文献一覧: 科学史研究 (雑誌)

2 0 0 0 OA ヨハン・ベルヌーイの力学 : 衝突法則からの再評価

著者: 野澤聡
出版者: 日本科学史学会
雑誌: 科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)
巻号頁・発行日: vol.45, no.237, pp.1-10, 2006 (Released:2021-08-11)

While Johann Bernoulli's mathematical researches are well-known and highly appreciated, his researches on mechanics have been less studied. His researches on mechanics have been regarded as an inconsistent aggregation of Cartesian, Newtonian and Leibnizian physics; applying calculus to mehcanics as a Newtonian, advocating "vis viva " as a Lebnizian and adopting vortex theory as a Cartesian. The present paper is aiming at showing insufficiency of traditional researches, which arbitrarily selected examplars from Johann Bernoulli's texts and did not read them as such. The author has argued that Johann Bernoulli used common and consistent framework of "loix de la communication du mouvement " (laws of communication of motion) in his papers of 1724 and 1734. These "loix " embodies both conservation of quantity of motion and that of "vis viva ". In the former paper, he applied the law to collision of two bodies. He extended the explanation to the collisions of multiple bodies and to the motion in a resistent medium. In the latter paper, he introduced the mechanism of "torrent central " (central stream). He applied the same law to it and explained gravitation on the basis of the collisions of subtle matter. These above aspects of his original researches have been overlooked, because his texts were not interpreted properly. The author has also suggested that the "loix de la communication du mouvement " is a crucial concept to understand Johann Bernoulli's mature researches on mechanics consistently.

2 0 0 0 OA 明治期日本の土木事業を支えた技術者集団とその特徴 : 経歴と社会的地位からの分析

著者: 恒川清爾
出版者: 日本科学史学会
雑誌: 科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)
巻号頁・発行日: vol.44, no.236, pp.177-190, 2005 (Released:2021-08-11)

The Meiji government started constructing a new country by hiring engineers from European countries. But soon trained Japanese engineers replaced them. This paper analyzes the characteristics and roles of these Japanese engineers in Meiji era, by looking at their social and educational backgrounds. At the beginning of Meiji era, a major group of the engineers were artisans and the people who received short term and practical training. They built railways and harbors and conducted waterworks by themselves. They gained a status equal to those of new graduates of college or university. But the workers and contractors of projects usually did not get a good public recogniton, though some of them had good civil engineering skills. After the middle of Meiji era,, graduates of colleges and universities took the managerial positions and became the supervisors of almost all civil engineering projects. This did not mean that the projects needed more higher level of technologies. The engineers who actually supported civil engineering projects were artisans and gishu or middle class engineering officers, who were mostly the graduates of short term training schools. Some graduates of foreign countries and constructors actually contributed to construction engineering, but did not receive fair recognition especially after a bureaucratic system was established. This was a major factor why Japan stayed far behind in the advancement of construction engineering.

2 0 0 0 OA 「科学技術の民主的コントロール」をめぐるいくつかの誤解について(科学史入門)

著者: 木原英逸
出版者: 日本科学史学会
雑誌: 科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)
巻号頁・発行日: vol.43, no.230, pp.111-114, 2004 (Released:2021-08-12)

2 0 0 0 OA Klein-仁科の公式導出の過程(Ⅱ) -理研の仁科資料を中心に-

著者: 矢崎裕二
出版者: 日本科学史学会
雑誌: 科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)
巻号頁・発行日: vol.31, no.183, pp.129-137, 1992 (Released:2021-03-25)

2 0 0 0 OA 科学史入門:原始技術史-原始時代の技術の歴史は文献なしで何に頼るか?

著者: 岩城正夫
出版者: 日本科学史学会
雑誌: 科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)
巻号頁・発行日: vol.31, no.181, pp.43-50, 1992 (Released:2021-04-07)

2 0 0 0 OA A. Horstmannによる解離平衡論の形成過程 ―19世紀後半における化学熱力学成立の端緒―

著者: 井上隆義
出版者: 日本科学史学会
雑誌: 科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)
巻号頁・発行日: vol.26, no.161, pp.1-12, 1987 (Released:2021-09-22)

August F. Horstmann is known to be the first chemist to have applied the second law of thermodynamics to chemical processes. He began to study the decomposition of substances by heat from the view-point of the kinetic theory of gases on one side (in 1868), and by the thermodynamical analogy with vaporizations on the other (in 1869). Next on th basis of the new thermodynamic formulation developed by Clausius in 1862, Horstmann promoted a better understanding with respect to the mutual relations between dissociation and thermodynamics. In 1871 he derived fundamental equations of dissociation equilibrium for substitution of watervapors with irons. A. Naumann criticized Horstmann's theory of dissociation, especially his application of a thermodynamic formula (so-called Clausius-Clapeyron's formula) to dissociation, from a standpoint of the molecular theory. Refuting Naumann's criticism, Horstmann showed that thermoclynamics and every formula deduced from it were not dependent upon any hypothesis on molecular processes, and therefore it was valid to apply thermodynamics to chemical changes Thus, in 1873 he attained a qualitatively high level of theory concerning dissociation equilibrium on the entropy maximization principle (formulated by Clausius in 1865). Then this new level of Horstmann's theory was established through his exact recognizing of the inner connection of chemical processes with the thermodynamic laws, and of the difference and the relation between microscopic processes and macroscopic ones.

2 0 0 0 OA 原爆開発初期におけるプルトニウム爆弾構想の推移

著者: 日野川静枝
出版者: 日本科学史学会
雑誌: 科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)
巻号頁・発行日: vol.25, no.160, pp.235-244, 1986 (Released:2021-09-22)

A plan of plutonium bomb was existed separately from a plan of uranium bomb at the beginning of the development of atomic bombs. The following is the transition of significance of the plan of plutonium bomb. In December 1940, the plan of plutonium bomb was posed in England and U.S.A. independently. In December 1941, the plan of plutonium bomb was not stated clearly, but it was interested in whether the fission chain reaction using uranium is feasible or not. Because, such reactions will produce the "94" (plutonium) which is material of plutonium bomb. In June 1942, the plan of plutonium bomb was stated clearly, and also it caused Army and Industries to be concerned in the development of atomic bomb in earnest. In December 1942, the chain reaction was proved. So the plan of plutonium bomb was changed from which to be for ending the war to which to be concerned with the atomic power policy of the post war.

2 0 0 0 OA atomの訳語の形成過程

著者: 菅原国香中村邦光板倉聖宣
出版者: 日本科学史学会
雑誌: 科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)
巻号頁・発行日: vol.25, no.157, pp.34-45, 1986 (Released:2021-04-05)

2 0 0 0 OA Descartesの円定理とSoddyの六球連鎖定理に関連して

著者: 道脇義正木村規子
出版者: 日本科学史学会
雑誌: 科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)
巻号頁・発行日: vol.22, no.147, pp.160-164, 1983 (Released:2021-09-24)

In our previous paper we have an invariable among the bends of the touching circles, and to show that the extension⁽¹⁰¹⁾. Later, we applied Wilkey's Theorem⁽¹⁶⁾ 一 which is an extension of the Decartes Circle Theorem⁽¹⁾一 to this result, we have an interesting theorem⁽¹⁰¹⁾. And we show that a part of this result corresponds to Sir Frederick Soddy's "The Hexlet⁽¹⁴⁾". The main object of this paper are as follows: (1) Wasan experts are haven't the notion of bends and (2) Considerations for the concerning literatures.

2 0 0 0 OA 古代インドの度量衡 -体積単位について-

著者: 大網功
出版者: 日本科学史学会
雑誌: 科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)
巻号頁・発行日: vol.21, no.141, pp.16-26, 1982 (Released:2021-05-13)

2 0 0 0 OA 書評・紹介

出版者: 日本科学史学会
雑誌: 科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)
巻号頁・発行日: vol.54, no.276, pp.386, 2016 (Released:2020-12-15)

2 0 0 0 OA 木村駿吉の四元数理解と「万国四元法協会」の提案

著者: 益田すみ子
出版者: 日本科学史学会
雑誌: 科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)
巻号頁・発行日: vol.57, no.287, pp.168-185, 2018 (Released:2021-01-24)

Shunkichi Kimura (1866-1938) studied quaternions during his stay in the U.S. from 1893 to 1896. In particular he deepened and widened his understanding of quaternions. Kimura was first introduced quaternions by one of Scottish teachers who were working in early Meiji Japan. These teachers were former students of Peter Guthrie Tait (1831-1901) at Edinburgh University. Tait had developed quaternions to apply to geometry and physics. One of his key ideas was that quaternions transform vectors as operators. Taitʼs students taught Japanese students, including Kimura, only Taitʼs style of quaternions aiming at application to physics and engineering. But in the U.S. Kimura found that quaternions were not only operators for transformation of vectors but also the expanded complex numbers. He recognized the need for more exchange between scientists interested in quaternions and allied systems of mathematics, and hoped promoting quaternions as pure mathematics. So he proposed for an “International Association for Promoting the study of Quaternions and Allied Systems of Mathematics” in 1895. His enthusiasm for quaternions as pure mathematics was his primary motive of this proposal. Because of difficulty of finding a president and secretaries, only in 1899, after Kimuraʼs return to Japan, was this association established by Scottish and Irish scientists and it remained active for fourteen years. Kimuraʼs proposal for this association also shows how productive he was during his three year study in the U. S.

2 0 0 0 OA 石原純の自然科学的世界像と昭和初期文壇への影響

著者: 加藤夢三
出版者: 日本科学史学会
雑誌: 科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)
巻号頁・発行日: vol.56, no.284, pp.2, 2018 (Released:2021-01-14)

Jun Ishiwara was a leading Japanese physicist,but he was also a renowned poet in the early Showa era. Previous studies of Ishiwara rarely linked his literary career with his work as a physicist.The aim of this paper is to demonstrate that his theoretical framework of“reality”was rooted in both science and literature. When Ishiwara introduced Einsteinʼs theory of relativity and quantum mechanics to other writers of his time,he claimed that the development of theoretical physics dismantled so-called orderly reality. According to Ishiwara,if we apply the principles of modern physics to the actual world,we have to understand reality based on“theory”and“law”instead of experience. Therefore,in his literary work,Ishiwara emphasized the“reality”in the former sense of the word: one must extract it from experiences by integrating them into a theoretical framework.As a poet,Ishiwara not only brought“super-materialism”to literature and established“New Tanka theory”,but also contributed to a new way of recognizing the world. His view of the world attracted and influenced many literary figures in the early Showa era such as Riichi Yokomitsu and Yoichi Nakagawa. Ishiwara's interdisciplinary spirit is still present in contemporary literature.(or Ishiwaraʼs interdisciplinarity also offers a fertile ground for constructive dialogue between literature studies and historical studies of science that otherwise rarely interact with one another in the current scholarship).