male Ski Slopestyle athlete belonging to the Japanese national team( age: 20years, height: 168cm, weight: 64kg). Data were collected at a waterramp which is a typical off-season training facility for Freestyle ski. Two high speed video cameras were used to film from both sides of the jump and the three-dimensional(3-D) coordinate values were calculated by using the DLT method. Angles of the backward and sideward tilt of the body, the joint angles of the knees and hips, shoulder and hip rotation angles were analyzed. It was found that the takeoff motions of the Upright720 and Cork720 were similar, though Cork720 had larger back tilt of the body, the extension of the right knee and hip was larger, and the shoulder and hip started to rotate earlier. The side tilt of the body was thought to be the main factor to create the tilted axis of Cork720, and also would be the greatest difference between the two tricks, but in this case, it resulted that the side tilt of the body was almost the same. From these results, it was suggested that in this case, the tilted axis of the Cork720 was made by the back tilt of the body and the extension of the right knee joint and the right hip joint.

著者

内藤 堅志 恩田 哲也 岡本 武志 山本 正彦 越野 忠則 青木 玲

出版者

日本スキー学会

雑誌

スキー研究 (ISSN:1349449X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.19, no.1, pp.17-23, 2023 (Released:2023-04-18)

参考文献数

29

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Standard advice for beginner and intermediate snowboarders is to place your weight on the front foot when following the fall line or traversing the slope. This stance is considered best for beginner or intermediate snowboarders who are learning how to shift their center of gravity to the front of the board to turn the nose toward the fall line[ called‘nosedrop’in Japanese] or to rotate the board when traversing the slope. The purpose of this study is to determine whether this is also the best stance for advanced snowboarders. Our research suggests that when snowboarders make a carving turn, excessive pressure on the forefoot may make it difficult to perform an ideal turn as the tip of the board may cut into the snow surface more than necessary and create more resistance than necessary. In this study, we measured the pressure distribution and center of pressure( COP) applied to the soles of both feet when the vertical movement was performed while standing straight or leaning forward with respect to the slope. The results showed that the pressure distribution of the forefoot decreased when all subjects moved vertically. In addition, when all subjects moved vertically, the COP moved nearer the center of the stance. The results suggest that it is possible to perform carving turns with less deceleration by standing up vertically, and as a result preventing the tip of the board from digging into the snow surface more than necessary and consequently receiving more resistance from the snow surface than necessary.

著者

多田 憲孝 小林 俊市

出版者

Japan Society of Ski Sciences

雑誌

スキー研究 (ISSN:1349449X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.3, no.1, pp.11-21, 2005 (Released:2010-07-21)

参考文献数

8

被引用文献数

2

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The turning motion of an alpine snow ski is made possible by centripetal force and the moment around the center of mass. Both the force and moment are produced by resistance forces from the surface of the snow. The centripetal forces are obtained by placing the ski's longitudinal axis at an angle inclined away from the velocity vector and simultaneously edging the ski into the snow. A experimental device rotates a compact snow specimen and cuts it using a cutting tool by simulating the edge of a ski. In order that it can be cut while rotating with the attack angle set up in the whole cutting tool, the circular-arc type cutting tool was developed and it used for the experimental device. The force sensor attached in the cutting tool measured three components of snow cutting force, i.e. a horizontal component inverse to the cutting direction, a vertical upward component to the snow surface, and a transverse component vertical to the cutting and vertical direction. The transverse component corresponds to the centripetal force which makes ski's turning motions possible. The result of an experiment showed the effects of cutting speed, attack angle, and edging angle on snow cutting forces. The snow cutting force equations were obtained by applying multiple regression analysis to experimental data.

著者

石塚 創也

出版者

日本スキー学会

雑誌

スキー研究 (ISSN:1349449X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.18, no.1, pp.23-35, 2022 (Released:2022-07-04)

参考文献数

47

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Banff in Canada conducted a bid campaign for the host city for the XI Olympic Winter Games in 1972, but Banff did not acquire the hosting rights. According to previous studies, the Calgary Olympic Development Association(CODA), the candidate committee for Banff, and the Canadian Olympic Association(COA), the National Olympic Committee in Canada, were subjected to protests by environmental groups and naturalists regarding construction of the facilities. Avery Brundage, president of the International Olympic Committee(IOC), was concerned about this situation. On the other hand, In Sapporo which was the host city, Brundage and the organizing committee in Sapporo had underwater negotiations on the request for environmentalists to change the stadium after deciding the host city. The purpose of this study is to clarify the negotiations between Brundage with Edger Davis, the president of CODA, and James Worrall, the president of COA, concerning the construction of facilities and nature conservation in Banff. The results of this study are summarized as follows: Davis informed Brundage that CODA created opportunities for discussions with environmental groups and naturalists to reject protests of them. Davis and Worrall argued Brundage that naturalists exaggerated to the effects on the environment. Brundage showed some understanding concerning measures by CODA and COA. However, he again received protests. He was concerned about protests during the Games. Therefore, he informed Worrall that he reported the existence of protests concerning Banff's candidacy in a meeting of IOC. Worrall accepted the existence of protests by environmental groups and naturalists concerning Banff's candidacy. Nevertheless, he regarded the protest movements as a minority opinion and argued against them with support from the Canadian government.

著者

藤田 裕 野中 崇大 原田 豪人 片岡 正尚 原 弘明 福井 宣善 福塚 美穂 宮﨑 博子

出版者

日本スキー学会

雑誌

スキー研究 (ISSN:1349449X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.16, no.1, pp.29-33, 2019 (Released:2020-04-24)

参考文献数

7

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Knee is the most frequent joint to be injured among skiers. We report a case who suffered destructive osteoarthrosis of unilateral knee and could return to skiing after combined treatments including total knee arthroplasty, rehabilitation and wearing knee brace. 69 years old man has been skiing for more than 50 years. He has been suffering from left knee pain these 3 years. Though conservative treatments such as taking NSAIDs and wearing knee brace were tried, his left knee pain was not relieved. He was consulted to our hospital and agreed to take total knee arthroplasty( TKA). The operation was performed under general anesthesia and KU type( Kyocera Medical Co., Ltd.) artificial joint was fixed with polymethyl-methacrylate bone cement to the bones. Rehabilitation was started postoperative day 1. He was discharged to the home postoperative day 33. Hard knee brace was applied during skiing to reinforce stability of the operated knee. 9 months after the operation, he could ski at the gentle slope and at 1 year at the steep slope in the Alps area in Switzerland. He was able to ski also in next season without pain and functional condition of his left knee is maintained at 2 years postoperative. Combination of TKA, rehabilitation and wearing knee brace are essential to return and to keep skiing for damaged knee.

著者

高尾 千穂 岡部 文武 土屋 純

出版者

日本スキー学会

雑誌

スキー研究 (ISSN:1349449X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, no.1, pp.93-100, 2018

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Cork720 is a Ski Slopestyle jump trick, in which a skier's body rotates around an axis that is tilted away from the vertical and horizontal axis. The purpose of this study was to analyze the takeoff characteristics of the Cork720 of a Japanese top skier by comparing with the Upright 720 which rotates around the vertical axis. The subject was 1 top level male Ski Slopestyle athlete belonging to the Japanese national team( age: 20years, height: 168cm, weight: 64kg). Data were collected at a waterramp which is a typical off-season training facility for Freestyle ski. Two high speed video cameras were used to film from both sides of the jump and the three-dimensional(3-D) coordinate values were calculated by using the DLT method. Angles of the backward and sideward tilt of the body, the joint angles of the knees and hips, shoulder and hip rotation angles were analyzed. It was found that the takeoff motions of the Upright720 and Cork720 were similar, though Cork720 had larger back tilt of the body, the extension of the right knee and hip was larger, and the shoulder and hip started to rotate earlier. The side tilt of the body was thought to be the main factor to create the tilted axis of Cork720, and also would be the greatest difference between the two tricks, but in this case, it resulted that the side tilt of the body was almost the same. From these results, it was suggested that in this case, the tilted axis of the Cork720 was made by the back tilt of the body and the extension of the right knee joint and the right hip joint.

著者

吉田 陽平 結城 匡啓

出版者

日本スキー学会

雑誌

スキー研究 (ISSN:1349449X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.13, no.1, pp.1-12, 2016 (Released:2017-09-01)

参考文献数

20

被引用文献数

1

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The purpose of this study was to make clear the characteristics of superior ski technique by investigating the relationship between subjective evaluation of skiers’movements and objective parameters of 3-dimensional analysis. Seventeen Japanese skiers performed long radius turns and were filmed with two cameras(60Hz),panned and fixed. These runs were scored out of a maximum of 100 points by three referees. To obtain the 3D space coordinates, the Panning DLT method was adopted. Relationships between the score and the parameters obtained using 3D motion analysis were examined by using correlation analysis, and elements of an outstanding ski technique were investigated. There were significant correlations between the scores and the following:(1)radius of curvature at the turn maximum(r=-0.840, p<0.001),(2)the lean angle of the center of mass(CM)at the turn maximum(r=0.628, p<0.01),(3)the angle formed by CM velocity and the fall line at the point where the lean angle of CM was vertical to the slope(the onset of turning)(r=0.816, p<0.001)and(4)the lean angular velocity of CM at the onset of turning(r=0.546, p<0.05).This study suggests three characteristics of outstanding ski technique: a sharp and wide turn made by gaining centripetal force, a large lean angle of the body, and a rapid edge changing.

著者

増田 知之 呉羽 正昭

出版者

日本スキー学会

雑誌

スキー研究 (ISSN:1349449X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, no.1, pp.12-35, 2018 (Released:2019-03-22)

参考文献数

44

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Japan's skiing population has declined sharply over the last two decades, consequently the managements of ski fields have deteriorated and many ski fields have been temporarily or permanently closed. However, it is unclear what factors affect the closure of ski fields. In order to block the closure of ski fields and explore their survival methods, it is essential to clarify the tendency common to closed ski fields. In this study, we restricted the survey area to Nagano Prefecture, Japan and statistically compared open and closed ski fields with more than 10 factors. As a result, there were significant differences in 4 factors related to the size of ski fields. We also found that altitude differences and longest downhill distances have been correlated with skier's satisfaction for ski fields. These results suggest that the risk of closure of ski fields may be higher with smaller scale and therefore lower level of satisfaction of skiers. Interestingly, there were no significant differences in open and closed ski fields with respect to distances from interchanges and degrees of difficulty of ski slopes. These results also suggest that these two factors may be independent of the closure of ski fields. Taken together, our results may be useful for considering the survival of ski fields in Japan in the future.

著者

石塚 創也

出版者

日本スキー学会

雑誌

スキー研究 (ISSN:1349449X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.12, no.1, pp.43-50, 2015 (Released:2018-02-08)

参考文献数

43

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恵庭岳のスキー競技場は,1972 年に開催された第 11 回札幌オリンピック冬季大会のために建設された.この競技場は,大会の後に解体され,植林によって再生がなされた.これは,オリンピック・ムーブメントが環境問題に配慮した初期の事例の一つである. 本稿では,そこで本稿では,恵庭岳滑降競技場の建設と自然保護をめぐる議論に関する新聞報道の内容およびその傾向を提示した上で,既往文献を参照し,この議論の全体像を明らかにする. 史料は、地方紙「北海道新聞」,全国紙「朝日新聞」および「読売新聞」,およびこの議論に関連する既往文献である. 本研究の結果,この議論には,競技場および交通輸送手段の建設に対する反対意見および声明が出された一方で,競技場の存置を要望する動きがみられた.さらに,世論では,大会開催による経済的な利益の優先か,それとも自然の保護か,という摩擦が,行政,大会関係者および市民を問わず発生していたと考える.